historiaa resumen

8/11/2019 HISTORIAA RESUMEN

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FIRST WORLD WAR.CENTRAL POWERS: Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.

Also Turkey.

GermanyGermany !ould a"ord to su##ort a large and $ell-

e%ui##ed army &e!ause o' t(e su!!ess o' its industry. Germany)s

streng(t also lay in (er army.

Austria-Hungary-- T(e em#eror Franz Josephruled o*er t(is

!ountry made u# o' di"erent #eo#le +Germans, Austrians,

Hungarians, e!(s, Slo*aks, Italians, Ser&s, roats, oles, et!/.

T(e main language $as German. 0any o' t(em $anted

inde#enden!e 'rom t(e em#ire.

T(e 1aiser su##orted Fran 2ose#( in t(e 3alkans and t(e t$o

!ountries 4oined toget(er in t(e 5Dual Allian!e5 sin!e 6789.

Italy-- Was t(e $eakest o' all, t(ey (ad *ery little industry

and 4oined t(e $ar in order to $in lands. In 677: Italy 4oined t(em

and &e!ame t(e Tri#le Allian!e.

ENTENTE POWERS:Fran!e,Russia and 3ritain. Ser&ia and t(en

;SA.

Fran!e-- Its main aim $as to take re*enge on Germany 'or

t(e de'eat it (ad su"ered in t(e Fran!o-russian $ar +678


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?m#ire.

2) To #rote!t 'ood su##lies !oming a!ross t(e o!eans.

3ritain !ould not gro$ enoug( 'ood to 'eed (er !ro$ded

#o#ulation.

3) To #rote!t (er trade routes.4) To #rote!t (er against any in*asion.

W(en 3ritain &egan to look 'or allies in ?uro#e it seemed

sensi&le, at rst, to 4oin Germany &e!ause Germany=s royal 'amily

$as !losely linked $it( 3ritain. Fran!e $as an old enemy and a

ri*al in A'ri!a. Russia $as a ri*al in t(e ?ast o*er A'g(anistan. 3ut

3ritain (ad noting in !ommon $it( Austria-Hungary.

3ritain realised t(at Germany=s na*al and !olonial #lans

$ere a 'ar greater t(reat t(an $ere Fran!e or Russia, so in 69


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69


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&y Russia.

Austria-Hungary sent Ser&ia an ultimatum in $i!( Ser&s

s(ould a!!e#t Austrian !ontrol in running Ser&ia or it $ould

de!lare $ar. Ser&ia a!!e#ted all &ut one #oint so immediately $ar

&egan.

T$E SC$L'E((EN PLAN

It $as a !al!ulated gam&le, in $(i!( Germany took t$o risks@

1. T(e rst $as t(at t(ey t(oug(t Russia $ould &e slo$ to

get ready 'or $ar.

2. 3ritain $oul not 4oin in t(e $ar $(en Germany

atta!ked 3elgium +e*en t(oug( 3ritain (ad a treaty to

su##ort 3elgiums neutral #osition and (el# it i' it $asatta!ked/.

I' t(ese gam&les $orked, Germans &elie*ed t(at t(ey $ould

&e a&le to de'eat Fran!e ra#idly.

Le't $ing---atta!k Fran!e along t(e 'rontier 'rom 0et to

S$iterland, in order to kee# Fran!e #inned do$n along t(at line

$ere t(e atta!k $as eC#e!ted.

Rig(t $ing------0ean$(ile, t(e rig(t $ing $ould s$ee# round

t(roug( 3elgium, taking Fran!e &y sur#rise and !a#ture aris.T(en $it( Fran!e de'eated, Germany $ould !on!entrate on

atta!king Russia.

TH? WAR

On August 696 $ar &egan $(en German troo#s atta!ked

3elgium, t(e ad*an!e nearly su!!eeded ultil t(ey $ere only :ooding, and t(e $ater !ould &e used to #ro*ide

ele!tri! #o$er.

8. So!ial Se!urity A!t@ T(is set u# #ension s!(emes 'or old

#eo#le, $ido$s and disa&led #eo#le. Also an unem#loyed


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insuran!e s!(eme $as set u#.

Some #eo#le $ere againts t(e Be$ Deal, t(ey &elie*e t(at t(ey

s(ould atta!k t(e $ealt(y and ado#t a 'orm o' 'as!ism +(arlesoug(lin/.

T(e Su#reme ourt, in 69E de!lared t(e BIRA un!onstitutional

and all t(e $ork under t(e A!t (ad to sto#.

Roose*elt $as a #ra!ti!al man, not a &rilliant t(inker. His ans$ers

to di"erent #ro&lems !ould lead to !on>i!ts. For eCam#le, (ig(er

'ood #ri!es (el#ed 'armes &ut (it t(e #oor. He &roug(t (uge!(anges in t(e ;SA and (e ga*e t(e 'ederal go*ernment a 4o& to

do@ to look a'ter t(e $eaker mem&er o' t(e so!iety +t(e old, t(e ill,

t(e unem#loyed/ and to &uild a &etter !ountry.

ISOLATIOBIS0 T?R0IBO OR ?L ATA;? D? ?ARL HAR3OR,

T?R0IBO ARA SI?0R?K SI, OR LA OLD WAR RO WARS

The Locarno $oney0oon

In 69:


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eastern &oundaries.

