nordic statistical yearbook 2013

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Nordic Statistical Yearbook

2013Nordisk statistisk rsbok


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Nordic Statistical

Yearbook 2013

Nordisk statistisk rsbok 2013

Volume 51

Edited byKlaus Munch HaagensenStatistics Denmark

Nord 2013:001


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Nordic Statistical Yearbook 2013

Nordisk statistisk rsbok 2013

ISBN 978-92-893-2481-6

ISSN 1398-0017

http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/Nord2013-001

Nord 2013:001

ISSN 0903-7004

Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen 2013

Design: Jette Koefoed, Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen

Cover/omslag: Jette Koefoed/Karin Beate NsterudPrint/tryck: Rosendahls-Schultz Grafisk

Copies/upplaga: 800

Printed in Denmark

Nordic Statistical Yearbook web-site: www.norden.org/facts

Main suppliers of data: The Nordic national statistical institutes.

Editor: Klaus Munch Haagensen, [email protected], Statistics Denmark.

Secretariat: Troels A. Vestergaard, [email protected], Statistics Denmark.

Maps: LIBER KARTOR, Stockholm.

Nordic co-operation

Nordic co-operationis one of the worlds most extensive forms

of regional collaboration, involving Denmark, Finland, Iceland,

Norway, Sweden, and the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and land.

Nordic co-operation has firm traditions in politics, the economy,

and culture. It plays an important role in European and

international collaboration, and aims at c reating a strong Nordic

community in a strong Europe.

Nordic co-operationseeks to safeguard Nordic and regional

interests and principles in the global community. Common Nordic

values help the region solidify its position as one of the worlds

most innovative and competitive.

Nordic Council of Ministers

Ved Stranden 18

DK-1061 Copenhagen K

Phone (+45) 3396 0200

www.norden.org

Det nordiska samarbetet

Det nordiska samarbetetr

regionalasamarbeten. Det

Norge och Sverigesamt Fr

Det nordiska samarbetetr

frankrat och r en viktig p

samarbete. Den nordiska ge

Norden i ett starkt Europa.

Det nordiska samarbetetvil

ochvrderingar i en global o

lnderna emellan bidrar till

av vrldens mest innovativa

Nordiska ministerrdet

Ved Stranden 18

DK-1061 Kbenhavn K

Telefon (+45) 3396 0200

www.norden.org
http://www.norden.org/http://www.norden.org/


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Preface

The Nordic countries have much in common their way of life,history, language and social structure. Many of the se commonfeatures and the results of their joint efforts may be described bystatistics. This is why the Nordic Council of Ministers publishesthe Nordic Statistical Yearbook.

This edition of the Yearbook is the 51st. The first edition was

published in 1962. In connection with the 50 years jubilee lastyear a historical view of the development in the Nordic countrieswas produced. This 50 year review can be found on our webpagewww.norden.org.

Our ambition is to provide comparable statistics on the life inthe Nordic countries to shed light on the similarities and thedifferences. Against the background of globalization, data onconditions in the Nordic in relation to other Western Europeancountries are also provided in a number of areas. The emphasishas been on making the data easy to understand and relevant tothe way we live, and thus useful in many contexts.

There is free access tof figures describing can be found at the Nwww.norden.org. Datfrom this databank. Icharge, the Nordic Stat www.norden.org.

Enjoy your reading!

Copenhagen, Octobe

Dagfinn Hybrten

Secretary General

Nordic Council of Min


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4 Preface Frord

Frord

De nordiska lnderna har mycket gemensamt livsstil, historia,sprk och samhllsstruktur vilket ligger till grund fr en uniktradition av samarbete. Mycket av detta kan beskrivas medstatistik, vilket r anledningen till att Nordiska ministerrdetger ut Nordisk statistisk rsbok.

Denna utgva av rsboken r den femtiofrsta. Den frsta

utgvan publicerades 1962. I samband med 50-rsjubileet ifjol tog vi fram en historisk bild av utvecklingen i Norden. Denhittar du p vr hemsida www.norden.org.

Ambitionen r att presentera jmfrbar statistik om livet ochlivsvillkoren i de nordiska lnderna att belysa likheternaoch skillnaderna. I ljuset av globaliseringen behandlas ocksde nordiska lndernas frhllande till det vriga Vsteuropap en rad omrden. Stor vikt har lagts p att gra uppgifternaltta att frst och relevanta fr det stt p vilket vi lever. Ps vis kan boken f mnga anvndningsomrden.

Det finns fri tillgng till en databas med tusentals siffror omNorden, som ger otaliga mjligheter till intressanta analyser.Databasen finns p Nordiska ministerrdets webbplatswww.norden.org. Uppgifterna i rsboken kommer frn dennadatabas. Det r ocks mjligt att kostnadsfritt lsa boken ipdf-format p hemsidan.

Mycket nje med lsningen!

Kpenhamn i oktober 2013

Dagfinn Hybrten

GeneralsekreterareNordiska ministerrdet


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Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Key figures the Nordic region in an international context . . . . . . . 7

Facts about the Nordic countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Sustainable development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Geography and climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Environment and energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

S ocial integration and in come . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Housi ng and constructi on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Labour market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Elections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

The Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Foreign trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Public finan ce and prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Agriculture, forestry and fishery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Science and technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Appendix 1: User guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

Appendix 2: Geonomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Subject index Swedish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

Subject index E nglish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

The:and the reference

fies the table in the data

selection of the data fro

books tables and graph

Statistics at www.dst.dk

Throughout the book the

Symbols

Nil

Less than half

Not applicable

Data not available

To describe the different

used:

Denmark: Gr

Faroe Islands: FinEuro area: Th


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6 Contents Innehll

Innehll

Frord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Innehll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Nyckeltal Norden i ett internationellt sammanhang . . . . . . . . 7

Fakta om de n ordiska lnderna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Hllbar utveckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Geografi och klimat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Milj och energi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Befolkning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Hlsa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Social integration och inkomst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Bostder och byggande . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Utbildning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Arbetsmarknad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Val . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Kultur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Ekonomi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Utrikeshandel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Offentl ig ekonomi och pr iser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Jordbruk, skogsbruk och fiske . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Vetenskap och teknologi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Bilaga 1: Anvndarhandledning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

Bilaga 2: Grupperingar av lnder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Sakregister svenska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

Sakregister engelska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

Symbolen:under en tabe

den tabell i databasen som

databasen som finns med i

tillgng till databasen Nord

Fljande symboler och land

Symboler

Noll -

Mindre n hlften 0

Inte tillmpligt .

