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NASA TECHNICAL

MEMORANDUM

IX

THERMAL STABILITY OF SOME

AIRCRAFT TURBINE FUELS DERIVED

FROM OIL SHALE AND COAL

Thaine W. Reynolds

Lewis Research Center

Cleveland, Ohio 44135

NASA TM X-3551

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION • WASHINGTON, 0. C. • JUNE 1977

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19770018401 2018-05-16T05:08:26+00:00Z

1. Report No.

NASA TM X-3551

2. Government Accession No.

4. Title and Subtitle

THERMAL STABILITY OF SOME AIRCRAFT TURBINE FUELS

DERIVED FROM OIL SHALE AND COAL

7. Author(s)

Thaine W . Reynolds

9. Performing Organization Name and Address

Lewis Research CenterNational Aeronautics and Space AdministrationCleveland, Ohio 44135

12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Washington, D.C. 20546

3. Recipient's Catalog No.

5. Report DateJune 1977

6. Performing Organization Code

8. Performing Organization Report

E-9070

No.

10. Work Unit No.

505-04

11. Contract or Grant No.

13. Type of Report and Period Covered

Technical Memorandum

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. Supplementary Notes

16. Abstract

Thermal stability breakpoint temperatures are shown for 32 jet fuels prepared from oil-shaleand coal-syncrudes by various degrees of hydrogenation. Low severity hydrotreated shale oils,with nitrogen contents of 0. 1 to 0.24 weight percent, had breakpoint temperatures in the 477to 505 K (400° to 450° F) range. Higher severity treatment, lowering nitrogen levels to 0.008to 0. 017 weight percent, resulted in breakpoint temperatures in the 505 to 533 K (450° to 500° F)range. Coal-derived fuels showed generally increasing breakpoint temperatures with increasingweight percent hydrogen, fuels below 13 weight percent hydrogen having breakpoints below533 K (500° F). Comparisons are shown with similar literature data.

17. Key Words (Suggested by Author(s))

Jet fuels; Synthetic fuels; Hydrogenation;Thermal stability; Oil shale

19. Security Classif. (of this report)

Unclassified

18. Distribution Statement

Unclassified - unlimited

STAR Category 28

20. Security Classif. (of this pagel

Unclassified21. No. of Pages

32

22. Price'

A03

' For sale by the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161

THERMAL STABILITY OF SOME AIRCRAFT TURBINE FUELS

DERIVED FROM OIL SHALE AND COAL

by Thaine W. Reynolds

Lewis Research Center

SUMMARY

Thermal stability breakpoint temperatures are shown for 32 jet fuels prepared fromoil-shale and coal-syncrudes by various degrees of hydrogenation. Low severity hydro-treated shale oils, with nitrogen contents of 0.1 to 0.24 weight percent, had breakpointtemperatures in the 477 to 505 K (400° to 450° F) range. Higher severity treatment,lowering nitrogen levels to 0.008 to 0.017 weight percent, resulted in breakpoint tem-peratures in the 505 to 533 K (450° to 500° F) range.

Coal-derived fuels showed generally increasing breakpoint temperatures with in-creasing weight percent hydrogen, fuels below 13 weight percent hydrogen having break-points below 533 K (500° F).

Comparisons are shown with similar literature data.

INTRODUCTION

This report presents thermal stability breakpoint temperatures data on a series ofaircraft turbine type fuels prepared from oil shale and coal syncrudes.