Fran!e and 3ritain ga*e ot(ers t(e im#ression t(at i' one day

Germany $anted to alter its eastern &oundaries $it( oland and

e!(oslo*akia t(ey $ould take no a!tion. T(is $orried Fran!esallies in t(e east. T(us t(e t$o great #o$ers, Fran!e and 3ritain,

$ere a!ting outside t(e terms o' t(e League and $ere ignoring

t(e idea o' !olle!ti*e se!urity.

In t(is time, all $as $ell among t(e nations. In 69: Germany

&e!ame a mem&er o' t(e League and in t(e same year t(e

1?LLOGG AT $as signed &y E !ountries, in!luding t(e ;SA andt(e ;SSR, all #romised ne*er to go to $ar again.

From 69:E to 69:9 $as kno$n as t(e JLo!arno HoneymoonJ, e*en

so *ery little #rogress $as made on disarmament sin!e only

Germany (ad &een 'or!ed to do so and t(e !ountries o' ?uro#e

still didnt trust one anot(er.

The Lea&4e o8 Na"ion in "he 193

T(e Wall Street ras( and t(e De#ression t(at 'ollo$ed all o*er

t(e $orld #ut an end to t(is (oneymoon.

Distrust &et$een Fran!e and Germany gre$. Fran!e &egan to &uil

a Ma&ino" Line a (uge de'en!e system along t(e German

&order to #rote!!t Fran!e 'rom German atta!k.

Di!tators !ame to #o$ers in se*eral !ountries, t(e most #o$er'ul

$as Hitler.

One $eakness o' t(e League o' Bations $as t(e la!k o'

mem&ers(i#.


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rearm.

E"hio/ia

Italy in*aded ?t(io#ia in 69-E. It (ad al$ays $anted to take

o*er ?t(io#ia, one o' t(e 'e$ un!olonised !ountries in A'ri!a.

0ussolini needed a su!!ess'ul $ar to distra!t #eo#le 'rom (is

in!om#etent go*ernment. In 69, Italian troo#s, usingso#(isti!ated $ea#ons su!( as gas and >ame-t(ro$ers, atta!ked

t(e #oorly armed ?t(io#ians. ?t(io#(ia a##ealed to t(e League

and it !ondemned 0ussolinis a!tions and im#osed e!onomi!

san!tions on Italy.

3ritain and Fran!e $ere in a diV!ult #osition, t(ey $ere t(e ones

$it( #o$ers to make t(e san!tion $ork and tey $ere ner*ous

a&out u#setting 0ussolini.

Fran!e $as $orried a&out Hitlers rearmament #oli!y and Fran!e

didt $ant to dri*e Germany and Italy toget(er &y o##osing

0ussolini too strongly. Fran!e and 3ritain di*ide ?t(io#(ia $it( t(e

HOAR?-LAQAL AT @t$o-t(irds o' ?t(io#(ia $ere gi*en to

0ussolini and t(e remaining t(ird $as gi*en to t(e ?m#eror Haile

Selassie.

Only !olleti*e a!tion !ould (a*e sto##ed Italy, and t(e League

didnt #ro*ide it +&e!ause o' t(e la!k o' mem&ers(i#/. 0ussolini

le't t(e league and !om#leted t(e !on%uest o' t(e $(ole ?t(io#(ia


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in 698. T(e e!onomi! san!tions #us(ed 0ussolini !loser to Hitler,

t(ey signed t(e RO0?-3?RLIB AIS o' 69, a treaty o' 'riends(i#

and !o-o#eration

As a #ea!e-kee#ing organisation t(e League $as a 'ailure @

R?ASOBS

La!k o' 0em&ers(i# +;SA ne*er 4oined in, Italy, 2a#an,

Germany le't t(e League and t(is 'atally $eakened t(e

League/

La!k o' organisation @ 0eetings $ere 'e$ and 'ar &et$een andde!isions $ere made *ery slo$ly.

T(e san!tions $ere ne*er su!!ess'ul in !ontrolling agression.

3ritain and Fran!e@ T(e res#onsi&ility 'or making t(e League

$ork 'ell on t(ese t$o !ountries &ut t(ey $ere not *ey

ent(usiasti! a&out t(e League and #re'ered to sign treaties

outside t(e League.

In 6969 t(ere $as a mood o' idealism,#eo#le $anted to make a

ne$ and &etter $orld, &ut it soon dissa#eared. Te e!onomi!

de#ressiond !aused unem#loyment and a 'all in t(e standard o'

li*ing all o*er ?uro#e.

In*asion o' 0an!(uria

In*asion o' ?t(io#(ia

3ullying and agressi*e ta!tis seemed to &e t(e route o' su!!ess

in t(e 69


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mistakes.

)ERMAN; AN* T$E O+TBREA- O( T$E

SECON* WORL* WAR

At rst, Hitler $anted to unite all German-s#eaking #eo#les into

one Rei!( +one state/ and &uild an em#ire, and (e $as determined

to re4e!t t(e terms o' t(e Treaty o' Qersailles. +&ook- 0ein 1am#'/.

T(is territory in $(i!( (ed &uilt t(e em#ire $as !alled

JLe&ensraumJ +li*ing s#a!e/ $ould $e #ro&a&ly in eastern ?uro#e

and it $ould &e sied 'rom #eo#le like t(e oles or Russians, $(om

Hitler regarded as in'erior.