Uppgift saknas ..

Fljande frger anvnds fr

Danmark: Grnla

Frarna: FinlanEuroomrdet: EU:


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8 Facts about the Nordic countries Fakta om de nordiska lnderna

The Nordic countries

Total area (1 000 sq km) 3 429 sq km

Arable land and gardens(% of land area) 5.2

Icecap and glaciers(% of total area) 51.7

Largest lake Vnern 5 648 sq km(Sweden)

Highest point Gunbjrns Fjeld 3 693 m(Greenland)

Population 1 January 2013 26 091 396

Inhabitant s per sq km land area 16.7(1 January 2013)

Fertility rate (2012) 1.8

Non-Nordic population, per cent 6.1

Intra-Nordic foreign trade(% of total foreign trade) Imports 22.3 Exports 18.9

GDP per capita, PPP-euro 35 120

Unemployment rate, per cent 6.8

Renewable energy supply,(% of total energy) 33

Nordic films, number of premires 133

Museums numbers 949 visits, mio. 49

Theaters, number 382

Secretary General Dagfinn Hybrten

Official website www.norden.org
http://www.norden.org/http://www.norden.org/http://www.norden.org/


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Facts about the Nordic c

Denmark

Total area Lakes and streams Land area Icecap and glaciers Arable land and gardens Forests Largest lake Highest point Coastline Population 1 January 2013 Population per sq km land a1 January 2013 Capital area population National holiday Form of government Parliament Membership of EU Membership of NATO Head of state Head of government Currency Official website

1Copenhagen, Frederiksberg,Albertslund, Brndby, Gentofte,Gladsaxe, Glostrup, Herlev, Hvidovre,Lyngby-Taarbk, Rdovre, Trnby andVallensbk municipaliities and urbanparts of Ballerup, Rudersdal, Fures,Ishj By and Greve Strand.


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Total area 1 396 sq kmLakes and streams 9 sq kmLand area 1 387 sq kmIcecap and glaciers .Arable land and gardens ..Forests ..Largest lake Leitisvatn 3.6 sq kmHighest point Slttaratindur 882 mCoastline 1 289 kmPopulation 1 January 2013 48 197Population per square kmtotal area, 1 January 2013 34.7Capital population 19 827 (Trshavn, municipality)National holiday 29 July (Olaifest)Form of government Home rule within the kingdom of Denmark

Parliament Lagtinget (33 seats)Membership of EU NoMembership of NATO Yes, since 1949

(due to the Danish membership)Head of state Queen Margrethe IIHead of government Prime Minister Kaj Leo Johannesen

(Unionist Party)Currency Danish krone (DKK)Official website www.hagstova.fo

Faroe Islands
http://www.hagstova.fo/http://www.hagstova.fo/http://www.hagstova.fo/


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Total area 338 432 sq kmLakes and streams 34 534 sq kmLand area 303 898 sq kmIcecap and glaciers ..Arable land and gardens 22 805 sq kmForests 227 767 sq kmLargest lake Saimaa 1 377 sq kmHighest point Halti, Halditjkko (Haldefjll) 1 324 mCoastline, mainland 6 308 kmPopulation 1 January 2013 5 426 674Population per square km land area1 January 2013 17.9Capital area popula tion 1 075 014 (Helsinki/Helsingfors

incl. suburbs)1

National holiday 6 December (Independence Day)

Form of government RepublicParliament Riksdag (200 seats)Membership of EU Yes, from 1 January 1995Membership of NATO NoHead of state President Sauli NiinistHead of government Prime Minister Jyrki Katainen (National Coalition Party)Currency EuroOfficial website www.finland.fi

* Data on Finland include land.

Finland

1 Helsinki/Helsingfors, Espoo (Esbo),Kauniainen (Grankulla) and Vantaa (Vanda)
http://www.finland.fi/http://www.finland.fi/


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Total area (6 757 islands) 1 580 sq kmLakes and streams 27 sq kmLand area 1 553 sq kmIcecap and glaciers .Arable land and gardens 140 sq kmForests 937 sq kmLargest lake Kyrksundet 2.6 sq kmHighest point Orrdalsklint 129 mCoastline, mainland ..Population 1 January 2013 28 502Population per square km land area1 January 2013 18.4Capital population 11 346 (Mariehamn municipality)National holiday 9 June (Autonomy Day 9 June 1922)Form of government Home rule within

the Republic of FinlandParliament Lagtinget (30 seats)Membership of EU Yes, since 1995 (due to the Finnish

membership)Membership of NATO NoHead of state President Sauli NiinistHead of government Lantrdet Camilla Gunell (Social Democrats)Currency EuroOfficial website www.aland.ax

land

Foto: Visit land
http://www.aaland.ax/http://www.aaland.ax/http://www.aaland.ax/


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Iceland

Total area 103 440 sq kmLakes and streams 2 386 sq kmLand area 90 154 sq kmIcecap and glaciers 10 800 sq kmArable land and gardens 1 865 sq kmForests 1 212 sq kmLargest lake ingvallavatn 82 sq kmHighest point Hvannadalshnkur 2 110 mCoastline, mainland 6 088 kmPopulation 1 January 2013 321 857Population per square km ice-freeland area, 1 January 2013 3.6Capital area population 205 675 (Reykjavik incl. suburbs)1

National holiday 17 June (Independence Day 17 June 1944)Form of Government RepublicParliament Alingi or Althingi (63 seats)Membership of EU No, but member of EEA from 1 Jan. 1994Membership of NATO Yes, from 4 April 1949Head of state lafur Ragnar GrmssonHead of government Prime Minister Sigmundur Dav

Gunnlaugsson (The Progressive Party)Currency Icelandic krona (ISK)Official website www.iceland.is

1 Reykjavik, Kpavogur, Seltjarnarnes,Gardbr, Hafnarfjrur, Mosfellsbr andKjsarhreppur
http://www.iceland.is/http://www.iceland.is/http://www.iceland.is/