Little information exists in the literature on the general properties and character-istics of fuels derived from synthetic crude oils. The Lewis Research Center of NASAis engaged in a program to study the possible impacts of obtaining and using aircraftturbine type fuels derived from oil shale and coal syncrudes. As part of this program aseries of such fuels was prepared from TOSCO, H-Coal and COED syncrudes by theAtlantic-Richfield Company (ARCO) under a contract with NASA (ref. 1). The purposeof this ARCO preparation contract was to determine the processing steps and conditionsnecessary to meet certain yield and specification requirements for the final productfuels. The ARCO contract was to determine the processing conditions and the productquality at two yields (about 20 and 40 percent) and at two levels of hydrogenation severity

for each yield, of TOSCO shale oil and for two levels of hydrogenation severity for theH-Coaland COED coal syncrudes. The yields from the TOSCO syncrude were varied byusing hydrocracking to attain the higher yield. The two levels of hydrogenation severity

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for all three syncrudes were obtained by varying the pressures (10. 3X10 to 17.2X10N/m2, or 1500 to 2500 psi), temperatures (607 to 675 K or 634° to 755° F), and weighthourly space velocities (0. 36 to 1.5). Each process stream was further split by distil-lation to give four distillation ranges. The product specifications that were required tobe met were the levels of hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur content. All the physical andchemical tests required for aircraft turbine fuels were reported by ARCO for the 32fuels.

Thermal stability data for such fuels are especially scarce. The evaluation of thethermal stability of a fuel should reveal any tendency of that fuel toward instabilitieswhich could affect its performance in an aircraft fuel system. For example, there couldbe the tendency toward gum or deposit formation on heated surfaces or the tendency toform particulates which might plug small passageways in the fuel system.

The purpose of the work presented herein was to determine the thermal stabilitybreakpoint temperatures on the fuels prepared by ARCO and to see if any correlationsof breakpoint temperatures with fuel properties or processing would be evident. Thebreakpoint temperature data determined at NASA are compared with the single temper-ature (260° C) determinations made by ARCO on these same fuels.

The data cover 32 fuels. Sixteen of these fuels were from a TOSCO shale oilsyncrude, 8 from an H-Coal syncrude, and 8 from a COED (coal-derived) syncrude.The breakpoint temperature range investigated was 477 to 589 K (400° to 600° F).

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

Apparatus

The thermal stability data were obtained using the Alcor jet fuel thermal oxidationtester (JFTOT) apparatus and procedure which are described in detail in ASTM D 3241(ref. 2). A cross-sectional sketch of the test section is shown in figure 1.

Filtered, aerated fuel flows upward through an annulus formed between an outerhousing and an inner heated tube and then out through a test filter. The aluminumheater tube is heated electrically. Figure 2 shows a typical longitudinal temperatureprofile which was obtained by a traversing thermocouple located inside the heater tube.The maximum temperature, at a position index of 39 (39 mm from the fuel inlet position),is the temperature recorded as the JFTOT temperature. Some measurements and cal-culated values of flow velocity and residence time relating to the test section are also

noted in figure 1. At the design flow rate of 3 cubic centimeters per minute the flowvelocity through the annulus is about 0. 5 centimeter per second and the residence timein the annulus is approximately 12 seconds.

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The fuel is pressurized with nitrogen (N2) to 3. 4X10 newtons per square meter(500 psig) to prevent fuel vaporization at the test temperature (ref. 3). The test lasts for2g- hours and requires at least 450 cubic centimeters of fuel for a test run.

Two types of fuel instabilities that may affect performance of a jet fuel in an air-craft fuel system are expected to be in evidence in this type of test. First, the tendencyto form gum or deposits on heat exchanger tubes or other heated surfaces would show upas deposits on the test heater surface; second, the tendency of the fuel to form partic-ulates which might clog fuel orifices or filters would show up as an increasing pressuredrop with time across the test filter.

The test filter pressure drop is recorded during the test procedure. The heatertube deposit is checked at the end of the run. The tube deposit can be rated visually(by comparison with a color standard) and given a numerical rating of 0 (clean tube) to4 (heavy deposit) or it can be rated with an Alcor Mark 8A tube deposit rater (TDK).All the tube deposits cited in this report have been made with the TDK.

The TDR is a light reflectance measurement device in which the heater tube can bespun on its axis to give an average circumferential reading. While the tube is beingspun, it can be scanned axially. The TDR scale is so calibrated that a zero reading in-dicates a clean tube and a 50 reading (the maximum) indicates a very heavy deposit.

