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ReferencesReferences

PurposesPurposes

Different stylesDifferent styles

References are easyReferences are easy


Complete citationComplete citation

BookBook


BookBook – Name of authors(s), editor(s), or Name of authors(s), editor(s), or

institution responsible for writing the institution responsible for writing the book book

– Full title of book, including any Full title of book, including any subtitle subtitle

– Title of series and volume number in Title of series and volume number in the series the series


BookBook – Title of chapter and page numbers Title of chapter and page numbers – Edition, if not the original Edition, if not the original – City of publication City of publication – Publisher's name Publisher's name – Date of publicationDate of publication


BookBook Periodical articlePeriodical article


Periodical articlePeriodical article– Name of author(s) Name of author(s) – Title of article Title of article – Name of periodical Name of periodical – Volume number and issue number Volume number and issue number – Date Date – Inclusive pagesInclusive pages


Cite only published materialCite only published material

Three basic stylesThree basic styles– Author-yearAuthor-year– Number from alphabetical listNumber from alphabetical list– Number in order of citationNumber in order of citation

Ethical IssuesEthical Issues

Duplicate publishingDuplicate publishing

Salami publishing (or LPU)Salami publishing (or LPU)

IRB/IACUC informationIRB/IACUC information


Redundant (or duplicate) Redundant (or duplicate) publication is publication of a publication is publication of a paper that overlaps substantially paper that overlaps substantially with one already published in with one already published in print or electronic media.print or electronic media.

Uniform RequirementsUniform Requirements


““[Duplicate publishing] . . . [Duplicate publishing] . . . occurred in 1998 involving occurred in 1998 involving ChestChest and another journal. It is my and another journal. It is my intention to disallow this author intention to disallow this author from publishing in from publishing in ChestChest for the for the next 5 years (it is up to the Editor-next 5 years (it is up to the Editor-in-Chief of the other journal to in-Chief of the other journal to decide proper reprimand relating to decide proper reprimand relating to that journal). . . that journal). . .


I may also inform the dean of the I may also inform the dean of the involved medical school. . . . involved medical school. . . . ChestChest will not be a passive vehicle for will not be a passive vehicle for padding one’s curriculum vitae. padding one’s curriculum vitae. Duplicate publication is unethical, Duplicate publication is unethical, immoral, and illegal once copyright immoral, and illegal once copyright has been assigned to the first journal has been assigned to the first journal to publish the work.” to publish the work.”

A. Jay Block, editor.A. Jay Block, editor.


Duplicate publishingDuplicate publishing– Abstracts and postersAbstracts and posters– Collaboration among different Collaboration among different

disciplinesdisciplines– Reporting same subjects/results in Reporting same subjects/results in

different articles without referencedifferent articles without reference– Adding data points with no Adding data points with no

significant change in resultssignificant change in results


Duplicate publishingDuplicate publishing““The author must always make a The author must always make a full statement to the editor about all full statement to the editor about all submissions and previous reports submissions and previous reports (including meeting presentations (including meeting presentations and posting of results in registries) and posting of results in registries) that might be regarded as that might be regarded as redundant or duplicate publication redundant or duplicate publication of the same or very similar work.”of the same or very similar work.”


Salami publishing (or LPU)Salami publishing (or LPU)

– Slices data/interpretations into Slices data/interpretations into several publicationsseveral publications

– Multiplies entire publication processMultiplies entire publication process– Wastes resourcesWastes resources– Dilutes history/significance of workDilutes history/significance of work


IRB/IACUC informationIRB/IACUC information

– State clearly in MethodsState clearly in Methods

– Helsinki Accords of 1975Helsinki Accords of 1975

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Getting publishedGetting published

Review processReview process

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