Journal of

Refrigeration

Air Conditioning

Heating & Ventilation

STM JOURNALSScientific Technical Medical

(JoRACHV)

Jan - April 2014

www.stmjournals.com

STM Publication, a strong initiative by Consortium E-Learning Network Private ltd.(Estd. 2006) was

launched in the year 2010 under the support and guidance by our esteemed Editorial and Advisory board

members from renowned institutes.

Objectives of STM Publication(s):

† Scientific, Technical and Medical research promotions.

† Publication of genuine Research/Review, Short Articles and Case Studies through proper review

process.

† Publishing Special Issues on Conferences.

† Preparing online platform for other print Journals.

† Empowering the libraries with online and print Journals in Scientific, Technical and Medical

domains.

† Publishing and distribution of books on various subjects which mainly falls in the category of

Nanotechnology, Scientific and technical writing & Environment, Health and Safety.

Salient Features:

† A bouquet of 100+ Journals that fall under Science, Technical & Medical domains.

† Employs Open Journals System (OJS) A Journal Management & Publishing System.

† The first and one of the fastest growing publication website in India as well as in abroad for its quality

and coverage.

† Rapid online submission and publication of papers, soon after their formal acceptance/ finalization.

† Facilitates linking with the other authors or professionals.

† Worldwide circulation and visibility.

Journal of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation

Focus and Scope Covers

† Ice harvesting

† Non-cyclic and cyclic refrigeration

† Vapor-compression and Vapor absorption cycle

† Electromechanical cooling

† Ductless (split-system) air conditioning

† Window air conditioning

† Hydronics

Journal of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation is published (frequency: three times a year) in

India by STM Journals (division of Consortium e-Learning Network Private Ltd. Pvt.) The views expressed in the articles

do not necessarily reflect of the Publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored

products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products

mentioned in this publication.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system or transmitted in any from without written

permission of the publisher.

To cite any of the material contained in this Journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the

beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact STM Journals (info@stmjournals.com)

STM Publication(s)

STM Journals (division of Consortium e-Learning Network Private Ltd. ) having its Marketing office located at Office

No. 4, First Floor, CSC pocket E Market, Mayur Vihar Phase II, New Delhi-110091, India is the Publisher of Journal.

Statements and opinions expressed in the Journal reflect the views of the author(s) and are not the opinion of STM

Journals unless so stated.

Subscription Information and Order:

Cost of Journal:

— National Subscription: Rs. 3750/- per Journal (includes 3 print issues), Single Issue copy purchase Rs.1500/copy

— International Subscription:

— Online Only- $99, Print Only-$149 (includes 3 print issues)

— Online + Print-$199 (includes 3 print issues + online access of published back volumes )

To purchase print compilation of back issues please send your query at info@stmjournals.com

Subscription must be prepaid. Rates outside the India includes speed delivery charges. Prices subject to change

without notice.

Mode of Payment: At par cheque, Demand draft, and RTGS (payment to be made in favor of

Consortium E-Learning Network. Pvt. ltd., payable at Delhi/New Delhi.

Online Access Policy

A). For Authors:

In order to provide maximum citation and wide publicity to the authors work, STM Journals also have Open Access

Policy, authors who would like to get their work open access can opt for Optional Open Access publication at

nominal cost as follows

India, SARC and African Countries: INR 2500 or 100 USD including single hard copy of Author's Journal.

Other Countries: USD 200 including single hard copy of Author's Journal.

B.) For Subscribers:

— Online access will be activated within 72 hours of receipt of the payment (working days), subject to receipt of

correct information on user details/Static IP address of the subscriber.

— The access will be blocked:

— If the user requests for the same and furnishes valid reasons for blocking.

— Due to technical issue.

— Misuse of the access rights as per the access policy.

Advertising and Commercial Reprint Inquiries: STM Journals with wide circulation and visibility offer an excellent

media for showcasing/promotion of your products/services and the events-namely, Conferences, Symposia/Seminars

etc. These journals have very high potential to deliver the message across the targeted audience regularly with each

published issue. The advertisements on bulk subscriptions, gift subscriptions or reprint purchases for distribution etc. are

also very welcome.

Lost Issue Claims: Please note the following when applying for lost or missing issues:

— Claims for print copies lost will be honored only after 45 days of the dispatch date and before publication of the

next issue as per the frequency.

