chapter 4: civil war and reconstruction

CHAPTER 4: CIVIL WAR AND

RECONSTRUCTION

ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE

Conflict over the expansion of slavery into the territories west of the Mississippi River in the 1820s-1850s caused tensions to mount between northern (manufacturing) states and southern (farming) states. The real battle wasn’t about slavery, but POWER in GOVERNMENT and whether factories or farming would be the basis of our nation’s economy.

I. Growth of SlaveryA. Industrial Revolution

A. Mid 1700s to early 1800sB. North – FactoriesC. South – Cotton gin (eli whitney)

What did most Northerners think about abolishing slavery?

II. The cause of tensionsA. Who had gov’t power

1. SectionalismB. What was economic basis

1. Farming or factories?

III. COMPROMISE OF 1850• 15 and 15: California?• Gold Rush ‘49• Extend compromise line?

COMPROMISE OF 1850

Compromise of 1850Settles

Texas/New Mexico border

dispute

Bans slave trade in

Washington, D.C.

Admits California as a

free state

Upholds popular sovereignty in

New Mexico and Utah

Includes Fugitive Slave

Act

IV. FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT

Northerners now feel a part of the slave system.

Doesn’t sit well with many

V. Popular Sovereignty

• EOC vocab word!• Fancy term meaning that an issue (slavery in

our case) is decided by popular vote. Everybody in the area in question votes and the majority wins. Pure democracy in action.

• So why was this an issue? We are, after all, a nation built on the idea of democracy.

VI. KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT

• Two territories• Supposed to be free• Popular Sovereignty• Bloody Kansas• Violence in Senate a. Sumner b. Brooks

VI. DRED SCOTT CASE

• Slave in free territory (Wisc)• Supreme Court• Slaves are property; not people• Congressional power limited

VII. South SecedesReasons

1. Lincoln elected 1860a. Won no Southern statesb. South: no voice in national gov’t

2. Economics of cottona. worldwide demandb. impact of “take care of your own first”?

VII. Civil War Begins

A. South Carolina 1. first state to secede 2. Fort Sumter: Charleston 3. Union holds fort 4. Confederates bombard (4/12-4/14, 1861)

CHARLESTON HARBOR, S. C.

FORT SUMTER, SOUTH CAROLINA

Dividing the Nation

South Secedes and the Civil War Begins

Long-Term Causes Immediate Cause

Event

SECTION 1 ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS1. Why was the fight over farming or factories

as the basis of the economy truly stupid?

2. It can be said that there is nothing more American than solving the slavery issue by popular sovereignty. Explain.

3. What was the ultimate reason the southern states seceded (separated) from the North?

SECTIONS 2 & 3The Civil War

ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE

The war was fought over economics until the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation, which we will go into in depth in class. Other than that, you must know the two turning point battles, Gettysburg and Vicksburg, the “Anaconda Plan” to squeeze South into submission and Grant’s scorched earth policy called “Total War”

Lincoln’s view on slavery“If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that.”

—Abraham Lincoln, August 22, 1862,quoted in Carl Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln

From this, what is Lincoln’s obvious goal for the Civil War?

I. Battle of ANTIETAM (Summer, 1862)

A. South invades North– Want British help

• Emancipation Proclamation

II. Anaconda Plan• Strategy for Union (north) to make fighting

war impossible for South.

III. GETTYSBURG/VICKSBURG

A. Turning points (July 1863)• Gettysburg: Eastern front• Vicksburg: Western front

III. General U.S. GrantA. Alcoholic before warB. If I die, I die attitudeC. General of the westD. Shiloh: did what was necessary 1. “All I do is win, win, win”E. Promoted 2 top general

IV. GRANT & TOTAL WAR

• War dragging• Break will of South• Everything fair game• Wm. Tecumseh Sherman

SECTION 2 & 3 ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

1. Give a specific supporting fact for this statement: Lincoln did not make the Emancipation Proclamation so slaves could be free.

2. What was the theory behind the success of Total War?

SECTION 4Reconstruction

ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE

Reconstruction was the attempt to rebuild the South after the war, especially socially. Special attention was paid to protecting black rights. But you cannot change the hearts of people, so true black-white equality would not happen. Thus, Reconstruction’s ultimate goal of protecting black rights and empowering the former slaves largely failed. It led to implementation of segregation that would dominate until the 1960s in the South.

• A. Rebuilding of the South economically and politically.

• 1. Physical rebuilding was secondary• 2. Politics: Republicans (North) vs Dems (South)

I. What was Reconstruction?

II. Andrew Johnson’s Plan

• 1. Pardon all except:• a. officers and officials• b. rich planter elite ($20,000+)• c. Why not RPE?• 2. State Conventions• a. Revoke secession• b. ratify 13th Amendment• 3. Former CSA officials earn 2nd chance• a. CSA VP in Senate!• b. Alarmed Republicans

III. Radical Reconstruction

Southern states must:Ratify (approve) 13th, 14th,15th Amendments– 13th: slavery illegal– 14th: Born in USA, you’re a citizen– 15th: Can’t be denied the vote based on color

– Write new state constitutions– Accept military rule until above is met

No former CSA officials ever allowed to vote or hold office again.

INVISIBLE EMPIRE

• Klu Klux Klan• Anti-Northern meddlers• Terrorism

IV. IMPEACHING JOHNSON• Congressional smack down for vetoes• High Crimes & Misdemeanors• 1 short• Powerless

V. South Limits Blacks Politically

• Gerrymandering• Poll tax• Literacy Test

VI. South is “Redeemed”A. Amnesty Act of 1872 1. voting back to CSA officials 2. Could hold office again 3. return of old leaders 4. Dems regain control

VII. RECONSTRUCTION ENDS

• Unclaimed Electoral Votes: 1876• Hayes’ deal• Union troops pull out– Return of racial oppression