For the results reported herein, it has arbitrarily been assumed that a maximumTDR spun rating of 13 or below is a pass condition for the test. Some rationale forusing this value can be noted from figure 3 (ref. 4), which indicates that a TDR spunrating of 13 would have received a visual pass rating of 2 or less on all the tests usedfor this particular comparison. Since the value of 13 is also in agreement with the passvalue used by Exxon Research and Engineering (ref. 5), the results of both sets of ex-periments are more readily comparable..

The standard procedure in ASTM D 3241 calls for a test at 533 K (500° F). If thefuel does not pass the stability criteria at this temperature, a second test at 519 K(475° F) is made, and the results at both temperatures are reported. In the testsherein it was attempted to select test temperatures that would bracket the spun TDRvalue of 13 and to label the temperature at which a maximum value of 13 was indicatedas the "break point temperature". Where the break point temperature was indicatedto be above the highest temperature used, it was simply labelled "above T". No runswere made above 589 K (600° F).

Fuels

The fuels used in this study were prepared under a contract study by AtlanticRichfield Company (ARCO). The details of preparation and properties of the finishedsamples are reported in reference 1. The preparations are now described briefly.

The flow system schematics of figures 4(a) to (c) show the principal details of theprocessing that was carried out on the three syncrudes. It can be noted in figure 4(a)that the low yield TOSCO samples were obtained by hydrotreating only the 361 to 616 K(190° to 650° F) cut from the crude. The high yield samples, however, also containmaterial from the 616 to 783 K (650° to 950° F) cut of the crude which has been hydro-cracked. The H-Coal samples (fig. 4(b)) received only a single stage hydrotreatmentbut at more severe conditions than the comparable range for TOSCO processing. TheCOED samples (fig. 4(c)) contain hydrotreated IBP to 561 K (IBP to 550° F) crudematerial and hydrocracked 561 to 700 K (550° to 800° F) crude products, similar tothe high-yield TOSCO samples.

Each of the streams labelled "Final sample blends" in figure 4 actually consistedof two separate hydrotreatment severity runs. And, each of these separate runstreams was fractionated into the group of four different boiling range final products.

The properties of the final sample blends as determined by ARCO (ref. 6) areshown in table I. It should be emphasized that the objective in processing these fuelswas not to produce finished fuels that would necessarily meet all aircraft turbine fuelspecifications. Rather, the objective was to meet (1) the yield, (2) the processing .severity to meet the H, N, and S levels, and (3) the boiling point range conditions. Thefull range of aircraft turbine fuel specification tests was then carried out on these blends.

A recently completed similar study by Exxon Research and Engineering (ref. 5)produced a series of aircraft turbine fuels of the JP-4 and Jet A type from five syn-crudes: Paraho, TOSCO, and Garrett shale syncrudes and H-Coal and Synthoil coalsyncrudes. In this study, also, the effect of varying the severity of processing on thefinal product properties was investigated. The flow system schematics of figures 5(a)to (3) show the principal details of the processing that was carried out on these fivesyncrudes. The thermal stability data (JFTOT) obtained by Exxon on these fuels andincluded in reference 5 will be used in some of the later comparisons of results.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The spun TDR values measured on the 32 ARCO samples are shown in figure 6. TheARCO fuel sample designations are used on the figures for identification. Scans were

made from tube position index values of 20 through 54 (see fig. 2).The TOSCO shale sample TDK values show a general symmetry around the maxi-

mum axial temperature location (position index, 39) as do the low-severity H-Coalspun TDK values. The high -severity H-Coal TDR values are comparatively morerandom; however, they are also all fairly low (max. value shown is ^7.0). Most ofthe COED sample TDR values show no axial symmetry either. No significance isattached to this observation at the present time, it is simply noted.

The maximum values of spun TDR are plotted against test temperature in figure 7.In most cases no pressure drop buildup across the test filter was observed during the

runs. In those few cases where filter AP buildup did occur, the data areshown in figure 8. In only one case, with fuel number 33430, did the fuel fail to passthe AP test while still not showing much tube deposit.

