sociology - gbv
TRANSCRIPT
Sociology A Brief Introduction
ALEX THIO Ohio University
mm HarperCoMinsPublishers
Contents in Detail
4 Sociology and Common Sense 5
8 American Sociology 10
11 13
15
Conflict Perspective An Integrated View
13 14
18 Experiment 20
Preface xiii
Chapter l The Essence of Sociology 3 The Study of Social Life 4
The Sociological Imagination Sociology as a Science 7
The Development of Sociology Pioneers of Sociology
Major Perspectives 11 Structural Functionalism Symbolic Interactionism
Major Research Methods Survey 15 Observation Analyzing Existing Data 22
Chapter Review 24
Key Terms 25
Suggested Readings 26
Chapter 2 Culture 29 The Cognitive Component 31
The Normative Component 31 Norms 32 Values 33
The Symbolic Component 35 Animal and Human Communication 36 Nonverbal Communication 36 The Influence of Language 38
Evolution and Culture 39 Cultural Variations 40
Ethnocentrism 40 Cultural Relativism 42 Ecological and Functional Perspectives 43
Chapter Review 44 Key Terms 45 Suggested Readings 45
Chapter 3 Social Structure
Societies 51 Statuses and Roles 51 Industrial Societies 58
Social Interaction 61 Performing Like Actors 61
Social Networks 65 Characteristics 66 Effects 67
Chapter Review 68 Key Terms 69 Suggested Readings 70
49
Preindustrial Societies 55 Are We Prisoners of Society?
Forms of Interaction 62
59
vu
V Ü i CONTENTS IN DETAIL
Chapter 4 Groups a n d Organizations 73
Social Groups 75 Ingroups, Outgroups, and Reference Groups 75 Primary and Secondary Groups 76 Small Groups 77
Formal Organizations 80 Organizational Models 81
Scientific Management 81 Human Relations 82 Ideal-Type Bureaucracy 82 Collectivist Organization 84
The Realities of Bureaucracy 87 Bureaucratic Vices 87 Bureaucratic Virtues 88 Changing Bureaucracy 89
Chapter Review 90 Key Terms 91
Suggested Readings 92
Chapter 5 Socialization 95 Nature and Nurture 97
The Significance of Heredity 97 The Significance of Socialization 98
Theories of Personality Development 100 Behaviorism 100 Cultural Determinism 101 Freud: Psychosexual Development 102 Piaget: Cognitive Development 103 Kohlberg: Moral Development 105 Symbolic Interactionism 106
Agents of Socialization 108 The Family 108 The School 109 The Peer Group 110 The Mass Media 111
Adult Socialization 112 Learning New Roles 112 Erikson: Adult Life Cycle 113 Aging and Dying 113
Chapter Review 114 Key Terms 115 Suggested Readings 116
Chapter 6 Deviance and Control 119 Deviance in America 121
What Is Deviance? 121 Murder 122 Rape 124 Corporate Crime 126 Mental Illness 127 Is Deviance Always Harmful 127
Explanations of Deviance 129 Individual Characteristics 129 Anomie 131 Differential Association 132 Labeling 133 Conflict 134
Controlling Deviance 136 Social Control 136 Criminal justice 137
CONTENTS IN DETAIL IX
Chapter Review 139
Key Terms 140
Suggested Readings HO
Chapter 7 Social Stratification 143 The Bases of Stratification 145
Wealth 145 Power 148 Prestige 149
American Class Structure 150 Identifying Classes 151 Class Profiles 153 The Influence of Class 155
Social Mobility 157 Patterns 157 Sources 159
Is Stratification Necessary? 161 Functionalist Theory 161 Conflict Theory 161 Comparing the Theories 162
Chapter Review 163 Key Terms 164 Suggested Readings 165
Chapter 8 Racial and Ethnic Minorities 167 Identifying Minorities 169
Race 169 Ethnicity 171 Minority 171
Prejudice and Discrimination 171 Individual Reactions to Minorities 172 Institutionalized Discrimination 173 Sources and Consequences 174
Racial and Ethnic Relations 176 Forms of Acceptance 176 Forms of Rejection 177
Minority Groups in America 178 Native Americans 179 African-Americans 180 Hispanic-Americans 183 Asian-Americans 184 Jewish Americans 186 White Ethnics 188
Chapter Review 189 Key Terms 190 Suggested Readings 191
Chapter 9 Gender and Age 193 Gender Roles and Inequalities 195
Masculine and Feminine 195 Sexism 196 Inequalities J' Where Do They Come From? 201
Biological Constraints 201 The Role of Culture 202 Socialization 203 Functional Necessity or Exploitation? 206