T(is #oli!y o' eC#ansion $ould &e &ound to lead, sooner or later,

to $ar.

Hitler (ad no idea $(en $ar $ould !ome, (e s(o$ed great skill at

!reating o##ortunities and making t(e &est o' t(em. eo#le

a##lauded (im &e!ause (e #romised easy solutions to diV!ult

#ro&lems and (e made amaing s#ea!(es. He algo a!!used ot(ers

'or Germanys su"ering.

ST?S TO WAR

1) Lea*ing t(e League, 69Hitler le't t(e League o' Bations.

2) Germanys &eig(&oursAll ?uro#e seemed united in

o##osing (im, t(e $eaker !ountries $it( German minoritied$ere allied $it( Fran!e,

3) Austria, 69T(e rst ste# in Histlers #lan to unite all

Germans $as t(e in*asion o' Austria. Austria $as not only

german-s#eaking, it $as algo Histlers &irt(-#la!e. In 69,


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Austrian Bais $anted to kill t(e (an!ellor, Doll'uss and

in*ite Hitler to &e!ome t(e ruler o' Austria &ut t(e attem#t

'ailed $(en 0ussolini sent troo#s to t(e Austrian &order to

#re*ent t(e German take-o*er. 0ussolini $as sus#i!ious o'Hitler and Germany $as too $eak to undertake a $ar so

Hitler &a!ked do$n. He kne$ t(at (e $ould (a*e to in!rease

Germanys streng(t and make an ally $it( 0ussolini.

4) RearmamentGermany !ontinued $it( its rearmament. 3y

69E, Goering (ad &uilt u# an air 'or!e, t(e Lu't$a"e.

0ilitary ser*i!e $as introdu!ed and t(e German army#ro*ided itsel' $it( t(e latest $ea#ons, es#e!ially tanks.

o!ket &attles(i#s +'ast, (ea*ily armed $ars(i#s/ and

su&marines $ere &uilt. All t(is $as !ontraty to t(e terms

de!ided at Qersailles. Ho$e*er, some !ountries 'elt t(at

t(ese terms $ere too (ars( and t(at Germany (ad t(e rig(t

to (a*e a reasona&le armed 'or!e like e*ery !ountry.

T(e De#ression o' t(e 69


25/45

R(ineland +it (as &een demilitarised &y t(e Treaty o'

Qersailles, no soldiers $ere allo$ed in t(e area/ In 0ar!(

69, German soldiers mar!(ed into t(e R(ineland and t(ey

(ad no o##osition. W(y Fran!e did not(ingK It $as s#litted u#into se*eral grou#s $(i!( $ere struggling 'or #o$ers, t(ere

$as no united #oli!y and 3ritain $ould not (el# Fran!e. Also,

t(e Fren!( generals (ad de!ided to rely on a #urely

de'ensi*e #oli!y and to #ut t(eir trust in t(e 0aginot Line.

Se*eral Fren!( generals $ere sym#at(et(i! to Fas!ism and

not (ostile to Hitler.6) T(e S#anis( i*il WarIn 69, t(e !i*il $ar &roke out. T(e

General Fran!o led an armed re&ellion against t(e S#anis(

Re#u&li!an go*ernment. Hitler and 0ussolini regarded t(e

re&ellion as a g(t against ommunism. 3ot( sent men and

su##lies in large %uantities to (el# Fran!o. Fran!e and 3ritain

(ad an attitude o' no inter*ention +not to (el# eit(er side/.

0ussolinis disagreement $it( Fran!e and 3ritain o*er

?t(io#(ia &roug(t (im !loser to Hitler and in 69 t(ey

signed an allian!e t(e RO0?-3?RLIB AIS and Hitler signed

$it( 2a#an t(e ABTI-O0IBT?RB AT +t(is $as aimed

against Russia/ and 0ussolini 4oined t(e #a!t. T(is $as t(e

rst line-u# o' t(e sides o' t(e Se!ond World War. T(e

German armed 'or!es $ere soon mu!( stronger t(an Fran!e

and 3ritain, so t(ey &egan to rearm.

7) T(e anneCation o' Austria +Ans!(luss/, 697Hitler ordered

t(e Austrian Bais to stir u# trou&le inside Austria. Hitlers


26/45

&ullying o' t(e Austrian !(an!ellor s(o$ed (o$ Germany $as

using its streng(t. He said t(at Italy $as (is ally, 3ritain

$ould not mo*e a nger to (el# Austria and Fran!e (ad not

sto##ed (im in t(e R(ineland. T(e (an!ellor ordered ale&is!ite +a national *ote to see i' Austrians $anted to &e

#art o' Germany/ &ut t(is !ould (a*e made Hitler look 'oolis(

so (is troo#s in*aded Austria &e'ore t(e #le&is!ite and t(e

rst #ea!e o' 'oreing territory $as added to Germany/ t(e

!(an!ellor $as sent to a !on!entration !am#s and an

eCtermination !am#t $as set u# at 0aut(ausen to del $it(Austrian 4e$s.

8) e!(oslo*akia, 697-699t(e German-s#eaking 'ringe o'

e!(oslo*akis $as *alled t(e S4%e"enlan%- Hitler !alled

t(e lider o' t(e Sudetenland to stir u# tro&le t(ere. T(e

German #a#ers &egan to #u&lis( anti-e!( #ro#aganda

a!!!usint t(e e!( o' #erse!uting Germans. Ho$e*er, t(e

!ountry $as a demo!rati! !ountry $it( a determined

#resident and it (ad allian!es $it( Fran!e, 3ritain and Russia.