The breakpoint temperatures, defined as the temperatures at which a maximumspun TDR value of 13 is expected, were determined from the plots of figure 7 (wheremaximum spun TDR was the criterion), or they were estimated from figure 8 whereAP was the criterion (i.e. , where AP exceeds 25 mm Hg before the end of the test).

These breakpoint temperature data are summarized in table n along with some ofthe fuel properties for which comparisons are subsequently made. Also shown in thistable are the visual tube ratings taken by ARCO of JFTOT tests on these same materialsat 533 K (500° F). A similar table made from the Exxon data (ref. 5) is presentedherein as table HI for comparison purposes.

A comparison of the breakpoint temperature data taken ai Lewis with the visualratings obtained on the same sample materials at ARCO is shown in figure 9. In thevisual rating method, a value of less than 3 at a test temperature of 533 K (500° F) isrequired for a pass condition. It can be seen that for all but four fuels the pass or failcriterion was in agreement by either rating procedure. Three of the four not in agree-ment were very close, probably within the range of repeatability of the tests. Only onefuel sample seemed to be in marked disagreement, sample 33318. This is a highnitrogen content fuel, and the visual rating reported seems to be out of line with theother samples in the TOSCO low yield - low severity treatment group.

Figure 10 shows the breakpoint temperatures for the shale fuels plotted againstweight percent nitrogen. The low -severity treated shale fuels, with nitrogen levelsof 0. 1 to 0. 24 weight percent, had thermal breakpoint temperatures in the 477 to 505 K(400° to 450° F) range. The higher severity treated fuels, with nitrogen levels of0. 008 to 0. 17 weight percent, had breakpoint temperatures in the 505 to 533 K (450° to500° F) range. The fuels with nitrogen levels below 0. 008 weight percent generallyhad breakpoint temperatures in excess of 533 K (500° F). There was little variationin the weight percent hydrogen in the shale fuels, and the sulfur levels were all below0. 0044 weight percent.

The coal-derived fuel samples all have very low nitrogen levels. The ARCOsamples were less than or equal to 6 ppm, the Exxon samples were less than or equalto 67 ppm. Figure 11 shows the variation of thermal breakpoint temperature withhydrogen content for the low-nitrogen content fuels. In figure ll(a), which shows thecoal fuels only, the samples show an increasing level for the breakpoint temperaturewith increasing weight percent hydrogen. Except for the synthoil, fuels with the hydro-gen content below 13. 0 weight percent had breakpoint temperatures below 533 K(500° F); only two of the coal-derived fuels with H 5: 13. 5 weight percent had breakpointtemperatures below 533 K (500° F). One of these two was the sample that had thebreakpoint temperature determined by the AP across the test filter rather than bytube deposit rating. The synthoil-derived fuels have a significantly higher level ofbreakpoint temperature for the same hydrogen content. Synthoil fuel samples withhydrogen levels of 12 to 12. 3 weight percent had breakpoint temperature s equal toor greater than 533 K (500° F).

Figure ll(b) shows the breakpoint temperature data for the few shale-derived fuelswhich had nitrogen contents less than or equal to 67 ppm superimposed on the coalfuels plot. Of the five shale fuels that met this low nitrogen criterion, only one (a low-severity treated fuel) had a breakpoint temperature significantly below the general levelof the coal fuel data.

CONCLUDING REMARKS

This report has presented thermal stability breakpoint temperature data, obtainedon the ALCOR JFTOT apparatus, for 32 aircraft turbine type fuels prepared from shaleand coal syncrudes. These fuels were the result of specifying the yield and severity ofhydroprocessing. The final fuel samples represented four different distillation rangesfor each processing sequence, nominally 366 to 561 K (200° to 550° F), 366 to 616 K(200° to 650° F), 422 to 561 K (300° to 550° F), and 422 to 616 K (300° to 650° F).

