eLearning

History, Technologies, Trends, etc

Reference: (the contents of most of slides are mainly from the following web sites)http://c4lpt.co.uk/http://www.astd.org/LC/2007/0707_karrer.htmTextbook : 電子書

eLearning …

• … is a means of education that incorporates– Self-motivation– Communication– Efficiency– Technology.

Self Motivation & Communication

• Because there is limited social interaction, students must keep themselves motivated.

• The isolation intrinsic to e-learning requires students to communicate with each other and the instructor frequently to accomplish their assigned tasks.

Efficiency & Technology

• eLearning is efficient as it eliminates distances and subsequent commutes.

• Distance is eliminated because the e-learning content is designed with media that can be accessed from properly equipped computer terminals, and other means of Internet accessible technology.

eLearning

• eLearning is a flexible term used to describing a means of teaching through technology

Different types of e-learning are based on …

• Means of communication

• Schedule

• e-learning class structure

• Technologies used

Means of communication

• Conducted solely through on-line applications.

• Web interaction and in-person (face-to-face) interaction blended e-learning. – face-to-face can be the use of two way video,

and two way audio

Schedule

• Synchronous– real-time communication is implemented,

such as video conferencing, teleconferencing, and on-line chat programs

• Asynchronous. – e-mail, list serves, threaded discussions,

blogs, and on-line forums

E-Learning Class Structure

• Self-paced

• Instructor-led

• Self-study with an expert

Technology

• Technology is the most variable element in e-learning. – The more advanced the technology becomes,

the more options there are to further e-learning.

– As speed increases and devices become smaller and more mobile; training will become more flexible and further boost the growth and popularity of e-learning.

History of eLearning

• Long & long time ago …

• The PC era

• The Internet era– Early 90s and late 90s

• “Prefixing everything with e-” era

• Recently and now

• Future?

History of eLearning – long time ago

• The roots of e-learning go back to the early uses of technology to support learning, – training films, TV and videotapes.

History of eLearning – PC era

• In the 1980s, with the advent of personal computers, we saw the introduction of – interactive, multimedia computer-based

training (CBT) delivered on CDs or laser disks.

History of eLearning – Internet era

• But it was in the early 1990s with the birth of the World Wide Web, that online learning began, when the Web was first used to deliver learning globally.– Most of the early online learning activity

occurred in universities where access to the Internet was more prevalent.

History of eLearning – Internet era

• By the late 1990s companies had begun to see the value of online learning as a means of delivering training at low cost. – At this time we also began to a number of

early "tools" not only to create online courses but also to manage online learning (i.e. learning management systems) as well as the large-scale production of off-the-shelf online courses.

History of eLearning – “e-” era

• At the peak of the dot com boom around 2000, there was enormous interest in everything started with an "e". – e-commerce, e-business …– the term "e-learning" was also coined at this time.

• Jay Cross, Founder of the Internet Time Group is attributed with the first use of the term.

• E-Learning became big business, and John Chambers, the CEO of Cisco Systems predicted in 2001: “e-Learning is the next killer app: it will make email look like a rounding error".

coin : 創造 , 杜撰 ( 新詞等 )

History of eLearning - “e-” era

• The great benefits of e-learning, promoted at that time, were that …– You no longer needed to spend long periods

travelling to a location to attend a course– You could now have access to learning when

you wanted it, wherever you wanted it – It also meant that you could take the learning

at your own pace - there was nobody to tell you when you had to do it.

History of eLearning - “e-” era

• However, despite all the fanfare ( 誇耀 ; 炫耀 ), people soon began to become disillusioned ( 理想破滅 ) with e-learning …– it didn't seem to be delivering on its promises, – in particular, large scale investments in corpor

ate learning management systems weren't paying off.

• There were a number of reasons for this– Next slide

Disillusioned with e-learning …

• The problem was, when the content was placed on the web, it was simply text to begin with and maybe a few graphics. “No one really cared about the effectiveness of this new medium – it was just really cool.” (Cooke, 2004)

Disillusioned with e-learning …

• e-learning was often considered inferior to traditional classroom-based learning. – For many there needed to be a teacher

present to add value to the whole process; – Just working through a lot of course content,

however well designed or developed, wasn't enough.

Disillusioned with e-learning …

• Learners felt they were getting a raw deal. – They weren't that enthusiastic about sitting at

their computers plowing ( 開路 , 破浪前進 ) their way through hours of online course materials

• they soon get fed up.