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Norway

Total area1 323 787 sq kmLakes and streams 18 312 sq kmLand area incl. icecap and glaciers 305 470 sq kmIcecap and glaciers 3 133 sq kmArable land and gardens 8 155 sq kmForests 123 840 sq kmLargest lake Mjsa 365 sq kmHighest point Galdhpiggen 2 469 mCoastline, mainland 28 953 kmPopulation 1 January 2013 5 051 275Population per square km land area1

1 January 2013 16.5Capital area population 1 190 365 (Oslo incl. suburbs)2

National holiday 17 May (Constitution Day 17 May 1814)Form of government Constitutional monarchyParliament Stortinget (169 seats)Membership of EU No, but member of EEA from 1 Jan. 1994Membership of NATO Yes, from 4 April 1949Head of state King Harald VHead of government Prime minister Erna Solberg

(The Conservative Party)Currency Norwegian krone (NOK)Official website www.norway.no

Foto: ImageSelect

1 Excluding Svalbard and Jan Mayen2 Oslo municipality + Akerhus county
http://www.norway.no/http://www.norway.no/http://www.norway.no/


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Sweden

Total area1 447 420 sq kmLakes and streams 40 080 sq kmLand area 407 057 sq kmIcecap and glaciers 283 sq kmArable land and gardens 26 080 sq kmForests 282 760 sq kmLargest lake Vnern 5 648 sq kmHighest point Kebnekaise 2 106 mCoastline, mainland 11 530 kmPopulation 1 January 2013 9 555 893Population per square km land area1 January 2013 23.5Capital area population 2 127 006 (Stockholm incl. suburbs)2

National holiday 6 June (Swedish flag)Form of government Constitutional monarchyParliament Riksdagen (349 seats)Membership of EU Yes, from 1 January 1995Membership of NATO NoHead of state King Carl XVI GustafHead of government Prime minister Fredrik Reinfeldt (Moderate Party)Currency Swedish krona (SEK)Official website www.sweden.se

1 Incl. the greater lakes but excl. thefrom the coastline to the territorial b

81 502 sq km2 Stockholm, Upplands Vsby, Vallesterker, Vrmd, Jrflla, Eker,
http://www.sweden.se/http://www.sweden.se/http://www.sweden.se/


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Spmi

The SamiThe Sami are an indigenous people who have their traditionalsettlement areas in nothern Nor way, Sweden, Finland and

Russia. Most Sami live in Norway. Then follow Sweden and

Finland, while the fewest Sami live in Russia. Because you

do not make an official record of who has the Sami identity/

background, no one knows how many the Sami are. The Sami

language is spoken in several variants. The Sami people are

among the largest indigenous ethnic groups in Europe.

Traditionally, the Sami have plied a variety of livelihoods,

including coastal fishing, fur trapping, and sheep herding.

However, the best known Sami livelihood is semi-nomadicreindeer herding. For traditional, environmental, cultural andpolitical reasons, reindeer herding is legally reser ved onlyfor Sami people in certain regions of the Nordic countries.Nowadays, the Sami work in all sectors, in line with the non-Sami population, though, the primar y industries are still

important culture bearers for t he Sami people.

SamernaSamerna r ett ursprubosttningsomrden Ryssland. Flest sameoch Finland, medan dEftersom det inte officbakgrund r det oklarvarianter av det samisstrsta inhemska etn

Traditionellt har sameannat kustfiske, plsknda samiska levebAv traditionella, miljr rennringen i lag reregioner av de nordisi alla nringar, liksomom primrnringarnasamerna.

Total Population 50 000 80 000

Geographic area Norway, Sweden, Finland andRussia

More detailed information www.sami-statistics.info

Foto: Ojo Images
http://www.sami-statistics.info/http://www.sami-statistics.info/


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18

Sustainable developmentIn 2013 the Nordic Council of Ministers have adopted a newstrategy for sustainable development calledA good Life in aSustainable Nordic Region Nordic Strategy for Sustainable

Development. The new strategy provides long-term guidelinesas far as 2025 within the following themes: the Nordic welfaremodel, viable ecosystems, changing climate, sustainable useof the earths resources, and education, research and innova-tion. The strategy can be found on www.norden.org/sd.

In co-operation with the Copenhagen Resource Institutea set ofkey indicators has been developed to describe the developmentwithin the themes of the strategy.

Several of the indicators are based on the information in theNordic Statistical Yearbook and can be found in the relevantparts of the book. The complete set of indicators, includingseparate national graphics, can be found on the websitewww.norden.org/sdindicators. The website also offers freeaccess to the database Norden Statbank, which allows you todownload data and create graphics for your own analysis.

On the next pages you can find an overview of the indicatorsand data for a selection of the indicators.

Hllbar utvecklingUnder 2013 har Nordiska ministerrdet antagit en ny strategifr hllbar utveckling som kallas Ett gott liv i ett hllbart Nor-den nordisk strategi fr hllbar utveckling. Den nya strateginger lngsiktiga riktlinjer s lngt som 2025 inom fljandetemaomrden: den nordiska vlfrdsmodellen, livskraftigaekosystem, ett frndrat klimat, hllbar anvndning av jordensresurser samt utbildning, forskning och innovation. Strateginfinns p www.norden.org/sd.

I samarbete med Copenhagen Resource Institutehar en radnyckelindikatorer tagits fram fr att beskriva utvecklingeninom strategins temaomrden.

Flera av indikatorerna bygger p uppgifter i Nordisk statis-tisk rsbok och terfinns i de relevanta avsnitten i boken.Den fullstndiga uppsttningen av indikatorer, inklusivegrafik fr enskilda nordiska lnder, kan hittas p webbsidanwww.norden.org/sdindicators. Webbplatsen erbjuder ocksgratis tillgng till databasen Norden Statbank, vilket gr attman kan ladda ner data och skapa grafik fr sin egen analys.

P fljande sidor hittar du en versikt av indikatorerna ochdata fr utvalda indikatorer.

Ett gott i ett hl

Nordisk strateg

- - - - .