Hitler !ontinued to t(reaten $ar.

9) A##easementt(e 3ritis( rimer 0inister, (am&erlain, >e$

to meet Hitler to see i' #ea!e !ould &e a!(ie*ed &y

dis!ussion. Hitler $as $illing to talk, i' (e !ould get $(at (e

$anted $it(out g(ting so mu!( &etter. Hitler demanded t(e

Sudetenland and (am&erlain agreed, (e t(oug(t t(at Hitler

(ad !ertain reasona&le demands and t(at $ar !ould &e

a*oided &y gi*ing Hitler $(at (e $anted. T(is attitude $as


27/45

!alled a//eae0en". Hitler in a se!ond meeting t(reatened

to &e a&out to go to $ar. In des#eration, re#resentati*es o'

Germany, Fran!e, 3ritain and Italy agreed to (and t(e

Sudetenland to Germany. In 699 Hitlers army mar!(ed intot(e rest o' e!(oslo*akia.

(am&erlain said t(at armed !on>i!ts &et$een nations $ere

a nig(tmare to (im. 3ritis( $ere anCious to a*oid $ar i'

#ossi&le sin!e t(ey didnt (a*e t(e $ea#ons, #lanes, guns or

tanks 'or a large-s!ale $ar in 697, and (am&erlain $anted

to #ost#one $ar as long as #ossi&le until 3ritain $as#re#ared. Some &ritis( #eo#le sym#at(ised $it( Hitler sin!e

t(ey 'elt t(at Germany (ad &een &adly treated at Qersailles.

T(ey also 'elt T(at Russia $as a mu!( greater t(reat and

admired Hitlers anti-ommunist stand. Only a 'e$ La&our

0S and onser*ati*es $ere against a##easement +lead &y

Winston (ur!(ill/. In t(e end, &ot( (am&erlain and Hitler

misunderstood ea!( ot(er @ (am&erlain t(oug(t t(at Hitler

$as a trust$ort(y, (onest gentlement and Hitler t(oug(t t(at

3ritis( $ould ne*er go to $ar. W(en it &e!ame !lear t(at

a##easement (ad 'ailed, (am&erlain 4oined Fran!e in

allian!e $it( oland.

10)T(e BAI-SOQI?T AT, 699oland $as Hitlers neCt

*i!tim, and te only !ountry $(o !ould sto# Hitler $as Russia.

Stalin $anted to sign an allian!e $it( 3ritain and Fran!e &ut

t(ey re'used to (a*e anyt(ing to do $it( ommunist Russia.

In des#etarion, Stalin signed a non-agression #a!t $it( Hitler.


28/45

T(is #a!t algo !ontained se!ret !lauses agreeing to atta!k

olan &et$een t(em. T(is #a!t made t(e Se!ond World War

ine*ita&le. +only lasted t$o years &e!ause t(en Hitler

atta!ked Russia/.11)T(e out&reak o' $arIn Se#tem&er 699, Hitler laun!(ed (is

atta!k on oland. Wit(in $eaks oland $as de'eated and

di*ided u# &et$een t$o di!tators. 3y t(en, Fran!e and

3ritain (ad de!lared $ar on Germany.

T$E SECON* WORL* WARDi"eren!es &et$een First and Se!ond WW

First@ T(e soldiers 'oug(t and died in tren!(es $(i!(

didnt mo*e more t(an a 'e$ kilometres in eit(er

dire!tion.

Se!ond@ Soldiers mo*ed ra#idly 'rom #la!e to #la!e.

On!e an atta!k $as laun!(ed, (undreds o' kilometres!ould &e !o*ered in a day.

First@ T(e ma!(ine-gun and (ea*y artillery (ad a"e!ted

t(e ta!ti!s.

Se!onds@ T(e most im#ortant g(ting ma!(ines@ tanks

and aero#lanes.

The Bli"


29/45

im#ortant #ositions@ rail$ay 4un!tions, ammunition and #etrol

dum#s, !rossroads, &ridges and airelds. T(e &om&er #ilots

learned to strike $it( #in#oint a!!ura!y. T(en t(ey atta!ked $it(

$ell-armed !olumns o' tanks, &e(ind t(em !ame t(e motorisedin'antry +soldiers trans#orted &y lorry or motor!y!le/. ?a!( !olum

(ad a target, like a !ity, a #ort or an industrial area. Wit(in (ours

de'eat $ould &e una*oida&le.

The Phoney War Se/"e0=er 1939 "o A/ril 19!

Hitler (ad &egun t(e $ar &y in*ading oland. T(e Germand tanks!olumns rea!(ed Warsa$ +!a#ital/ in only nine days. T(e Russians

in*aded oland 'rom t(e east. oland $as de'eated n under a

mont(.

A'ter t(is, little (a##ened in t(e $est 'or se*eral mont(s, t(e

!ountries $ere not #re#ared 'or $ar and $ere trying to gain time

to rearm t(emsel*es and to e*aluate t(e ot(er sides mo*ements.

T(ere $ere na*al engagements, su!( as the Battle of River Plate

+t(e German &attles(i# Gra' S#ee $as sunk/. German ;-&oats

mo*ed onto t(e Atlanti! and &egan to sink 3ritis( s(i#s.