The shale-derived fuels showed a variation in breakpoint temperature with nitrogencontent. The higher nitrogen level fuels, 0.1 to 0.24 weight percent nitrogen, hadbreakpoint temperatures in the 477 to 505 K (400° to 450° F) range. The lower nitrogenlevel fuels, 0.008 to 0. 017 weight percent, had breakpoint temperatures in the 505 to533 K (450° to 500° F) range. With the shale-derived fuels of nitrogen content lessthan about 0.008 weight percent nitrogen, there appeared to be no general trend ofbreakpoint temperature with nitrogen content.

The improved thermal stability with reduced nitrogen content does not prove thatnitrogen containing compounds are the sole, or even major, contributors to thermal

instability. The increased hydrogenation severity that is required to reduce the nitrogencontent should also reduce the concentrations of other unstable species such as oxygencontaining organics or olefinic hydrocarbons.

The nitrogen levels of the coal-derived fuels were all fairly low, less than 70 ppm.The breakpoint temperatures of the coal-derived fuels showed generally increasingbreakpoint temperature with increasing weight percent hydrogen, although the correlationis not a very strong one. None of the ARCO fuels below 13. 0 weight percent hydrogen hadbreakpoints equal to or greater than 533 K (500° F), and only two of the coal fuels withhydrogen content greater than or equal to 13. 5 weight percent hydrogen had breakpointtemperatures below 533 K (500° F). There appears to be a significantly higher level ofbreakpoint temperature for the Exxon Synthoil derived fuels than for the other coal-derived fuels for the same hydrogen content. The Synthoil fuels with hydrogen levels of12 to 12. 3 weight percent had breakpoint temperatures equal to or greater than 533 K(500° F).

Again, the improved thermal stability with increased hydrogen content is notnecessarily the result of hydrogen concentration alone, but more probably it resultsfrom the saturation or removal of trace amounts of unstable species by more drastichydrogenation.

Lewis Research Center,National Aeronautics and Space Administration,

Cleveland, Ohio, March 17, 1977,505-04.

REFERENCES

1. Gallagher, J. P.; et al.: Synthesis and Analysis of Jet Fuel from Shale Oil and CoalSyncrudes. (Ml.76-1, Atlantic Richfield Co.; NAS 3-19747) NASA CR-135112, 1976.

2. Thermal Oxidation Stability of Turbine Fuels (JFTOT Procedure). ASTM D 3241 -74T. 1975 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 1975, pp. 138-160.

3. Bradley, Royce P.; and Martel, Charles R.: Effect of Test Pressure on FuelThermal Stability Test Methods. AFAPL - TR-74-81, Air Force Aero-PropulsionLab. (AD-A012245), 1975.

4. Investigation of Techniques for Evaluation Oxidation Stability Deposits of AviationTurbine Fuels. CRC-475, Coordinating Research Council, 1974.

5. Kalfadelis, Charles D.: Evaluation of Methods to Produce Aviation Turbine Fuelsfrom Synthetic Crude Oils Phase 2. AFAPL - TR-75-10-Vol. II, May 1976.

6. Antoine, Albert C.; and Gallagher, James P.: Synthesis and Analysis of Jet Fuelsfrom Shale Oil and Coal Syncrudes. NASA TM X-73399, 1976.

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Heater tube

Fuel out

Test filter

^,-- Heater tube housing

Fuel in

Figure 1. - Assembly drawing of heater tube section. Heatedlength. 6.0 centimeters; tube outside diameter. 0.325centimeter; flow rate, 3.0 cubic centimeter per minute-,residence time, 2.0 seconds per centimeter length; flowvelocity, 0.5 centimeter per second.

15

60

50

§5 40•oc

I »

* 20

~ /- JFTOT temperature/ measurement

Y— location

140 180 220 260Temperature, °C

300 340

300 350 400 450 500 550 600Temperature. °F

Figure 2. - Typical temperature profile in JFTOT tubes.

6 8 10 12 14 16 18Average Mark 8A TDR spun rating

20 22 24

Figure 3. - Comparison of visual code ratings and Mark 8A spun ratings(from ref. 4).