– They wanted to be with other people: a teacher, fellow students. So they tended to drop out of online courses.

History of eLearning - recently

• People in the field of e-learning began to realize that you simply can not put information on the web without a learning strategy for the users. – One of the first innovations in actual e-

learning was the LMS or Learning Management System

LMS

• The first Learning Management Systems (LMS) offered off-the-shelf platforms for front-end registration and course cataloging, and they tracked skills management and reporting on the back-end.” (Clark, 2002)

• This enabled schools and companies to place courses online and be able to track students' progress, communicate with students effectively and provide a place for real-time discussions.

LMS History

• Term first appeared in 1980– TLM (The Learning Manager) was released in

1980 and included distinct roles for students, instructors, educational assistants, and administrators

• Originally named LMS

LMS History

• In 1987– NKI Distance Education in Norway starts its fir

st online distance education courses. • The courses were provided through EKKO, NKI's s

elf-developed Learning Management System (LMS).

LMS History

• 2000~2002– LMS “boom”

(steal that from the term “baby boom”)

LMS History

• In 2010– Large LMS providers start to dive into the

talent management systems market, possibly starting a global tendency to do more with the information about LMS users

History of eLearning - recently

• The eClassroom evolved shortly after, which are “...web-based synchronous events with integrated CBT and simulations.” (Clark, 2002) – eClassrooms are often called Live Instructor-Lead Tra

ining – “Live instructor-led training” (ILT) via the Web can be

combined with real-time mentoring, improved learner services, and up-to-date, engaging "born on the Web" content to create a highly-effective, multi-dimensional learning environment.” (Kiffmeyer, 2004)

History of eLearning - recently

• To address the need for socializing within learning, we saw the emergence of two trends in the (corporate) use of e-learning – Blended (hybrid) Learning– Live e-learning

Blended Learning

• This was originally defined as mixing face-to-face (f2f) learning with online elements to create a blend of the two.

• The right blend will depend on– the learning problem being addressed, the learners'

profile, the budget, and so on.

• Another term for "blended learning" is "hybrid learning" and this term is commonly found in formal education. – The term has now moved on to mean offering learning

using a variety of media, formats and approaches to learning.

Live e-learning

• In situations where face-to-face learning was not possible ,systems and tools began to be used to allow remote learners to come together online at the same time with a tutor who led a learning session. – for instance where students were distributed in

various parts of the country or world– The early tools were known as "virtual classrooms" or

"online conferencing systems". – Live e-learning is also known as synchronous learning

or "real time learning" - to differentiate it from asynchronous (learning).

eLearning Today(for formal learning)

• Online courses or blended solutions with a mix of face-to-face and online elements

• Learning management systems that manage students' learning (also variously known as course management systems, virtual learning environments and managed learning environments)

• Virtual classrooms, which supports the delivery of scheduled online sessions

Formal Learning?

So there must be OTHER “learning”?

OTHER learning-related terms

• eLearning 2.0– later

• informal learning • mobile learning• rapid learning• Performance ( 技能 ) improvement and su

pport

Informal Learning

• Formal learning is defined as instruction in the form of courses, programmes, workshops, seminars, etc (whether classroom-based or online 20%

• Informal learning, on the other hand, is considered to be pretty much everything else. Anything or anywhere you learn - sometimes almost unconsciously. the other 80%– informational content

• things like conferences, books, websites, etc.– informal interactions with people

• conversations, discussions, meetings, etc.

Mobile learning

• "Any activity that allows individuals to be more productive when consuming, interacting with, or creating information, mediated through a compact digital portable device that the individual carries on a regular basis, has reliable connectivity, and fits in a pocket or purse."– "Portable devices" could be phones, iPhones, smartph

ones / PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants) as well as iPods (and other MP3 players).

• Learning has moved "from the classroom onto the desktop and now into the pocket"

Rapid e-Learning

• is one of the current buzzwords ( 夯 ) in e-learning and refers to the use of a new breed of authoring tools to create formal instructional online training resources - like courses and simulations– quickly– easily – cheaply

Performance improvement and support

• Training is mainly undertaken through formal, structured learning solutions like courses, workshops, etc - whether online or in the classroom.– mainly off-the-job

• Performance improvement and support can be achieved by embedding informal - or semi-formal - learning solutions into job and work processes. – mainly on-the-job

So what actually then is e-learning?

• One thing is for sure, "e-learning" is a very broad term. – If you take a look at the definition of e-learning

in Wikipedia you will see that it is very wide ranging

– it is certainly NOT just abut online courses any more.