T(e So*iet ;nion &egan a $ar $it( Finland, t(e Winter War og

699-69< +Russia $on/.

T(e Boe$egian am#aign

(am&erlain still (o#ed t(at t(e Germans $ould not !ontinue t(e

$ar. In A#ril 69< (e anoun!ed t(at Hitler (ad missed t(e &us and


30/45

t(at $ar !ould not !ontinue. A 'e$ days later Hitler laun!(ed an

atta!k against Denmark and Bor$ay and (e set u# a #u##et ruler

in Bor$ay +uisling/. He also (ad &een s(i##ing S$edis iron ore to

Germany along t(e Bor$egian !oast and (e needed to #rote!t t(isroute. T(e 3ritis( kne$ t(at iron $as *ital 'or t(e manu'a!ture o'

$ea#ons and de!ided to mine t(e !oastal $aters or Bor$ay.

Fran!e and 3ritain tried to (el# &ut t(ey 'ailed.

In 0ay t(e 3ritis( arliament turned against (am&erlain and

(e resigned. Winston (ur!(il &e!ame rime 0inister. He setu# a ore $ar-like a##roa!(, (e said JI (a*e not(ing to o"er

&ut &lood, toil, tears and s$eatJ.

T(e Germans laun!(ed a 3litkrieg atta!k against t(e Lo$

ountries and Fran!e. It $as a great su!!ess. T(ey a*oided

t(e 0aginot Line atta!king t(roug( t(e Ardennes region.

Holland surrendered $it(in *e days and t(en 3elgium too.

*4nkirkT(e 3ritis( ?C#editionary For!e (ad &een sent

a!ross t(e (annel &ut t(en, T(e Fren!(, Dut!( and 3elgians

'ound it diV!ult to $ork toget(er. T(e Fren!( $ere

!om#letely taken &y sur#rise &y t(e atta!k troug( 3elgium

and t(e 3ritis( troo#s $ere sent reeling &a!k to$ards t(e

(annel #ort o' Dunkirk. T(e 3ritis( sent (undreds o' &oats

to take t(eir soldiers o" t(e &ra!(es. T(is e*a!uation $as

!alled t(e O/era"ion *yna0o, t(ey destroyed or

a&andoned $ea#ons or munitions on t(e &ea!( and $ent

&a!k to ?ngland.


31/45

The Ba""le o8 Bri"ain+2uly-De!em&er 69


32/45

t(e $ar. Hitler detested t(e Russians as ommunists, (e sa$

t(em as an Jin'erior ra!eJ sin!e t(ey $ere Sla*s.

Austria, most o' e!(oslo*akia and oland (ad &een taken

into Germany in 697 and 699. T(e So*iet ;nion (ad takenLit(uania, Lat*ia, ?stonia, (al' o' oland and sli!es o' Finland

and Romania.

Germany, 2a#an and Italy (ad signed t(e Tri/ar"i"e

Pac" in Se#tem&er 69


33/45


34/45

$inter set in and trans#ort &e!ame im#ossi&le, #etrol

'roe in tanks and t(e Germans didnt (a*e suV!ient

$inter !lot(ing and su"ered 'rom 'rost-&ite. In

Bo*em&er, t(e Russians !ounter-atta!ked and dro*e t(eGermans &a!k 'rom 0os!o$.

The ar a" eaIn t(e Atlanti! t(ere $as a &attle

&et$een German ;-&oats and 3ritis( s(i##ing. 3ritain

(ad to &ring in su##lies &y sea +'ood, oil and $ea#ons/.

T(e mer!(ant s(i#s (ad to sail in grou#s, !alled

on*oys, ea!( $it( a na*al es!ort. T(e ;-&oats ans$erto t(e !on*oy system $as to (unt in $ol'-#a!ks P or

grou#s. A grou# $ould atta!k a !on*oy 'rom all sides,

makings t(e 4o& o' t(e es!ort im#ossi&le.

+SA an% Len%6LeaeIn 696, Roose*elt organised a

s!(eme !alled Lend-Lease P &y $(i!( 3ritain !ould

&orro$ or (ire military e%ui#ment, s(i#s and #lanes.

Roose*elt said t(at i t$as like lending your garden (ose

to a neig(&our $(ose (ouse $as on re. In De!em&er

696, T(e 2a#anese atta!ked t(e Ameri!an &ase at earl

Har&or and Ameri!a entered t(e $ar.

W(y $as it a #eo#les $ar K

In ot(er $ars, g(ting men gone o" and e*eryone

else 4ust stayed at (ome.

It in*ol*es e*ery&ody. It $as a $ar o' te!(nology,


35/45

making $ea#ons $as as im#ortant as using t(em

+(ur!(ill said t(at 'a!tory $orkers $ere in t(e

'ront line/.

eo#le $ere killed in t(eir o$n (om&es in &om&ingraids.

eo#les e*eryday li'e $as disru#ted &y

e*a!uation, s(ortages o' 'ood and &y re!ie*ing

orders 'rom t(e go*erment.

3RITAIB

3ritain $as se!ond to Russia in &eing organised 'or JTotal WarJ.