Sustainable development Hllbar utveckling


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Sus

Sustainable development indicatorsIndikatorer fr hllbar utveckling

www.norden.org/sdindicators

The Nordic welfare model Demographic trend Gross domestic product (GDP) Public debt

Urbanisation Employment and unemployment rate Life expectancy at birth Gini-coefficient Risk of poverty amongst families with children Gender pay gap

Viable ecosystems Sustainability of fish stocks Discharge of nitrogen and phosphorus to the Baltic Sea Changes in the common bird index Developments in annual fellings and increment in forests Urban population exposure to air pollution by ozone and

particulates

Changing climate Share of renewable energy in gross energy supply Developments in greenhouse gas emissions by sector Emissions and land use, land use change and forestry

Sustainable use of the Earths resources Decoupling of environmental pressures, gross energy

consumption, resource use and generation of non-mineraluse from economic growth

Nordic Ecolabel (the Swan) and the EU Ecolabel Proportion of environmental taxes in total tax revenues Development in municipal waste generation and in

municipal waste management by treatment method

Education, research and innovation Upper- and post secondary and tertiary educationalattainment in total population

R&D expenditure in per cent of GDP by sector of performance

Den nordiska vlfrdsmodellen Demografisk utveckling BNP mtt i PPP per euro och person Statsskuld Urbanisering Sysselsttnings- och arbetslshetssiffror Frvntad livslngd vid fdseln Ginikoefficient Risk fr fattigdom bland familjer med barn Lnegap mellan knen

Livskraftiga ekosystem Hllbarhet av fiskbestnd Utslpp av kvve och fosfor i stersjn

Frndringar i inde Utvecklingen fr d

skogen Befolkningen i st

ozon och partiklar

Ett frndrat klima Andel frnybar ene Utvecklingen fr v

Utslpp frn markaoch skogsbruk

Hllbart nyttjande Frikoppling av bela

ning, resursanvndfrn ekonomisk til

Nordiska miljmr Andelen miljskat Utvecklingen av up

munal avfallshante

Utbildning, forskni Total befolkning so

eftergymnasial utb Utgifter fr forskni

delat p sektor


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20

Selected sustainable development indicators

Utvalda indikatorer fr hllbar utveckling

Denmark Faroe Islands Greenland Finland land Iceland Norway Sweden EU27

Population development 1990=100 1990 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.02012 108.7 100.9 101.5 108.6 117.0 125.9 117.8 111.2 107.1

Gross domestic product, PPS per person 1995 19 300 .. .. 15 800 21 300 20 765 19 800 18 300 18 3002011 31 400 .. .. 28 900 32 400

1)29 797 47 500 31 700 23 400

Gross debt in the public sector, per cent of GDP Offentlig

2000 52.4 .. .. 43.8 .. 38.7 29.2 53.9 61.9

2012 45.8 .. .. 53.0 .. 89.52) 29.0

3)38.2 85.3

Unemployment rate

1990 8.5 11.54)

.. 3.2 0.7 2.75) 3.5 1.7 ..

2012 7.6 7.12)

9.4 7.8 2.9 6.1 3.3 8.1 10.6

Life expectancy at birth, men 1990 72.0 73.1 60.7 70.9 74.7 75.0 73.4 74.8 74.52012 77.9 79.6 68.3 77.5 81.2 80.8 79.4 79.9 77.4

Life expectancy at birth, women

1990 77.7 80.3 68.4 78.9 82.82)

80.1 79.8 80.4 80.92012 81.9 84.6 73.0 83.4 84.2

2)83.9 83.4 83.5 83.2

Risk of poverty, per cent of population Risk

2004, single parent with children 16.5 .. .. 17.2 .. 21.9 16.3 19.8 ..

2011, single parent with children 20.8 .. .. 21.9 .. 28.4 19.1 35.9 34.5

Renewables share of the energy supply Frnybara1990 5.7 .. .. 19.0 .. 64.8 52.7 24.4 4.2

2011 21.5 .. .. 25.4 .. 85.8 42.3 31.8 10.0

Emission of greenhouse gases index 1990=100 Ut

1990 100.0 .. .. 100.0 .. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.02010 88.8 .. .. 106.0 .. 138.7 108.4 90.2 85.5

Environmental taxes, per cent of total taxes Miljskatt2000 9.1 .. .. 6.4 .. 9.6 8.8 5.9 6.7

2011 8.5 .. .. 7.2 .. 5.4 5.9 5.7 6.2

Tertiary education achieved,per cent of age group 1574 years

Uhgskol

2000 17.9 .. .. 24.6 22.4 17.4 23.2 17.8 16.56)

2012 25.8 .. .. 29.83)

23.3 27.2 29.73)

26.9 22.23)

R&D expenditure in per cent of GDP

1995 1.8 .. .. 2.3 .. 3.3 1.5 1.7 1.8

2011 3.1 .. .. 3.8 .. 3.1 1.7 3.4 2.01)2008

2)2010

3)2011

4)1995

5)1991

6)1996 www.norden.org/sdindicators

Sustainable development Hllbar utveckling


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Geo

Geography and climateGeografi och klimat

The Nordic countries cover an area of almost 3.5 million square

kilometres. The southernmost point is called Gedser and islocated on the island of Falster in Denmark at 55 North. Thenorthernmost point is Nordkapp in Norway which is located at

71 North. Three of the Nordic capitals Oslo, Stockholm andHelsinki are located close to the same latitude as the south-ernmost point of Greenland.

Despite their northern location, the Nordic countries generally

have a mild climate compared to other countries at the samelatitude. This is mainly due to the Gulf Stream. The further youget from the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf Stream the colder it

gets during the winters. Bergen at the west coast of Norway nor-mally has a temperature above zero in February while Helsinkiin Finland normally will have a temperature of 78 C belowzero during the same month.

De nordiska lnderna har en total areal p nstan 3,5 miljonerkm2. Den sydligaste punkten kallas Gedser och ligger p nFalster i Danmark vid 55 N. Den nordligaste punkten r Nordkapi Norge som ligger p 71 N. Tre av de nordiska huvudstderna

Oslo, Stockholm och Helsingfors ligger nra samma breddgradsom den sydligaste punkten p Grnland.

Trots det nordliga lget har de nordiska lnderna verlag ett

milt klimat jmfrt med andra lnder p samma breddgrad. Detr frmst p grund av Golfstrmmen. Ju lngre du kommer frnAtlanten och Golfstrmmen, desto kallare blir det under vint-rarna. Bergen p norska vstkusten har normalt en temperatur

ver noll i februari, medan Helsingfors i Finland normalt har entemperatur p 78 C under noll samma mnad.