— Tracking id for the speed post will be provided to all our subscribers and the claims for the missing Journals will

be entertained only with the proofs which will be verified at both the ends.

— Claims filed due to insufficient (or no notice) of change of address will not be honored.

— Change of Address of Dispatch should be intimated to STM Journals at least 2 months prior to the dispatch

schedule as per the frequency by mentioning subscriber id and the subscription id.

— Refund requests will not be entertained.

Legal Disputes

All the legal disputes are subjected to Delhi Jurisdiction only.

If you have any questions, please contact the Publication Management Team:

info@stmjournals.com; Tel : +91 0120-4781211.

Chairman

Mr. Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director STM Journals, Consortium eLearning Network Pvt. Ltd.(CELNET)

Noida ,India

Group Managing Editor Dr. Archana Mehrotra

DirectorCELNET, Delhi, India

Puneet Pandeya

ManagerMonika Malhotra

Assistant Manager

Assistant Editors

Aditya Sanyal

Himani Garg

Himani Pandey

Publication Management Team

Internal Members

External Members

Dr. Bimlesh Lochab

Industrial Tribology Machine Dynamics & Maintenance

Engineering Centre (ITMMEC)

Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India.

Prof. S. Ramaprabhu

Alternative Energy Technology Laboratory,

Department of Physics,

Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai, India.

Dr. Rajiv Prakash

School of Materials Science and Technology,

Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University,

Varanasi, India.

Dr. Rakesh Kumar

Assistant Professor, Department of

Applied Chemistry, BIT Mesra,

Patna, India.

Associate Editors

Gargi Asha Jha

Nupur Anand

Priyanka Aswal

Sona Chahal

STM Journal (s) Advisory Board

Dr. Ashish RunthalaLecturer, Biological Sciences Group,

Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani Rajasthan, India.

Dr. Baldev RajDistinguished Scientist & Director,

Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research

(ICGAR)Kalpakkam, India.

Dr. Baskar KaliyamoorthyAssociate Professor, Department

of Civil Engineering National Institute of Technology Trichy, India.

Prof. Bankim Chandra RayProfessor and Head, Department of

Metallurgical and Materials Engineering National Institute of Technology,

Rourkela, India.

Prof.D. N. Rao Professor, Department of Biochemistry,

AIIMS, New Delhi, India.

Prof. Jugal KishoreProfessor, Department of Community

Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India.

Dr. Pankaj PoddarScientist, Physical & Materials ChemistryDivision, National Chemical Laboratory,

Pune, India.

Dr. Hardev Singh VirkProfessor Emeritus, Eternal

University, Baru Sahib, India.

Dr. Nandini Chatterjee SinghAssociate Professor,

National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, India.

Dr. Shankargouda PatilAsst. Prof., Department of Oral

Pathology, KLE Society's Institute of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, India.

Prof. Subash Chandra MishraProfessor, Metallurgical & Materials

Engineering Department, NIT, Rourkela, India.

Prof. Yuwaraj Marotrao GhugalProfessor and Head Department, Govt.College of Engineering Station Road,

Osmanpura, Aurangabad, India.

Prof. Sundara RamaprabhuProfessor, Department of Physics

Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India.

Dr. Shrikant Balkisan DhootHead Research & Development,

Nurture Earth R&D Pvt LtdMIT Campus, Beed bypass road,

Aurangabad, India.

Dr. Rakesh KumarAssistant Professor,

Department of Applied Chemistry, BIT Mesra, Patna, India.

Dr. Priyavrat TharejaHead, Materials and Metallurgical

Engineering department, PEC University of Technology,

Chandigarh, India.

STM Journal (s) Advisory Board

Editorial Board

Dr. Balaram Kundu Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jadavpur

University, Kolkata, India.

Dr. Jagannath KProfessor, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, MIT

Manipal, India.

Dr. Lev BulatHead of Department Electrical &

Electronic Engineering National Research University ITMO ,St.

Petersburg, Russia.

Dr. Manoj AryaAssistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Maulana

Azad NIT, Bhopal, India.

Dr. Jahar SarkarAssistant Professor Indian Institute of

Technology –BHU, India.

Dr. Dipak MaityAssistant Professor, Department of

Mechanical Engineering, Shiv Nadar University, Dadri, India.

Dr. Ramjee RepakaAssistant Professor, School of

Mechanical Materials and Energy Engineering, IIT Ropar,India.