T(ey (ad to e*a!uate t(eir (omes and many o' t(em lost t(em &y

t(e 3lit. T(e go*ernment &uilt sur'a!e s(elters &ut $ere !old,

unsanitary and not *ery sa'e. Ho$e*er, t(e Anderson S(elters

$ere em&edded in t(e ground and #eo#le !ould stay in t(eir o$n

gardens and t(e s(elters sur*i*ed e*eryt(ing eC!e#t a dire!t (it.

RAT'ON'N):T(ere $ere s(ortages o' 'ood sin!e it !ame 'roma&road +anada and t(e ?ast/and (ad to run t(roug( t(e ;-&oats.

At rst, t(ere $ere (ig(er #ri!es, $(i!( only ri!( #eo#le !ould

a"ord &ut rationing $as introdu!ed in 2anuary 69< +e*eryone (ad

a ration &ook $(i!( a !ou#on 'or !ertain items, like meat, !(eese,

&utter, eggs, milk, tea and sugar/.

WOMEN AN* T$E WAR:In $ar times, t(ere $ere not so many

$orkers, so go*erment (ad to enlist $omen. In 696, all

unmarried $omen &et$een :< and < $as !alled 'or $ork. In

69 all $omen u# to E6 and &y 69E


36/45

and re!ei*ed less !om#ensations 'or in4uries.

T(e 3om&ing o' Germany, 69:-69E

Allies $anted to $eaken t(e German $ar e"ort &y &om&ingGermany. T(ey atta!ked industrial regions like Ru(r and !ities like

Ham&urg and ologne

Nor"h6A8rica 19!2 19!3

T(e So*iets re%uest t(e Allies to distra!t Germany &y in*ading

Bort(-A'ri!a and o#ening u# a JSe!ond FrontJ, t(is #lan $as !alledt(e O/era"ion Torch. T(ey attaked ?gy#t +General 0ontgomery/

and in O!to&er 69:, (e atta!ked Rommel al ?l Alamein. T(is $as

a turning #oint sin!e it $as t(e rst time t(at t(e Allied de'eated

Germany and t(en t(ey $ent on de'eating it. T(en t(ey in*aded

0oro!!o and Algeria and ad*an!ed to$ars Tunis and t(ousands o'

Germans $ere taken #risoner.

'"aly inva%e%T(e Allies in*aded Si!ily and t(en Italy. 0ussolini

$as ageing and ill and $as not t(e strong lider (e (ad &een on!e

and (e $as dismissed &y t(e Italian go*ernment. T(e Italians only

$anted #ea!e. T(e Allied mo*ed to$ards Rome.

The R4ian (ron"

In t(e nort(, Leningrad $as under siede. Star*ation 'a!ed

e*eryone. 3ut t(ey $ere still 6< kilometres 'rom 0os!o$. Hitler

organised a tro-#ronged ad*an!e in t(e sout(@ one $ould


37/45

dri*esout(-east$ards to$ards 3aku and t(e So*iet oil elds t(at

(e needed so &adly. T(e ot(er $ould turn on Stalingrad and t(en

to Qolga Ri*er into !entral Russia. T(e main So*iet resistan!e $as

at Stalingrad, it $as t(e toug(est &attleeld o' t(e $ar.Germans $ere running out o' 'ood, ammunition, dressings and

drugs &ut Hitler still re'used surrender &ut in Fe&ruary 69,

German general Qon aulus surrendered. In 2uly Hitler !ounter-

atta!ked $it( tanks at 1ursk +it $as t(e &iggest tank &attle o' t(e

$ar, nearly 6.E


38/45

arrsted and (e !ommitted sui!ide.

T(e 3attle o' t(e 3ulgeIn de!em&er 696, t(e Germans

ad*an!ed in t(e Ardennes area and !ounter-atta!ked. Ho$e*er,

t(e Germans) la!k o' su##lies and t(e strengt( o' t(e Allies airsu##ort &roug(t t(e ad*an!e to a (alt early in 69E.

T(e ?astern FrontHitler (ad to g(t on : ot(er 'ronts@ In Italy,

t(e Allies $ere going nort($ards and t(e German resistan!e at

0onte asino $as o*er!ome. In 69, t(e Allies entered Rome

and Floren!e.

T(e So*iets made (uge ad*an!es in t(e east. In t(e nort(,Leningrad $as 'ree and all along t(e line sout( to t(e 3la!k sea

t(e Germans retreated. In t(e !entre, t(e So*iets dro*e t(e

Germans out o' Russia into oland. T(ey ata!ked Warsa$ and t(e

So*iets $ere too eC(austed to (el#.

The ;al"a Con8erence

In early 69E, t(e Allied leaders met at alta +Russia/, Rooseelt,

(ur!(ill and Stalin. To de!ide t(at to do $it( Germany on!e it

$as de'eated +&y t(e end o' 69E Roose*elt $as dead and

(ur!(ill (ad &een de'eated in t(e ?le!tions/. T(ey agreed t(at

Germany s(ould &e di*ided into ones@ o!!u#ied &y Russia

;SA and 3ritain and t(e 'ourt( to Fran!e. Also 3erlin s(ould de

di*ided into ones. Stalin !laimed (e (ad li&erated many lands

'rom t(e Bai and (e $anted to kee# t(ose lands

In A#ril Hitler !ommited sui!ide. Admiral Doenit took o*er as

leader o' Germany. TH? WAR ?BD?D OB 8 0A 69E

Fi'ty-*e million #eo#le $ere killed


39/45

66 million $ere eCe!uted in Herman !on!entration !am#s +

million 2e$s/

T(e *i!toris $ere ;SA and t(e So*iet ;nion

PEARL $ARBOR:696, 2a#an realised t(at t(ey $ould lose

a $ar $it( ;SA unless t(ey !ould gain in ad*antage. T(e

military leaders in 2a#an #lanned a se!ret and sur#rise atta!k

to kno!k out t(e ;S a!i! Fleet. Wit( t(is t(ey $ould (a*e

time on su#rema!y at sea during $(i!( t(ey !ould seie all

te territory t(ey $anted in t(e Far ?ast. T(e 2a#anese (ad

in'ormation 'rom s#ies $it( details o' t(e na*al &ase and$(ere t(e s(i#s $ould &e. T(e ;S >eet$ as !aug(t

