THE MEASURE OF MAN AND WOMAN HUMAN FACTORS IN DESIGN

REVISED EDITION

ALVIN R. TILLEY

HENRY DREYFUSS ASSOCIATES

With an Introduction by

Stephen B. Wilcox, Ph.D.

JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.

CONTENTS preface 1

Introduction 3

Human Factors: A Brief History 9

ANTHROPOMETRY 10

Measurement Systems 10

Sampling the Population 10

The Measurements 10

Percentiles 10

Human Variations 11

The Link System 28

Clothing Corrections 31

Work and Play Stations for Children 32

ILLUSTRATIONS

Frequency Distribution Curve 11

The Measure of Infants 12,13

The Measure of Toddlers 14

The Measure of Youths 15-21

The Measure of Man 22, 23

The Measure of Woman 24, 25

Proportional Differences Between

Ethnic Groups 26

Head Measurements of Man and Woman 27

Angle Movements of Body Components 29,30

Design Considerations for Children 32

THE ELDERLY 33

ILLUSTRATIONS

The Measure of the Elderly 34

DIFFERENTLY ABLED PEOPLE

ILLUSTRATIONS

Symbols of Accessibility

Reach Factors for the Differently Abled

Design Considerations for the

Differently Abled

Manual Controls for the Differently Abled

SEATING

The Dining Chair

A Universal Work Chair

Seating Variations

Seating at Computer Stations

For Men and Women

Classic Consoles for Men and Women

ILLUSTRATIONS

Seating Variations

Visual Characteristics

Computer Stations for Man

Computer Stations for Woman

Classic Consoles for Man and Woman

Standing Consoles for Man and Woman

RESIDENTIAL SPACE CONSIDERATIONS

Bedrooms

Dining Spaces

Kitchen and Bathroom Layouts

ILLUSTRATIONS

Measurements for Bedrooms

Measurements for Dining Areas

Measurements for Kitchens and Bathrooms

35

35 37

-41

43

44 44 44

44

44 46

45 47

48

49

50

51

•iO

50 50

50

53

54

55

MAINTENANCE ACCESS

The Whole Body

The Appendages

ILLUSTRATIONS

Maintenance Access (Whole Body)

Maintenance Access (The Appendages)

SAFETY AT WORK AND AT HOME

Factory

Office

Home

ILLUSTRATIONS

Stairs and Ladders

VEHICULAR ACCOMMODATION

Constant Factors in Vehicular Seating

Agricultural and Industrial Equipment

Forces for Hand and Foot Controls

ILLUSTRATIONS

Constant Factors in Vehicle Seating

The Strength of Man and Woman

Foot Measurements and Pedal Design

Anthropometry and Seating for

Agriculture and Industry

DISPLAYS

Circular Analog and Digital Displays

Circular Analog and Graphic Displays

Electronic Displays

ILLUSTRATIONS

Analog and Digital Displays

56 56 56

57 58

57 57 57 60

63,64

65 65 65 67

66 68 69

70,71

72 72 72 72

72,73

MANUAL CONTROLS

ILLUSTRATIONS Hand Measurements of Man and Woman Manual Controls Direction of Operation for Manual Controls

THE ENVIRONMENT Noise Mechanical Vibration Human vs. Machine Motion Temperatures Chemical Hazards Radiation Hazards Colors Lighting

APPENDIX Conversion Scales Abbreviations Anthropometric Terms Bibliography Index

ILLUSTRATIONS Anatomical Planes and Orientations