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22 Geography and climate Geografi och klimat

Total area in the Nordic countries

The Nordic countries comprise a total area of 3.5 million sqkm. Even without Greenland and the Norwegian islands of

Svalbard and Jan Mayen, the remaining part of the Nordiccountries covers a vast area of 1.3 million sq km. This areais the size of Germany, France and Italy together. The Nordic

region stretches over five time zones. To the east, the regionborders on Russia, and in fair weather one can just makeout the Canadian coastline to the west. To the south, its

neighbours are Germany and Poland, and to the north: theArctic Ocean.

However, with a population of only 26 million, the region hasone of the lowest population densities in the world. The low

density is partly due to the fact that large parts of the Nordiccountries are marginal areas, where nature puts limitations onsettlement. Denmark (excluding the Faroe Islands and Green-

land) has the highest population density in the Nordic countrieswith 130 people per sq km and, thus, differs significantly fromthe other Nordic countries in this respect. In four out of fiveNordic countries, around 20 per cent of the population is to be

found in the vicinity of the respective capitals. In Iceland it is

more than 60 per cent.

Total areal i Norden

De nordiska lnderna tckm2. ven utan Grnland

rester-ande delen av Nor1,3 miljoner km2. Det r land, Frankrike och Italie

ver fem tidszoner. I sti vster kan man skymtar Norden granne till Tys

Norden till Ishavet.

Med en befolkning p ede minst ttbefolkade i p att naturen stter gr

lnderna. Danmark (exkden hgsta befolknings130 personer per km2o

de vriga nordiska lndnordiska lnder finns ruheten av huvudstaden.

60 procent.

Total area in the Nordic countries. 2012 Figure 1.1

Total areal i Norden

Area02Source:National statistical institutes and The Finnish Forest Institute and the Information Centreof the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in Finland.Note:Norway: Area does not include Svalbard (61 022 sq km) and Jan Mayen (377 sq km).Not:Norge: Arealen inkluderar inte Svalbard (61 022 km

2) och Jan Mayen (377 km

2).

1%0%

63%

10%

0%

3%

10%

13%

Denmark 1%

Faroe Islands < 0.5%

Greenland 63%

Finland 10%

land < 0.5%

Iceland 3%

Norway 10%

Sweden 13%
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Geo

Land use

Climatic conditions and quality of land determine how the land

is used. In densely populated Denmark there is hardly any wildnature left. Most of the scarce forests are plantations, and nearly

60 per cent of Denmarks total area is cultivated or zoned asgardens or parks. In the other Nordic countries, there is muchwild nature left. Only between 0 and 9 per cent of the land in theother Nordic countries is cultivated. Around 17 per cent of the

land area in Iceland is used for permanent meadows and pas-tures, and both Finland, Norway as well as Sweden have largeforest areas.

Markanvndning

Klimatfrhllandena och jordmnen avgr hur marken anvnds.

I det ttbefolkade Danmark finns nstan ingen ursprunglig na-tur kvar. Det mesta av den sparsamt frekommande skogen r

planterad och nstan 60 procent av hela Danmarks areal r upp-odlad eller anvnd till trdgrdar och parker. I de andra nordiskalnderna finns fortfarande mycket ursprunglig natur kvar. Endastmellan 0 och 9 procent av arealen r uppodlad. Omkring 17 pro-

cent av landarealen p Island anvnds till permanent ngsmarkoch betesmark. Svl Finland som Norge och Sverige har storaskogsarealer.

Land use and density. 2012 Markanvndning och befolkningstthet

Denmark Faroe Islands Greenland Finland land Iceland Norway Sweden

Total area, sq km 43 561 1 396 2 166 086 338 432 1 580 103 440 323 787 447 420

Per cent

Total area 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0Arable land and gardens 58.1 0.0 0.0 6.7 8.9 1.2 2.5 5.8Meadows and pastures 8.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 3.4 16.9 0.5 1.0Forests 12.2 0.0 0.0 67.3 59.3 1.8 38.2 63.2Other land area 20.0 99.4 18.9 15.7 26.8 67.2 52.1 20.9Lakes 1.5 0.6 0.0 10.2 1.7 2.3 5.7 9.0

Icecap area . . 81.1 . 0.0 10.5 1.0 0.11 January 2013

Population 5 602 628 48 197 56 370 5 426 674 28 502 321 857 5 051 275 9 555 893Inhabitants per sq km land area 130.6 34.7 0.1 17.9 18.4 3.6 16.5 23.5

Area02,Dens01 andPopu01Source:National statistical institutes, Finnish Forest Research Institute and Information Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Finland. National statistical institutes.Note:Finland: Includes land. Norway: Area does not include Svalbard (61 022 sq km) and Jan Mayen (377 sq km).Not:Finland: Inkluderar land. Norge: Arealen inkluderar inte Svalbard (61 022 km2) och Jan Mayen (377 km2). Did you know that ...

forest cover in the No

Visste du att ... seda

Norden kat med 5 p
http://www.dst.dk/norddb/area02http://www.dst.dk/norddb/area02http://www.dst.dk/norddb/dens01http://www.dst.dk/norddb/popu01http://www.dst.dk/norddb/popu01http://www.dst.dk/norddb/dens01http://www.dst.dk/norddb/area02


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Climate

The climate in the Nordic countries is mainly influenced by theirnorthern location, but remedied by the vicinity to the ocean and

not the least to the Gulf Stream. Even far to the north the winterscan be quite mild. The sea has a heavy influence on the weatherin the western coastal zones of Iceland, Norway, Denmark and

Sweden. The precipitation is high and snowcover during wintersis rare. Summers are generally cool.

Finland, most of Sweden and the south-eastern part of Norwayare influenced by the vast continent to the east which results inwarm and long summers and clear and cold winters, often withsnow. The precipitation is more scarce than in the western part

of the Nordic countries.

Far to the north north of the Polar Circle the climate zone isArctic with harsh winters and very short summers.

Klimat

Klimatet i Norden pverkprglas ocks av nrhete

men. ven lngt norrut khar en stor inverkan p vIsland, i Norge, Danmark

sntcke under vintrarnasvala.

Finland, strsta delen avpverkas av den stora koma och lnga somrar ochNederbrd r mer sllsy

Lngt i norr norr om pomed hrda vintrar och m

Foto: ImageSelect


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Geo

Average temperature in the Nordic capitals Figure 1.2

Medeltemperatur i de nordiska huvudstderna

Temp01

Source:National statistical institutes.Note:Iceland: 19972012.