16

700 to 783 K(800° to 950° F)

361 to 616 K(190° to 650° F)

35.8° APIH = 12.26N = 1.26

S = 0.7

616 to 700 K(650° to 800° F)

19.i°APIH = 10.74N = 2.10

S =0.68

16.1° APIH = 11.0

N-2.23S = 0.56

Hydrotreat(HDS-3A)

Hydrotreat(HDS-3A)

32.2° APIH-13.4N = 0.02535 = 0.002

Two reactors in series;both catalysts proprietary-

Hydro-crack

46° API

311 to 616 K(100° to 650° F)

Low yield'final sample blends

High yield' final sample blends

(al TOSCO shale oil.

31.0° APIH-11.8 'N=0.17S=0.17

IBP to 700 K(IBP to 800° F)

Hydrotreat(HDS-3A)

N <10 ppmFinal sample blends

(b) H-Coal.

Figure 4. - Schematic diagram of ARCO product treatments.

17

Gas

IBP to 561 K(IBP to 550° F)

27.9° APIH = 12.32N = 0.33385=0.024

561 to 700 K(550° to 800° F)

18.2°APIH = 10.94N = 0.385S =0.023

17.2° APIH = 10.63N » 0.358S = 0.025

22.9° APIH = 11.91N • 0.0237S = 0.002

Two reactors in series;both catalysts proprietary

Highseverity

H = 13.47N = <10 ppm

Lowseverity12.77<10ppm

55parts

'45parts

H=13.7%311 to 616 K(100° to 650° F)

Final- sample

blends

N ' 22 ppm

(c) COED.

Figure 4. - Concluded.

18

40.1° API

26.1%IBP (0 568 K(IBP to 563° F)

21.0° APIN-1.85S=0.67

N = 0.87S-0.81Ar - 29. 9

H. %N, ppmS, ppm

410

4174

Run17-B

14.62036

11313.89

20022 •JP-4

• Jet A

-13%462 to 5M K(373° to 556° F)

(a) TOSCO shale oil.

(413, 414; materialfrom run 11-B)

R u n11-B 111

H, % 13.67N, % .0067S. % .0011

13.18.17.0002

-Jet A

Jet A

(b) Paraho shale oil.

Figure 5. - Schematic diagram of Exxon product treatments.

19

33.7° API

A • IBP to 568 K (25.5%)UBPto563°F)

•lBPto616K(43.5%)

(IBP to 650° F)

R u n404 103 115

H, % - 13.9N, ppm 55 74S, ppm 33 51

4849

Material from 103

-*-JP-4 (From 404 only)

-Jet A

N, ppmS, ppm

Run40541

112• JP-4 (Possible but no

blends prepared)

Jet A (From 405 and 415)

(c)Garrett shale oil.

Figure 5. - Continued.

20

21.3PAPI26.5% H-ll.6%IBP to 568 K N-0.30(IBP to 563° F) S-0.10

Run

H, %N, ppmS, ppm

10512.885736

10712.076122

20212.275023

20311.016212

•Jet A

Material from 107

Run416

N, ppmS, ppm

-Jet A

(d)Synthoil.


21

352 to 558 K(175° to 545° F)

43.2° APIN -0.12S =0.55Ar =44.8

Hydro-treat

Run209 304

N. ppm 19 26S, ppm - 27

Hydro-treat

JP-4

Jet A

N =<1.0ppmS = 15 ppm

Hydro-treat

Run419

N, ppmS, ppm

- Jet A

(e).H-Coal.

Figure 5. - Concluded.

22

ARCOnumber: 33315

50

40

30

20

10

Low severity

497 K(435° F)

High severity

489 K_ | !4?0° FS

0'

ARCOnumber: 33317

33316

r 502 K (445° F)

50

40

30

•20

10

0

—

—

— •

—

A

511 K(460° F>-.,

r 500 K(440° F)

. '—^j ^-^\J

33318\r533K\(500°F)

505 K(450° F)

W1K425° F^

ARCOnumber: 33365

50|—

491 K (425° F)

-497 K (435° F)

33366~505K(450°F)

(-491 K'(425°F)r483 K (410° F)

ARCOnumber: 33367

50 p-33368

497 K— (435° F)-,505K(450°F)-i',

20I

40 60 20 40 60 20

33340

r533K(500°F)

1475° F)

/' ' r505 K (450° F)i 1 1

33352

~l I .-519 K (475° F)

la) TOSCO- low yield.