un#re#ared. T(is is !alled t(e JDay o' Im#(amyJ. T(e neCt

mont( t(ey atta!ked t(e island o' 0id$ay &ut t(ey didnt

(a*e a sur#rise atta!k sin!e t(e ;S (ad &roken t(e 2a#anese

radio !ode, t(is $as a turning #oins in t(e a!i! $ar. T(e

2a#anese sent 1amiake #ilots against t(e Ameri!an >eet

+t(ey !rased t(eir #lanes, loaded $it( eC#losi*es on to an

Ameri!an &attles(i#/ To !ommit sui!ide $as regarded as an

(onoura&le t(ing to do, t(ey $ere (eroes.

3y 69E, t(e 2a#anese em#eror $anted #ea!e. T(e

Ameri!ans $ere &om&ing 2a#anese !ities +Tokyo/ and t(ey

#re*ented su##lies to rea!( 2a#an so t(ere $as $ides#read

(unger.

;SA #rodu!ed : atomi! &om&s to end t(e $ar ra#idly +The

Manha""an Pro#ec"/.

POST*AM:In 2uly 69E, Truman +;SA/, Attlee +3ritain/ and


40/45

Stalin agreed t(at Russia $ould 4oin in t(e $ar in t(e #a!i!

$it(in a mont(. T(ey also announ!ed t(at t(ey $ould dro#

t(e atomi! &om& i' t(ey didnt surrender.

T(ey arranged t(e trials at Burem&erg 'or t(e Bais +Goeringand Doenit/

On August, oronel Ti&&etts #iloted t(e J?nola GayJ

to Hiros(ima.

On 7 August t(e ;SSR de!lared $ar on 2a#an

On 9 August a se!ond &om& atomi! $as dro##ed on

Bagasaki.

T$E COL* WAR

W(en t(e Se!ond WW ended, t(e ;SA and t(e ;SSR $ere t(e

most #o$er'ul !ountries +Su#er-o$ers/. As soon as t(e $ar

ended, relations &et$een ;SA and t(e ;SSR !ooled, t(ere $as

(ostility &et$een t(em 'or t(e neCt E years.3ot( (ad nu!lear $ea#ons and a real $ar !ould (a*e meant t(e

total destru!tion o' ea!( ot(er and e*ery&ody else.

It $as a $ar 'oug(t &y any means eC!elt a!tual g(ting +t(ey

'oug(t indire!tly/

Pro>y War:1orea and Qietnam, Ameri!a o' Ameri!as ally g(ts

t(e ;SSRs ally.Stalin 'elt is !ountry (ad al$ays &een atta!ked and (e $anted to

re&uild t(e !ountry a'ter t(e $ar. He $as &itter t(at t(e $estern

Allies (ad not (el#ed relie*e #resure on t(e So*iet ;nion. He $as

*ery sos#i!ious 'rom t(e $estern, s#e!ially Germany.


41/45

Ameri!ans regretted t(eir isolation in te years &et$eent t(e $ars.

T(ey realised t(at t(ey no$ (ad t(e #o$er to #lay an im#ortant

role in $orld a"airs.

Stalin $as taking lands 'rom Finland, Lit(uania, Lat*ia, ?stonia,

e!(oslo*akia, Romania, 3ulgaria, Hungary and settled

ommunists go*ernments. ugosla*ia $as a ommunist !ountry

+led &y Tito/ inde#endent 'rom t(e ;SSR.T(e So*iet territory

eC#anded 7< kilometres $est$ards. 3y 697, t(e ;SSR $as in

!ontrol o' (al' o ?uro#e +Red Army/ (e 'elt t(at (e (ad t(e rig(t todo as (e liked in order to re&uild (is !ountry.

'ron c4r"ain66Was an ideologi!al, #oliti!al, military and so!ial

&arrier di*iding ?uro#e in : +Western and ?astern/. From t(e 3alti!

Sea to t(e Adriati! Sea.

The Tr40an *oc"rine@ Truman +;S #resident/ it $as a #oli!y o'

!ontainment@ t(e ;SA $ould (el# any !ountry t(reatened &y

ommunism, so t(at it !ould no longer ad*an!e 'urt(er +it $ould

&e !ontained/. T(is #oli!y su##orted demo!rati! !ountries. T(ey

t(oug(t t(at as soon as one !ountry &e!ame ommunist, t(e

neig(&ouring on $ould 'ollos, "he *o0ino Teory. ommunism

$ould go on trying to eC#and unless it $as sto##ed.