Not:Island: 19972012.

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

DK FO GL FI AX IS NO SE

Average 19611990 Average 19902012

Degrees Celsius

Temperatures in the Nordic countries

Temperaturer i de nordiska lndernaNormal

19611990 Average Highest temperature Lo

Degrees Celsius 2000 2012 2000 2012

Denmark, Copenhagen 7.7 9.2 7.7 32.9 32.9Faroe Islands, Trshavn 6.5 6.6 6.7 17.1 18.2Greenland, Nuuk -1.4 -0.8 0.3 15.9 18.2Greenland, Tasiilaq -1.7 -0.5 0.5 17.2 18.5

Finland, Helsinki 5.3 7.2 5.9 .. 26.6land, Jomala 5.2 6.9 6.0 23.0 4.5Iceland, Reykjavik 4.3 4.5 5.5 18.6 21.3Iceland, Akureyri 3.2 4.2 4.3 24.5 24.5Norway, Oslo 5.7 7.7 6.6 26.5 29.8Norway, Troms 2.5 3.2 2.8 22.6 22.3Sweden, Stockholm 6.6 8.5 7.2 27.3 26.9Sweden, Jokkmokk -1.1 -0.9 -9.0 .. 23.6

Temp01Source:The Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI). Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI). National statistical insti
http://www.dst.dk/norddb/temp01http://www.dst.dk/norddb/temp01http://www.dst.dk/norddb/temp01http://www.dst.dk/norddb/temp01http://www.dst.dk/norddb/temp01http://www.dst.dk/norddb/temp01


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Global warming

Carbon dioxide is the greenhouse gas with the greatest overallimpact on the earths energy balance. According to the Kyoto

Protocol, which forms the basis for an international agreement ongreenhouse gas emissions, the industrial countries are to ensurejointly that during the period from 20082012, the overall emis-

sion of greenhouse gases is reduced to at least 5 per cent below1990 levels. The EU nations have decided that 20 per cent ofenergy consumption in 2020 must come from renewable energy

while reducing greenhouse gases by 20 per cent compared to1990 levels. In addition, it was introduced as an indicative targetto increase energy efficiency by 20 per cent. Some nations haveimplemented even more ambitious targets set in the CopenhagenAccord, where the nations could state their own individual goals.

Norway, for example, intends to reduce carbon emissions by 30per cent below 1990 levels by 2020.

Global uppvrmning

Koldioxid r den vxthusgas som har strst total effekt p jor-dens energibalans. Enligt Kyotoprotokollet, som utgr basen

fr ett internationellt avtal om utslpp av vxthusgaser, skallindustrilnderna gemensamt svara fr att de totala utslppenav vxthusgaser i vrlden minskas till minst 5 procent under

1990 rs niver under tiden 20082012. EU-lnderna har be-slutat att 20 procent av energifrbrukningen r 2020 skall kom-ma frn frnybar energi och att samtidigt minska vxthus-ga-

serna med 20 procent jmfrt med 1990 rs niver. Dessutominfrde man ett vgledande ml att ka energieffektiviteten med20 procent. Vissa lnder har satt upp nnu mer ambitisa mlsom faststllts i Kpenhamn Accord, dr nationerna kunde upp-ge sina egna individuella ml. Norge, till exempel, har fr avsikt

att minska koldioxidutslppen med 30 procent under 1990 rsniver fram till 2020.

Emissions of greenhouse gases. 2011 Table 1.3

Utslpp av vxthusgaser

Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden

1 000 tonnes CO2-equivalents CO

2-ekvivalenter, 1 000 ton

otal greenhouse gases 57 748 67 019 4 416 53 365 61 449 Vxthusgaser totalt

CO2(carbon dioxide) 45 899 56 793 3 333 44 651 48 726 CO2(koldioxid)

CH4 (methane) 5 525 4 205 444 4 397 4 985 CH4(metan)

N2O (nitrous oxide) 6 076 5 395 448 3 089 6 682 N2O (dikvveoxid)

HFC (hydrofluorocarbons) 778 1 026 121 950 813 HFC (fluorkolvte)PFC (perfluorocarbons) 11 1 63 226 183 PFC (perfluor-kol)

SF6(sulphur hexafluoride) 73 36 3 60 60 SF6(svavel hexafluorid)

Emis11Source:UNFCCC.
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Geo

Emissions of greenhouse gases

In Iceland and Norway the emissions of greenhouse gases in2011 were still above the 1990 level. Finland was at the 1990

level in 2008 and below in 2009 and 2011, but was above the1990 level in 2010. Both in Sweden and Denmark the emissionswere below the 1990 level in 2011 in Sweden the level has

been under the 1990 level since somewhere between 1998 and1999 and in Denmark since 2007. Both Denmark and Swedenwere approximately 15 per cent below in 2011.

Utslpp av vxthusgaser

P Island och i Norge lg utslppen av vxthusgaser r 2011fortfarande ver nivn fr 1990. Finland lg p 1990 rs niv

2008 och under r 2009 och r 2011, men var ver 1990-nivnunder 2010. I bde Sverige och Danmark ligger utslppen undernivn fr 1990 i Sverige har utslppen varit under 1990 rsniv sedan ngon gng mellan 1998 och 1999 och i Danmark

sedan 2007. Bde Danmark och Sverige lg ungefr 15 procentunder 1990 rs niv 2011.

reen ouse gas em ss ons per capta

Utslpp av vxthusgaser per person

Denmark Finland Iceland Norway

CO2-equivalents, tonnes

1990 13.6 14.1 13.7 11.7

2000 13.0 13.4 13.7 11.9

2011 10.4 12.4 13.8 10.8

Emis11 and Popu02Source:UNFCCC.

Emissions of greenhouse gases (CO2-equivalents)

Utslpp av vxthusgaser (CO2-ekvivalenter)

Emis11Source:UNFCCC.Note:EU15: The 15 members of the EU as per 1 January 1995.Not:EU15: De 15 medlemsstaterna av Europeiska unionen per 1 januari 1995.

80

85

90

95

100

105110

115

120

125

130

135

140

145

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 200

Index 1990=100

Denmark

Finlan
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28 Environment and energy Milj och energi

Environment and energyMilj och energi

We have plenty of untouched nature, clean water and fresh airin the Nordic countries, but we must keep a close eye on the en-vironment so that future generations will be able to enjoy this.In the Nordic countries, there is a long tradition of cooperating

on natural and environmental issues.

