States of Matter

Chapter 8

Matter

Has mass Takes up space (volume)

Kinetic Theory of Matter

All matter is made up of tiny particles that are in constant movement

The type of matter depends on the speed of the movement of its particles

Slowly – solid Little faster – liquid

Fastest – gas Even Faster - plasma

4 states of matter

Solids

Definite shape Definite volume Particles are tightly packed together Particles are moving very slowly (vibrates)

Crystalline Solid

Crystals – repeating orderly arrangement of particles in a solid

Examples: table salt snowflake

Noncrystalline Solid

Amorphous solid – having no form

Appear as solid but are not

Not made of crystals Thick liquid Examples: hard

candy wax, glass, plastics

Liquids

Flows Takes shape of

container Has definite volume Particles farther apart

than in solid Particles move faster

than solid

Gases

No definite shape No definite volume Particles are farthest

apart Particles are moving

fastest Particles bounce off

each other

Plasma

Gas-like mixture of positive and negative charged particles.

Extremely hot substances

Move so fast particles collide forming positively and negatively charged particles.

plasma

Examples: sun nebula fluorescent light

Thermal expansion

Matter expands when heat is added because the particles are moving faster and taking up more room

Matter contracts when heat is removed because the particles are slowing down and taking up less room.

How a thermometer works.

The particles in the gas around it bounce onto the bulb and into the alcohol inside the tube.

The alcohol particles become energized and move faster.

They expand up the tube.

Expansion joints

Found on bridges and roads

Used to help the concrete expand and contract so that it doesn’t crack

Changes of States of Matter

Vaporization – changing from liquid into gas - boiling

- high temperature to boiling point Add heat – particles move faster – break forces Ex. Boiling of water adds heat to H2O until bubbles of gas occur

under surface and rise to the top.

Evaporation – changing from a liquid into a gas - changes gradually at temperatures below the boiling point

Freezing – changing from liquid to solid Remove heat – particles slow down – forces are stronger and

hold particles together

Sublimation – solid changes directly into a gas or gas changes directly into a solid -ex; dry ice hot ice

frozen CO2 (carbon dioxide)

appears to be steaming

Condensation – gas changes into a liquid temperature is at or

below its boiling point

Heat and State Change

Heat of fusion – amt. of energy needed to change a solid into a liquid

Heat of vaporization – amt of energy needed to change a liquid into a gas