33408

r533K (500° F)r514K(465°F)

33410

.-533 K (500° Fl/

/ r519 K (475° F)

/ •' r505 K (450° F)

33301

519 K (475° F)

_ / r511 K (460° F)

33343547 K(525° F)

/r522K(480°F)

// r505 K (450° Fl

33409

533K(500°F)n_5_19 K (475° Fh i

33411

r533KI500QF)

/ r514 K (465° F)

40 60 20 40 60Position index

(b) TOSCO- high yield.

Figure 6. - Axial scan of Mark 8A spun tube deposit ratings.

23

Low severity High severity

ARCOnumber: 33416

r533 K (500° F)

- ,' r519 K (475° F)

/ r 505K(450°F)

ARCOnrnnber: 33418

r5l9K(475°F)

r505 K (450° F)

ARCOnumber: 33502

50

40

30

20

10

0

ARCOnumber: 33504

50 i—

[r525 K (575° F)

r561 K (550° F)

r533K,1 (500° F)

r561 K (550° F)

/ r533K(500°F)

33417

r519K(475°F)

r505K(450°F)

33430

r533 K (500° F)

/ r519K(475°F)

(124 minrun)-

33419

r519K(475°F)

; r511 K (460° F)

33432r

,-;33 K (500° F)

/ r561 K (550° F)i i

Ic) H coal low-yield.

33503

r533 K (500° F)

33516

r547K,' (525° F)

' r561K,' (550° Fl

519 K(475°FI

33505

— r575 K (575° F)

20 40J

60 20

r561K,' (550° F)ii/ r589 KI / (600° F)

33518

547 K(525° Fh

33431

_561 K (550° F)-.

533 K (500° FH \

33433

''jr583K(590°-F)

/

/

,-568 K (565° F)

r547K/ ,' (525° F)

33517

533 K (500° F)

r519K/ (475° F)

33519

60 20 40

'r533 K(500° F)

J60 20

r552K/ (535° F)

"60Position index

(d) COED high yield.

Figured - Concluded.

24

Uw severity ARCOnumber

ASTMranqe,

H,wt.%

N.wt.%

S

372 to 594 13.6(211 to 610)425 to 596(305 to 613)425 to 543(305 to 518)374 to 545

0.195

13.66 .2233

13.68 .2011

13.7 .175

60

40

20

High severity

/ll

ARCO ASTM H, N,number range, wt.% wt.%

K(°F)D 33340 377 to 594 13.8 0.016

(219 to 610)O 33341 424 to 596 13.86 .0168

(303 to 613)A 33342 424 to 550 13.95 .0152

(304 to 531)O 33343 380 to 554 13.7 .013

(224 to 537)

475 500 525

Maximum temperature, K550

400 450 500Maximum temperature, °F

550

(a) TOSCO low yield.

Figure 7. - Variation of maximum Mark 8A spun TOR with temperature.

25

60

40

20

tci.v>

S o

Low severity

ARCO ASTMnumber range,

H, N,wt.% wt.%

D 33365 349 to 549 13.82 0.131(168 to 605)

O 33366 422 to 593 13.37 .1581(301 to 608)

A 33367 423 to 550 13.80 .1397(302 to 530)

O 33368 350 to 549 13.70 .114(170 to 528)

E 60U

i — Mign severityARCO ASTM

number ranSe-

D 33408 352 to 592(175 to 607)

— O 33409 424 to 594(304 to 609)

A 33410 425 to 552— (306 to 535)

A—. - A n Wn 1 ViQ tn S5?/ fi> (204 to 534)

. 1 I 1 . 1

H,wt.%

13.98

13.95

13.95

13.98

N,wt.%

0.010

.0144

.0076

.0088

40 —

20 —

475 500 525Maximum temperature, K

550

400 450Maximum temperature, °F

500

(b) TOSCO high yield.