Conservation, environmental care, maintenance of bio-diversity,the environment and health as well as sustainable consumptionand production are all high on the agenda in the Nordic region.

Themes such as the environment and the economy are also im-portant priorities. Consumers are entitled to safe, healthy food-stuffs and the best possible product information, e.g. throughlabelling initiatives such as the Nordic Ecolabel.

The Nordic region is one of the richest sources of energy in theworld. Apart from the natural occurrence of fossil fuels such

as oil and gas, the Nordic region has also great opportunitiesto exploit renewable energy sources such as water, wind, bio-energy and geothermal heat.

The Nordic countries work together to create frameworks forthe development of effective, competitive, safe and sustainableenergy systems.

Vi har gott om orrd natur, rent vatten och frisk luft i Norden,men vi mste hlla ett vaksamt ga p miljn om kommandegenerationer ocks ska kunna ha gldje av detta. I de nordiskalnderna finns det en lng tradition av att samarbeta om natur-och miljfrgor.

I samarbetet fr insatser inom Norden str skydd av natur ochmilj, bevarande av den biologiska mngfalden, milj och hlsasamt hllbar konsumtion och produktion hgt p dagordningen.

Teman som milj och ekonomi r ocks vsentliga insatsomr-den. De nordiska konsumenterna skall tillfrskras hlsosammaprodukter och livsmedel samt ges bsta mjliga informationhrom, vilket bland annat sker genom den nordiska miljmrk-ningen, Svanen.

F omrden i vrlden r s rika p energikllor som Norden.

Utver naturliga frekomster av fossila brnslen som olja ochgas har Norden ocks stora mjligheter att utnyttja frnybaraenergikllor som vatten, vind, bioenergi och jordvrme.

De nordiska lnderna samarbetar fr att skapa ramar fr utveck-ling av effektiva, konkurrenskraftiga, skra och hllbara energi-system.


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En

Emissions of acidifying substances. 2010 Figure 2.1

Utslpp av frsurande mnen

Emis12Source:UNFCCC and national statistical institutes.Note: PAE (potential acidifying equivalent).Not: PAE (potentiell frsurande ekvivalent).

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden

SO NO NH

Kg PAE per sq km

2

Kg PAE per sq km

3x

AcidificationThe acidification of water and soil results from the emission ofsulphur oxides (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and ammonia (NH3).Emissions of these compounds stem primarily from the combus-tion of fossil fuels and emissions from farms with animals. Acidi-fication can lead to forest dieback and harm to animals and vege-tation in water areas. Acidification can also damage buildingsand monuments. The quality of soil and vegetation determinesthe magnitude of the impact, as the presence of lime, in particu-lar, may reduce or neutralise the impact of acidification.

The emission of sulphur oxides has been heavily reduced inmost of the Nordic countries from the early 1980s to the endof the 1990s. There has also been a reduction in the emissionof nitrogen oxides but not to the same degree. There is a greatpresence of lime in soil and in water areas in Denmark, whichneutralises the effect of acidification. The critical load is notexceeded anywhere in Iceland and acidification is not a problem.The Swedish and Norwegian nature, which is lime-deficient, isto a different extent vulnerable to acidification of soil, lakes andwatercourses. In relation to the land area, Denmark has by farthe highest emission of acidifying substances however, inter-

national goals for emissions are nearly or already met.

FrsurningFrsurningen av vatteder (SO2), kvveoxideav dessa freningar hfossila brnslen och uningen kan leda till atvattenomrden skadamnen och vegetationas omfattning, efterminska eller neutralis

Utslppen av svavelolnderna frn brjan slppen av kvveoxidning. I Danmark finnsmotverkar frsurningngonstans p Islandkalkfattiga svenska oannat stt genom frsfrhllande till landarutslppen av frsuranhar dock nstan eller
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Consumption of commercial fertilizers. 2011/2012 Table 2.1

Anvndning av handelsgdsel

Denmark Finland land Iceland Norway Sweden

1 000 tonnes 1 000 ton

Nitrogen (N) 187.0 138.9 0.7 12.1 95.8 169.8 Kvve (N)Phosphorus (P) 12.8 10.6 0.1 3.5 8.6 10.3 Fosfor (P)Potassium (K) 42.6 31.1 0.3 2.9 32.8 23.1 Kalium (K)

Kg per ha arable land Kg per ha kermark

Nitrogen (N) 73.8 60.7 50.4 93.8 116.6 64.5 Kvve (N)Phosphorus (P) 5.1 4.6 7.2 27.1 10.5 3.9 Fosfor (P)Potassium (K) 16.8 13.6 21.6 22.5 39.9 8.8 Kalium (K)

Fert01 and Area02Source:National statistical institutes and Information Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Finland.Note: Finland: Excl. forest fertilizers. Sweden: 2010/2011 data.Not: Finland: Exkl. skogsgdsel. Sverige: 2010/2011 rs uppgifter.

FertilizersAnimal and crop production in the agricultural sector involvesthe use of both manure and commercial fertilizers. This addsnitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), which are themain ingredients in commercial fertilizers, to the soil. Parts ofthe nitrogen and phosphorus and, to a lesser extent, potassiumare not absorbed by plants but are washed out of the soil andtaken to the sea by water runoffs. In particular, the release ofnitrogen can lead to an unwanted algae growth, which is harmfulto the marine environment. The following measures are taken tolimit the runoff of soil nutrients: better management of the useof fertilizers, better cultivation systems and technical facilities.

The consumption of commercial fertilizers affecting the environ-ment has generally declined over the last twenty years.

GdningsmedelInom boskapsuppfdning och produktion av grdor i jordbruks-sektorn anvnds bde naturgdsel och konstgdsel. Detta tillfrjorden kvve (N), fosfor (P) och kalium (K), som r de aktivahuvudingredienserna i konstgdsel. En del av kvvet och fosfornoch en mindre del av kaliumet absorberas inte av vxterna utanurlakas ur jorden och frs via vattendragen till havet. Srskiltutslppen av kvve kan leda till onskad algtillvxt som r skad-lig fr den marina miljn. Fljande tgrder har vidtagits fr attbegrnsa avrinningen av nringsmnen i jorden: mer effektivanvndning av gdsel, bttre odlingsmetoder samt tekniskatgrder.