Evolution of eLearning

• As Web emerges from 1.0 to 2.0, so is eLearning– eLearning 1.0– eLearning 1.3– eLearning 2.0

1.0 vs 2.0

eLearning 1.0

• Was the early days of e-learning when it was all about delivering content, primarily in the form of online courses and produced by experts.

eLearning 1.3?

• Perhaps more like “corporate eLearning”

• http://elearningtech.blogspot.com/2006/09/elearning-10-vs-20-help-needed_07.html – The author thinks the distance from eLearning

1.0 to eLearning 1.3 is shorter.

eLearning 2.0

• Is about creating and sharing information and knowledge with others.

• And using blogs, wikis, social bookmarking and social networks within an educational or training context to support a new collaborative approach to learning.

More on eLearning 2.0(From wiki 百科 )

• eLearning 2.0 refers to a second phase of e-Learning based on Web 2.0 and emerging trends in eLearning. – It can include such features as e-Learning where

students create content, collaborate with peers to form a learning network with distribution of content creation and responsibilities,

– e-Learning that takes advantage of many sources of content aggregated together into learning experiences

– e-Learning that utilizes various tools including online references, courseware, knowledge management, collaboration and search.

More eLearning 2.0(From wiki 百科 )

• The term suggests that the traditional model of eLearning as a type of content, produced by publishers, organized and structured into courses, and consumed by students, is reversed;

• Content is used rather than read and is more likely to be produced by students than courseware authors.

• Structure in eLearning 2.0, is more likely to resemble a blogging tool rather than a book or a manual. The term first appeared in 2005 in an online article eLearning 2.0, by Stephen Downes.

What about eLearning 1.3?

more in the next few slides …

Comparing eLearning generations

eLearning 1.0

• The first generation of learning (really training) delivered through the web.

• It can be characterized by 60+ minute online course experiences.

• Most often these were either synchronous courses delivered using virtual classroom software or asynchronous courses (courseware) built using an authoring tool, and course content design followed a traditional training model that was development by an instructional designer.

• Finally, courses were typically managed through an LMS.

eLearning 1.3

• A label used to represent the generation of e-learning that has emerged in recent years, in which learning is developed more quickly and delivered in smaller chunks. – Learning is made available within the context of work and, thus,

needs to be in a form that is easily retrieved. For that reason, learning is not always accessed via the LMS, but pushed to the learner through email or accessed via links on an organization's intranet.

– E-Learning 1.3 content is created typically by subject matter experts using templates developed with rapid e-learning tools or learning content management systems (LCMSs).

– In addition, virtual meetings might be dispersed occasionally as part of the overall learning experience.

eLearning 2.0

• E-Learning 2.0 is greater leap in learning than the move from E-Learning 1.0 to E-Learning 1.3.

• E-Learning 2.0 is based on tools that combine ease of content creation, web delivery, and integrated collaboration.

• Creation of content can occur by anyone as part of their day-to-day work. – In essence, the expectation of E-Learning 2.0 is that sharing and

learning becomes an organic action that is directed and driven by the worker.

– Learning is a combination of access to content, which often derives from the work of peers or SMEs, as well as access to peers through social computing models.

– In fact, many people cite the social or network effect as having the greatest opportunity for impact on learning.

Is 2.0 replacing 1.0 or 1.3?OR

2.0 is better than 1.0 or 1.3?• No

– It is important to note that eLearning 1.0, eLearning 1.3, and eLearning 2.0 represent an evolution of approaches that use the web to support learning and improve human performance.

– However, in the same way that AM/FM radio, CD, and iPod adapters exist simultaneously, so will eLearning 1.0, eLearning 1.3, and eLearning 2.0.

• In other words, while the columns in the table appear to be distinct, learning solutions that practitioners create in the future will likely contain and combine aspects of each generation.

Which? When?

• eLearning 1.0– eLearning 1.0 solutions are going to continue to be

used for content in which there is a relatively large audience with common, identifiable needs who have relatively the same level of knowledge around the subject matter.

– eLearning 1.0 also will be used when there are compliance issues and high cost-of-errors or when significant up-front training makes sense.

Which? When?

• eLearning 1.3– eLearning 1.3 will be used for quick-hit

learning opportunities or basic information transfer around new products, procedures, systems, and so forth.

Which? When?

• eLearning 2.0– eLearning 2.0 makes sense when there are widely

different learning needs.– eLearning 2.0 also is a solid option when content

cannot be cost effectively identified up-front because there is too much information or specific learning needs are unknown and will be generated as part of work.