Marhall Plan:+;S Se!retary o' State/ In 698, 0ars(all #ut

'or$ard a #lan to gi*e &illions o' dolars o' aid to ?uro#e. ;SA (ad

to (el# t(e !ountries o' $estern ?uro#e so t(at it $ouldnt &e

alone in t(e g(t agains t(e ;SSR. 0ars(all $anted to &uil# u#


42/45

stron anti-ommunist !ountries and, at t(e same time, t(is (el#ed

;S industry &y !reating markets 'or ;S goods.

3erlin 3lo!kadeT(e Russians (ad re'used to allo$ anyone elseinto t(eir German one. T(e #eo#le in t(e $estern ones $ere

star*ing. 3erlin $as a >as(#oint sin!e it $as a -one !ity inside

t(e So*iet one. Stalin !losed all a!!ess to 3erlin (o#ing to 'or!e

an Allied retreat.

BATO699, Bort( Atlanti! Treaty Organisation- Fran!e, ;SA,

3ritain and West Germany.Warsa$ a!t#ro-so*iet !ountries and all !ontrolled &y t(e ;SSR

+ommunism/

Guru!(e* $anted to li*e in J#ea!e'ul !o-eCisten!eJ $it( t(e West

and to settle dis#utes t(roug( dis!ussion, not t(roug( $ar.

C+BA

1(rus(!(e* +ne$ ruler o' Russia/ in 69: !ame t(e greatest t(reat

to #ea!e. One o' t(e ;S #oli!y $ars $as t(at t(ey su##orted some

!orru#t ri!-$ing go*ernments as long as t(ey $ere anti-

ommunist. One o' t(ese $as t(e &rutal di!tators(i# 3atista in

u&a. In 69E9 !ame astro and (e $anted to &e 'ree 'rom ;S

!ontrol. ;SA #ressured astro to &e!ome an allie or an enemy and

astro turned to t(e ;SSR 'or (el#. In 696, ;SA in*aded t(e 3ay


43/45

o' igs and t(e ne$ #resident, 1ennedy, demanded t(at t(e ;SSR

s(ould $it(dra$ its missiles.

7'ETNAM

In 69E t(e Fren!( $ere dri*en 'rom t(eir 'ormer !olony o' Indo-

(ina. T(e re&els +Qiet!ong/ $ere ommunists, led &y Ho (i 0in

and it $as di*ided into stated@ Laos, am&odia, Bort( Qietnam

and Sout( Qietnam.

Bort( Qietnam $as ommunist and in Sout( t(e #o$er $as in t(e

(ands o' small grou#s, 'rom t(e Roman at(oli! &ut t(ey (ad littlesu##ort among t(e 3uddist #easants o' t(e Sout(.

In 69E< t(e re&ellion &roke out. T(e ;SA (el#ed t(e Sout(. T(e

Qiet!ong used guerrilla ta!ti!s and t(ey almost !ontroll all t(e

Sout(.

T(e $as s(o$ed t(e Jarrogan!e o' #o$erJ o' ;SA, $(i!( !ouldnt

&elie*e t(at t(ey mig(t not $in. In 69E t(ere $ere massi*e

&om&ing raids in Bort(.

In ;SA t(ere $as an Janti-$arJ mo*ement, #resident BiCon

#ro#osed JQietnamisationJ +(anding o*er t(e $ar to t(e Sout(/

and &y 698E t(e Sout( (ad 'allen to t(e ommunists

-OREA

In 69E, t(e 2a#anese in Bort( 1orea (ad surrendered to t(e ;SSR

and in Sout( 1orea to t(e ;SA. T(ere (ad to &e eld ele!tions 'or a

united 1orea &ut in t(e meantime se#arate go*ernments $ere set


44/45

u#, &ot( $ere di!tators(i#s. Truman sent troo#s to near&y 2a#an

and &attles(i#s to $ait o" t(e !oast +(e &elie*e t(at t(is !ould &e

a 0an!(uarian or ?t(io#ian in!ident/. He $anted to sto# t(e ;SSR.

T(e So*iet ;nion (ad a *eto at t(e ;B, &ut t(ey (ad $it(dra$n in#rotest at t(e ;Bs re'usal to admit ommunist (ina. T(e ;B

t(ere'ore !ould order its 'or!es to dri*e &a!k 'rom t(e Bort(.

General 0a!Art(ur de'eated t(e &ut t(e (ine army atta!ked (im

and !oudnt sto# t(e ommunism and t(e !ountry $as in*aded.

Truman $anted to sto#, (e t(oug(t t(at ?uro#e $as more

im#ortante, &ut 0a!Art(ur 'elt t(at t(e &attle against ommunisms(ould &e 'oug(t in Asia rst.

Eienhoer *oc"rine:Dulles, t(e Se!retary o' State. 3ot(

t(oug(t t(at t(ey (ad to li&erate !ertain areas 'rom ommunism

&y using #ro#aganda to stir u# re&ellions in t(e satellites. T(e ne$

R;ssian s#utnik P $as a t(reat sin!e i' t(e ;SSR !ould #ut a

satellite into s#a!e, t(ey $ould soon &e a&le to &om& ;S !ities

$it( nu!lear missiles.

T(ey &uilt u# t(e ring o' !ontainment around t(e ;SSR &y a series

o' allian!es +69E6, 2a#an. Australia, Be$ ealand. T(ailand, t(e

(ili##ines and akistan in 69E. Turkey, Iran, Ira%, akistan/.


45/45

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