STRUCTURES

INDEX Structures

Types of structures

Structural elements

Types of unions

Forces on structural elements.

STRUCTURESA structure is a group of elements somehow united

to support a load with stability.

Everything has a structure, otherwise it would colapse under the force of gravity, the force of wind, or any other force.

Examples: Humans----->skeletons

Bicycles---->frame

Houses----->columns, beans and roof.

TYPES OF STRUCTURES: FRAME

Is the common choice of structures.

Are compose of long elements, join to each other(bars and tubes).

Are made of strong materials.

They are easy to buy and build, they don't require much material, but they are expensive to manufacture.

FRAME STRUCTURES

TYPES OF STRUCTURES: SHELL

Are made of a thin outer layer material.

They are like a strong and hard coat that maintains the required shape.

Examples: cardboard boxes, bottles, cars, eggs and airplanes.

TYPES OF STRUCTURES: ARCHThere are many types,

but the semicircular arch still remain the most used.

Free spaces is left under the arch, consequently rivers, streams or other obstacle can pass down it.

MIX AND MATCHSometimes different types of structures are

combined in one.

TYPES OF STRUCTURES: MASSThey are simply made of

clump material filling the body completly.

Low cuality material are used.

Natural examples: Mountains or coral reefs.

Manmade examples: Dams or load bearing walls.

TYPES OF STRUCTURES: SUSPENSIONA suspension structures

hold an element by cables that are held from the top of a tall comlumn.

The space between one colum and the next is call the spam. Suspension strctures have the longest spam of all strcutures.

STRUCTURAL ELEMENTSElement: The simplest part of the whole.

The forces for every element are calculated, and the elements is designed to withstand them.

The parts of an structural element are fundations, columns, beans and primary beans.

TYPES OF UNIONSThey must be united.

Structural elements must be somehow united to the other elements of the structure.

Unions classified into::

Permanent unions:they dont need to be desassembled.

Non-permanent unions:they are designed to be assembled and disassembled when needed.

FORCES ON STRUCTURAL ELEMENTSEach of the elements in an structure will withstand a

particular force which is a result fo the load that it is supporting.

There are five types of forces on structural elements:

Censional strain

Compression forces

Shear strain

Torsion forces

Bending forces

TENSIONAL STRAIN

It is caused by forces that pull an element from its ends and starts.

COMPRESION FORCESIs caused by squeezed or buckled an element

When you squeeze an element it becomes shoter and thicker.

SHEAR STRAINIt is caused byact across a material in such a way that

they can force one part of an element to slide over another.

TORSION FORCESIt is caused by applying a force in one of the

ends and suppot the other end, the element will twist.

BENDING FORCESIt is caused by applying a force on the middle of the

element an suppot the ends.

LOCAL STRUCTURES

Meiac museum Espantaperros Tower

INTERNATIONAL STRUCTURES

Giza piramids Kio towers