the chemical basis of life matter—anything that has mass and takes up space solid liquid gas
TRANSCRIPT
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The Chemical Basis of Life
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Matter—anything that has mass and takes up spaceSolidLiquidGas
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Element—unit of matter than cannot be broken down further by ordinary chemical reactions92 naturally occurring elements96% of weight of any living thing is made
up of 4 Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen
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Atom—smallest indivisible unit of an element
Molecule—multiple atoms of the same element bonded together
Compound—multiple atoms of different elements bonded togetherNa (sodium) + Cl (chlorine) = NaCl (sodium
chlorideNa is a metalCl is a poisonous gasNaCl is table salt
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Three subatomic particles
NucleusProtons & NeutronsCenter of atom
OrbitsElectronsSurround nucleus like
planets around a sun
Particle Charge Mass Location
Protons +1 1 Nucleus
Neutrons 0 1 Nucleus
Electrons -1 0 Orbit
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Orbit in “shells”Valence shell—
outermost orbit Octet Rule
Atoms form bonds to have 8 electrons in the valence shell
Atom either gains, loses, or shares electrons to adhere to octet rule
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Atomic Number=Protons Atomic Mass=Protons + Neutrons
Number of electrons = number of protons In a stable atom in a natural state
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Elements in their natural state have neutral chargePositive charge (protons) equals negative
charge (electrons)
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Example—Nitrogen Number of Protons?
7 (atomic number) Number of Neutrons?
Atomic mass is 14 Atomic mass is Protons + Neutrons If protons are 7, put into formula…7+X=14…and
solve for X Or…Atomic Mass minus Atomic Number =
Neutrons 7
Number of Electrons? 7 (same as Protons)
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Change in the number of neutrons Does not affect charge Does not affect base element Isotopes are often unstable Carbon-12 (12C)
Basic elemental carbon Carbon-14 (14C)
Atomic Mass = 14 (6 Protons + 8 Neutrons)Used in dating ancient materials
Radioisotopes in medical diagnosis
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Change in the number of electrons Affects electrical charge
Anion—negative chargeMore electrons than protonsCl- (17 protons, 18 electrons)
Cation—positive chargeMore protons than electronsNa+ (11 protons, 10 electrons)
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Union between atoms Positive (protons) and negative
(electrons) charges attract each other Similar charges repel (electrons &
electrons)
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Atoms will not bond with other elements Valence shell already filled Non-reactive
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Will bond with other elements
Valence shell not full
Reactive
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Formed between ions Electrons transfer from one atom to another Opposite charges attract and hold atoms
Na+ + Cl- = NaCl Usually inorganic (acids, bases, salts, etc.) Weak bonds
Dissolve in water
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Atoms share electrons Happens when both have room Stronger than ionic bonds Usually organic (proteins,
carbohydrates, etc.) Nonpolar bond
Share electrons equally
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Polar bondAtoms share electrons unevenlyElectron spends more time around one atom than
anotherSince electrons have a negative charge, one end
(“pole”) has a slight negative charge, and one pole is slightly positive
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Bond between hydrogen atom of one polar compound and a different atom of another polar compound Positive charge on H attracted to negative
charge on other compound Individually weak, but collectively strong. Important to many biological compounds
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Biologically important Makes up 70-90% of living things Unique properties
Determined by hydrogen bonds
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Polar molecule (slight positive & negative charge)Hydrophilic— “Water loving”
Polar compoundsHydrophobic— “Water hating”
Nonpolar compounds
Temperature stabilizingLarge amounts of energy required to change
temperatureKeeps cell processes from generating too much
heatEvaporation Ice helps insulate
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“Stick together”Cohesion—water sticks to itselfAdhesion—water sticks to other polar
moleculesDue to polarity & hydrogen bonds
“Universal solvent”Dissolves saltsDissolves other polar compounds
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pH scale0-14Based on H+ concentrationGreater H+, lower the pHEach unit is 10-fold change (logarithmic)
going from pH 6 to 5 increases H+ by 10 times
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AcidspH less than 7Release H+ into
solution Bases
pH greater than 7Release OH- into
solutionAccepts H+ from
solution Neutrals
pH 7.0
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BuffersBiological substances that help regulate pHRelease or absorb H+ to keep pH unchangedResists pH changes
SaltsFormed when acids & bases combineNaOH + HCl = NaCl + H20