Mr. Rajesh V.R.Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering , Coimbatore

Campus,Tamilnadu, India.

Dr. Samir SahaProfessor, Dean,

MCKV Institute of Engineering, Liluah, Howrah,W.B, India.

Dr. Sanjeev AnandAssistant Professor, School of Energy Management, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi

University Katra, J & K, India.

Dr. Shailendra Kumar ShuklaAssociate Professor Mechanical

Engineering Department IIT Banaras Hindu University, India.

Dr. Tanweer HussainAssociate Professor, Dept. of

Mechanical Engineering , Mehran University of Engineering and

Technology, Pakistan.

I take the privilege to present the print version for the Volume 1 Issue (1) of Journal of Refrigeration,

Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation. The intension of JoRACHV is to create an atmosphere

that stimulates creativeness, research and growth in the area of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning,

Heating and Ventilation.

The development and growth of the mankind is the consequence of brilliant Research done by

eminent Scientists and Engineers in every field. JoRACHV provides an outlet for Research findings

and reviews in areas of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation found to be relevant

for National and International recent developments & research initiative.

The aim and scope of the Journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for

the advancement and dissemination of Research results that support high level learning, teaching and

research in the domain of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation.

Finally, and Authors for their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the

form of authoring I express my sincere gratitude and thanks to our Editorial/ Reviewer board write

ups/ reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With

regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality

Research/Reviews findings for our customers base.

I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.

Dr. Archana Mehrotra

Director

STM Journals

Director's Desk

STM JOURNALS

1. Cascade Refrigeration System with Internal Heat Exchanger: Suitable Natural Refrigerant Pair Selection Jahar Sarkar 1

2. Evaluation and Optimization of an Aqua-Ammonia Vapor-Absorption Refrigeration System S. P. Singh, D. K. Joshi 9

3. Investigation of Solar Cooling Systems based on Small-Scale Sorption Heat PumpsSuvanjan Bhattacharyya, Samir Kumar Saha 18

4. Performance Evaluation of Thermoacoustic Refrigeration SystemJagannath Korody, Princeton Lobo 22

5. Thermodynamic Analysis of an Adsorption Refrigeration System Anirban Sur, Randip K. Das 30

ContentsJournal of Refrigeration, Air conditioning, Heating and ventilation

JoRACHV (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Journal of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation

Volume 1, Issue 1

www.stmjournals.com

Cascade Refrigeration System with Internal Heat

Exchanger: Suitable Natural Refrigerant Pair Selection

Jahar Sarkar* Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India

Abstract In this study, thermodynamic analyses and optimization of various natural fluids as

refrigerants in cascade system with internal heat exchanger have been done to get the

suitable pair in a wide range of temperatures based on best system performance

(maximum COP) as well as on operating characteristics. Out of the 56 possible

combinations of high and low temperature fluids with 8 natural refrigerants (ammonia,

carbon dioxide, propane, propylene, n-butane, isobutane, ethane, and ethylene), the primary selection has been done based on the criteria of normal boiling point and critical

point of both low and high temperature fluids following the guideline of the operating temperatures of a refrigerant to be within its critical point and normal boiling point. All

the selections have been made based on an optimum intermediate temperature leading to

maximum cooling COP for an individual pair. The results show that the internal heat exchanger is usefull in cascade system to improve performance for all natural

refrigerants except ammonia. However, it is not justified where ammonia can be applicable as a high temperature refrigerant.

Keywords: Cascade refrigeration, internal heat exchanger, natural refrigerants,

intermediate temperature, optimization, COP

JoRACHV (2014) © STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Journal of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation

Volume 1, Issue 1

www.stmjournals.com

Evaluation and Optimization of an Aqua-Ammonia

Vapor-Absorption Refrigeration System

S. P. Singh*, D. K. Joshi School of Energy and Environmental Studies, Devi Ahilya University, Khandwa Road,

Indore-452017, India

Abstract The process parameters of ammonia-water absorption system were optimized in terms of temperatures of generator and condenser and heat ratios of generator-to-condenser and

generator-to-absorber. The iteration method was used to get the variation in generator

and condenser temperatures with coefficient of performance (COP) for the fixed evaporator temperature. The sizing of generator, absorber and condenser was found

from the variation of heat ratios of generator-to-condenser and generator-to-absorber for the fixed evaporator cooling load. The result showed that the optimum generator and

condenser temperatures were achieved at 88 and 32 °C, respectively for the maximum

coefficient of performance (COP) of 0.68. The simple rule of thumb was evolved for the sizing of condenser and absorber and found to be 1.2 times of generator size in terms of

heat value.