26

60

40

20

0

1 — LOW severity

ARCO ASTM— number range.

K(°F)O 33416 376 to 624

H, N,wt. % wt. %

12.73 0.0005- (218 to 663)

O 33417 Not avail-A able

— / A 33418 4 1 6 t o 5 5 0

12.47 .0006

12.64 .0006/ (290 to 531 1

/ rt D 33419 380 to 557

- //4R ° (225 to M

i l l i i

60| — High severity

40

20

0

ARCO ASTMnumber range,

— K ft)

12.79 .00013)

i

H, N,wt. % wt. %

A 33430a 383 to 615 13.56 <0.0001(230 to 648)

— O 33431 424 to na 13.26 COOOl(304 tonal

D 33432 424 to 545 13.31 C0001— (304 to 522)

O 33433 380 to 558 13.73 .0001(224 to 545)

~~ aExceeded AP limit

i , A^rfe^Pr — T^~"• — oi

475 500 525 v 550 575 6C

Maximum temperature, K

1 , 1 , 1 , |400 450 500

Maximum temperature. °F

(OH-Coal low yield.


550 600

27

60Low severity

40

20

0

60

40

20

N,wt.%

ARCO ASTM H.number range, wt.%

K(°F)O 33516 362 to 591 13.07 0.0003

(192 to 605)O 33517 425tona 12.88 .0002

(305tona)A 33518 424 to 551 12.96 .0002

(304 to 532)D 33519 360 to 553 13.24 .0002

(189 to 536)

High severity

ASTM H,wt.%

ARCOnumber range,

K(°F)O 33502 360 to 592

(188 to 606)O 33503 425 to 593 13.44

(305 to 608)A 33504 427 to 551

(309 to 533)D 33505 360 to 557 13.69

(189 to 544)

N,wt.%

13.6 0.0002

.0002

13.63 .0002

.0002

475 500 525 550Maximum temperature, K

575 600

400 450 500 550 600Maximum temperature, K

Id) COED high yield.

Figure?. - Concluded.

28

300

200

100

e

I"£ 25

I£ 10

40 80 120

Test time, min160

Figure 8. - Time variation of pressure drop through JFTOT test filterfor ARCO sample 33430 (H-Coal).

,-Fail area by both criteria/

O

(-Pass area by both/ criteria

500 525 550 575JFTOT breakpoint temperature. K

600

400 450 500 550 600

JFTOT breakpoint temperature. °F

Figure 9. - Comparison of breakpoint temperature data (Lewis)with visual rating data (ARCO) on same sample.

29

63

650

600

O

OJ

1 550

S.e

c'oCL"ro

I 500oLJ_

450

400

—

600

—

- ^ 575

2""TO

<y

~ 550Oa.ro

— 1 —O

-, 53

500

—

_ 475

—O TOSCOO ParahoA Garrett

Solid symbols denote Exxon data

A

A*

• *

*

*A 0

Qd»

0 °- A o o

oo0 .

0i O1 1 1 <*,

.001 .01 .1 '

Nitrogen, wt. %

1.0

Figure 10. - Variation of JFTOT breakpoint temperature with nitrogen level afterhydrotreatment.

30

600

600

520

S. 360

550

440 — 500

fct 450

c1

600

520

440

360

— 500

O H-Coal (Lewis-ARCO)D COED (Lewis-ARCO)• H-Coal (Exxon)• Synthoil (Exxon)• Shale (Exxon)

H-Coal and COED

_L

(a) Coal fuels. -

H-Coal and COED

12 1413Hydrogen, wt. %

(b) Coal and shale fuels.

Figure 11. - Variation of breakpoint temperature with hydrogen content of low-nitrogen K67 ppm) fuels.

15

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thermal stability of some aircraft … (jftot) apparatus and ... dicates a clean tube and a 50...

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