Human Sexuality 207 The Sociological Perspective 208 Sex in America Today 209
X CONTENTS IN DETAIL
Age and Ageism 210 Biological Effects 210 Psychological Effects 211 Social Definitions 212 Prejudice and Discrimination 213 Popular Misconceptions 214
Chapter Review 214
Key Terms 215 Suggested Readings 216
Chapter 10 The Family 219 The Family and Society 221
Functions of the Family 221 The Conflict Perspective 223 The American Experience 223
American Marriages 225 Preparing for Marriage 225 Marital Happiness 227 Divorce 228
Changes in the American Family 230 Two-Career Marriages 230 Single-Parent Families 231 Family Violence 232 Living Together 233 Staying Single 233 Death of the Family? 234
Chapter Review 235 Key Terms 236 Suggested Readings 236
Chapter 11 Education 239 Functions of Education 241
Knowledge and Skills 241 Social Mobility 242 National Unity 243 Custodial Care 245 The Conflict Perspective 246
American Educational System 247 Problems in Perspective 247 Bureaucracy 250 Teachers 251 Students 253
Reforms and Trends 254 Compensatory Education 254 Alternative Schools 255 Back to Basics 256 Parental Choice 257 Lifelong Learning 258
Chapter Review 259
Key Terms 260 Suggested Readings 260
Chapter 12 Religion 263
Varieties of Religion 265 Theism 265 Ethicalism 266 Animism 267
Religion and Society 267 Society as God 268 Opium of the People 269 Origin of Capitalism 269 Functions and Dysfunctions 270 Confrontation and Compromise 273
CONTENTS IN DETAIL X I
Religion in the United States 276 Religious Affiliation 277 Secularized Religion 281 Civil Religion 282
Chapter Review 283 Key Terms 284 Suggested Readings 285
Chapter 13 Politics and the Economy 287 Power and the State 289
The Nature of Power 289 Types of Authority 289 War and Peace 291
Who Really Governs? 293 The Pluralist View 293 The Elitist View 293 The Marxist View 295
The People's Response 296 Political Participation 297 Political Violence 298
Contemporary Economic System 301 The Industrial Revolution 301 Capitalism and Socialism 303 Economies in the Real World 304
Work in America 307 The Labor Force 307 Job Satisfaction 309 The Changing Workplace 310
Chapter Review 312 Key Terms 313 Suggested Readings 313
Chapter 14 Science and Health 315 Science and Society 317
The Emergence of Science 317 Scientific Progress 319 Modern Science 320
The Scientific Profession 321 Scientific Ideals 322 Scientific Realities 323 Competition 324
Health and Society 325 American Health 325 Social Factors 326 Epidemiology 328 AIDS: An Epidemiological Analysis 329 Social Consequences of AIDS 331
Medical Care 334 Seeking Medical Care 334 Health-Care Delivery 335
Perspectives on Health and Medical Care 337 Functionalism 337 Conflict Perspective 338 Symbolic Interactionism 339
Chapter Review 340 Key Terms 342 Suggested Readings 342
X Ü CONTENTS IN DETAIL
Chapter 15 Population, Ecology, and Urbanization 345 Population Change 347
Demographic Processes 347 Patterns of Population Change 350 Combating Population Growth 352
Family Planning 353 Population Control 353 U.S. Population Policy 355
Ecology 357 Elements of Ecology 357 Environmental Pollution 357 Causes of Environmental Problems 359
Stages of Urbanization 360 The Preindustrial City 361 The Industrial City 361 Metropolis and Megalopolis 362
Urban Environment 365 The Nature of City Life 365 The Suburban Experience 368
Chapter Review 369 Key Terms 370 Suggested Readings 371
Chapter 16 Collective Behavior and Social Change 373 Collective Behavior 375
Preconditions 375 Panics 377 Crowds 379 Fashions 381 Rumor 382 Public Opinion 383 Social Movements 385
Social Change 387 Evolutionary Theory 387 Cyclical Theory 388 Equilibrium Theory 389 Conflict Theory 390
Modernization 391 What Stimulates Modernization? 391 Toward One World Society? 392
Major Changes in Our Future 394 Chapter Review 396 Key Terms 397 Suggested Readings 398
Glossary 399
References 406
Photo and Cartoon Credits 423
Index of Names 425
Index of Subjects 433