– Considering these descriptions, it should be clear that for most workplace learning professionals, the vast majority of their personal learning needs fall into the realm of what E-Learning 2.0 aims to address.

Questions in 2.0 Generation

• What is the role of instructional designers in an E-Learning 2.0 world?

• Do instructional designers become aggregators?

• Will courseware development follow a similar trend as instructor-led training?

• Will learning development departments become less important as control shifts to the worker/learner in e-learning 2.0?

Several of these questions have some fairly scary implications, but let’s consider a very broad perspective …

"Being adaptable in a flat world, knowing how to ‘learn how to learn’ will be one of the most important assets any worker c

an have, because job churn ( 攪動 ) will come faster, because innovation will happen faster.

Thomas Friedman, The World is Flat

learning how to learn is really the key for any learner!

And knowing how to ‘learn how to learn’ will be the most important assets of ours

(teachers or e-learning designer)

Our responsibility, if I may say so, would be …

• It's important for us to be at the forefront of this trend.

• We must become proficient in these tools and make sure we understand how they can be used as part of formal and informal learning.

• We need to lead the charge in helping everyone "learn how to learn."

• We need to learn these new work and learning skills ourselves and then be in position to help others.

How?

• As a starting point, workplace learning professionals need to get smart on the tools and begin the skill building process. – In other words, you need to spend time to learn how

to learn. – You need to continuously adopt tools and practices

that helps your personal and group learning. – Then, you can think through how you might use it as

part of an overall e-learning solution in your organization.

Getting Started

• The easiest tool to start with from a personal learning perspective is a blog

• The easiest tool to start with from a group or organizational perspective is a wiki– In fact, any time you find yourself going to

create a web page, likely a Wiki is an appropriate, better alternative approach.

Advantages & Disadvantages of eLearning

• …

eLearning and the Corporate World

• Being able to educate employees while keeping them on the job is extremely valuable to any business. – A well-structured e-learning solution is the ans

wer that supports the overall business objective.

• Enabling employee's access to training materials on the job has also increased job satisfaction enormously.

eLearning and the Corporate World

• e-learning is a must for any successful corporation and offers limitless opportunities to those who use it wisely– Cutting cost– Improving workplace satisfaction

eLearning in the Pre-K-12 Market

• eLearning is quickly gaining popularity in the Pre K-12 market. – eLearning is gaining popularity among the

educational community as schools search for ways to meet the standards set forth in the No Child Left Behind policy.

eLearning in the Pre-K-12 Market

• Early research indicates that online classes are an effective means for delivering education to the Pre K-12 market. – Students in the market have a positive attitude toward online inst

ruction, having grown-up surrounded by the technology used in instruction, primarily computers and the Internet. (USDLA, 2006)

• In a 2004 report, The Effects of Distance Education on K-12 Student Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis found that – distance education had the same effect on measures of student

academic achievement when compared to traditional instruction. (Cavanaugh, Gillam, Kromrey, Hess, and Blomeyer, 2004).

• Students enrolled in virtual Advanced Placement courses are experiencing a high success rate. (Solomon, 2005)

eLearning in the Pre-K-12 Market

• However, there is data indicating that e-learning or virtual schools are not making the cut. – 2003 proficiency data from students who attended

Pennsylvania's six cyber schools were below the state average.

– Data from Colorado indicates that the attrition rate may be higher for students in virtual schools than of traditional schools. In addition, a higher percentage of students were rated as unsatisfactory in math when compared with the state average.

Meeting Needs

• eLearning is used to meet the needs of special groups of students which may be, – homebound, home schooled, incarcerated, or

child entertainers, athletes or models. – Special Education

eLearning in Lower Grades

• there is a lot of debate concerning the use of e-learning for students younger than middle school. – students who are younger than 12 may not

have the necessary cognitive abilities to learn via a strict e-learning environment.

– young students in an e-learning environment may fail to develop appropriate social skills.

eLearning in Lower Grades

• An emerging solution is what we call blended learning.

• Curriculum designed within the blended learning environment hopes to incorporate strengths of both e-learning and the traditional classroom to assist student learning.

eLearning and the Demise ( 崩、死亡 ) of Brick-and-Mortar ( 實體

的 ) Schools • “Thirty years from now the big university c

ampuses will be relics. Universities won't survive... It's as large a change as when we first got the printed book.” (Clayton, 2000)