Keywords: Aqua-ammonia, vapor-absorption refrigeration, optimization, COP

JoRACHV (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Journal of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation

Volume 1, Issue 1

www.stmjournals.com

Investigation of Solar Cooling Systems based on

Small-Scale Sorption Heat Pumps

Suvanjan Bhattacharyya1*, Samir Kumar Saha

2

1Mechanical Engineering Department, MCKV Institute of Engineering, 243 G. T. Road (N),

Liluah Howrah, India 2Department, MCKV Institute of Engineering, 243 G. T. Road (N), Liluah Howrah, India

Abstract This paper presents the development and investigation of solar cooling systems based on

small-scale sorption heat pumps and chillers, respectively. Ammonia or water absorption

chiller with a cooling capacity of 12 kW, a 17.5 kW water/lithium bromide absorber, the chilled WFC18 and two water or silica-gel adsorption chillers with cooling capacities of

7.5 and 15 kW, all single effect, are specified as core components of solar cooling systems. Up to now over twenty chilled Cooling and Solar Cooling Systems respectively

are installed in Germany, Austria, Spain, Italy, Malta, Romania, Syria, Canada, China

and Australia. Different kinds of applications are realised for residential buildings, retirement homes, office buildings, banks, bakeries, greenhouse and institutes.

Keywords: Solar cooling, absorption, adsorption, heat pump, chiller

JoRACHV (2014) © STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Journal of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation

Volume 1, Issue 1

www.stmjournals.com

Performance Evaluation of Thermoacoustic

Refrigeration System

Jagannath Korody*, Princeton Lobo Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Department at MIT Manipal, India

Abstract Today cooling technologies are going through a transformation phase. The advent of

ozone layer depletion and global warming caused by the use of synthetic refrigerants has

necessitated a search for alternative cooling technologies. Out of the several technologies which are emerging as alternatives, one technology that can provide cost

effective refrigeration without using any of the environment degrading refrigerants is the

thermoacoustic refrigeration system. Ideally, this device can be powered by a thermo acoustic Stirling heat engine which results in a system that can run on waste heat and

does not contain refrigerants or moving parts. In the current study, experiments are conducted to investigate the performance of the thermoacoustic refrigerating system

when subjected to various operating conditions. The temperature difference between the

hot end and the cold end of the stack ranged from 0 C to 15 C. The cooling load was controlled using resistance heating in place of the cold side heat exchanger. Results from

this study show that the cooling load increases with the temperature difference between the two ends of the stack. It is also found that high pressure alone in the system does not

necessarily result in a higher cooling temperature difference and thus a higher cooling

load. For the thermoacoustic refrigerating system, there exists for a given frequency, an optimum pressure that results in the maximum temperature difference which in turn

results in the possible maximum cooling load.

Keywords: Thermoacoustic refrigeration, Cooling load, Refrigeration system

JoRACHV (2014) © STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Journal of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation

Volume 1, Issue 1

www.stmjournals.com

Thermodynamic Analysis of an Adsorption

Refrigeration System

Anirban Sur1*, Randip K. Das

2

1Inderprasatha Engineering College, 63, Site IV, Sahibabad, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

2Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India

Abstract In this paper, thermodynamics analysis of an adsorption refrigeration pair (activated carbon and methanol) at adsorption equilibrium conditions has been proposed. Similar

analyses have been done by different scientists for different combinations of adsorbent-

adsorbate pairs. Adsorption refrigeration processes normally occurs in physical adsorption condition and activated carbon molecules being non-polar in nature,

micropores approach of adsorption (Polanyi’s micropores theory and D-A equation) has

been followed here. Analysis of the adsorption refrigeration system based on adsorption equilibrium and use of isotherms, isobars and isosteres, has been explained here.

Isosteric heat and total enthalpy of the system as a function of pressure, temperature and adsorbate uptake have been calculated. At the end, specific cooling power and coefficient

of performance (COP) of adsorption refrigeration system has been calculated.

Keywords: Adsorption, isosteric heat, differential heat isosteres, isobars, isotherms