Anvndningen av konstgdsel med miljeffekter har allmnt settminskat under de senaste tjugo ren.
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En

Total consumption of pe

Total frbrukning av bek

Fert02

Source:National statistical inst

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

1996 1998 2000

Index 1995=100

PesticidesPesticides are chemical products used primarily in the agricul-tural sector to fight weeds, fungi and insects. Pesticides canharm environmental conditions for humans, wild animals, plantsand insects. Pesticides also accumulate in lakes and waterstreams, causing pollution.

Pesticides are divided into three different groups: herbicidesagainst weeds, fungicides against fungi, and insecticidesagainst unwanted insects. In addition, growth regulators areused, for example, to control the length of the straw in grain.There are major year-to-year variations in pesticide application,based on weather and other factors for example, changes inwhat is cultivated.

The total amount of pesticides used in the Nordic countries hasbeen cut almost in half since 1985. Since the 1980s, inorganicfungicidal compounds with application rates of several tens ofkilograms per hectare have been replaced by more active or-ganic compounds with application rates of a few kilograms perhectare.

BekmpningsmedelBekmpningsmedel r kemisk-tekniska produkter som huvud-sakligen anvnds inom jordbruket fr att bekmpa ogrs, svampoch insekter. Bekmpningsmedel kan ha skadlig inverkan p lev-nadsvillkoren fr mnniskor, vilda djur, vxter och insekter. Med-len kan ocks ackumuleras i och frorena sjar och vattendrag.

Bekmpningsmedel kan indelas i tre olika grupper: ogrsmedelmot ogrs, svampmedel mot svamp och insektsmedel mot ska-deinsekter. Dessutom anvnds tillvxtreglerande medel, exem-pelvis fr att kontrollera stjlkens lngd p spannml. Det finnsstora skillnader i frbrukningen av bekmpningsmedel mellanolika r beroende p vder och andra faktorer, exempelvis fr-ndringar betrffande de grdor man odlar.

Den totala frbrukningen av bekmpningsmedel i de nordiskalnderna har nstan halverats sedan 1985. Sedan 80-talethar oorganiska svampmedel med fr brukningstal p tskilligatiotals kilo per hektar nu ersatts av organiska freningar somr mer aktivt biologiska med frbrukningstal p ngra kilo perhektar.
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Organic farming area in per cent of total arable land Figure 2.3

Ekologisk jordbruksareal i procent av total kermark

Oeko01 and Agri01Source:National statistical institutes and Information Centre of Agriculture and Forestry,Finland.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

land

Iceland

Sweden

Finland

Denmark Norway

Per cent

Organic farmingOrganic farming is a form of agriculture that relies on the man-agement of ecosystems and seeks to reduce or refrain from add-ing material. It is especially important not to add artificial sub-stances, such as fertilizers or chemical pesticides. Organic farm-ing tends to have lower intensity than conventional farming. It isan approach that looks at the big picture and intends to developan ecosystem that can survive for a very long time (sustainableagriculture), a diversity of species (biodiversity) and ecosystemlive in the soil (topsoil).

The organic farming area has risen in all of the Nordic countriessince 2000. The organic farming area has risen remarkably inIceland and land. Sweden has more than doubled the area froma little below 6 per cent to more than 14 per cent. Norway hasalmost tripled the area from 2 to 6 per cent, while Finland andDenmark have had a more moderate growth.

Ekologiskt jordbrukEkologiskt jordbruk r efrvaltande av ekosystemavst frn att tillfra mattillfra konstgjorda mnbekmpningsmedel. Ekointensitet n konventionsom ser till helheten ochkan fortleva mycket lngarter (biodiversitet) och

Det ekologiska jordbruk2000. Det ekologiska joIsland och land. Sverigunder 6 procent till dryglat omrdet fr ekologisFinland och Danmark ha
http://www.dst.dk/norddb/Oeko01http://www.dst.dk/norddb/Oeko01http://www.dst.dk/norddb/agri01http://www.dst.dk/norddb/Oeko01http://www.dst.dk/norddb/agri01http://www.dst.dk/norddb/agri01http://www.dst.dk/norddb/Oeko01


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En

Indigenous energy production. 2011 Figure 2.5

Inhemsk energiproduktion

Ener06

Source:EurostatNote: EU27: The 27 member states of the European Union as per 1 January 2013.

Not: EU27: De 27 medlemsstaterna av Europeiska unionen per 1 januari 2013.

0

20

40

60

80

100

D enmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden EU27

C oal and peat Oil Natural gas Ren ewable energy Nuclear energy

Per cent

Energy productionEnergy production and energy use have a major environmentalimpact. The environmental problem is not so much the produc-tion or use of energy per se as the fact that most of the energyuse in the world stems from fossil fuels, which results in theemissions of CO2 (carbon dioxide), contributing to the green-house effect. However, electricity based on hydro and windpower does not give rise to the emission of CO

2, and especially

Iceland and Sweden, but also Finland and Norway, have asignificant production of electricity based on hydro power.Geothermal energy production, which is the most importantsource in Iceland, and nuclear power, which is produced inboth Finland and in Sweden, do not give rise to the emission ofCO2 either.

men ven Finland ochserad p vattenkraft. som r dominerande bde Finland och Sve

Den inhemska produkkat vsentligt under och Norge p grund a

The indigenous production of energy in the Nordic countries hasrisen considerably over the last couple of decades especially inDenmark and Norway due to oil deposits in the North Sea.

Energiproduktion

Energiproduktion och energianvndning har stor inverkan pmiljn. Miljproblemet r inte s mycket produktionen elleranvndningen av energi i sig som det faktum att huvuddelen avden energi som anvnds i vrlden kommer frn fossila brnslensom ger utslpp av CO

2(koldioxid), vilket bidrar till vxthus-

effekten. Elektricitet baserad p vatten- och vindkraft genereraremellertid inga utslpp av CO2och srskilt Island och Sverige,

Indigenous energy production by country. 2011 Figure 2.4

Inhemsk energiproduktion efter land

Ener06Source:Eurostat.

7%6%

2%

73%

12%

Denmark

Finland

Iceland

Norway

Sweden
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Did you know that in 1960 nearly 90 per cent of the totalproduction of electricity in Sweden stemmed from hydro-power. In Finland it was almost 59 per cent.

Visste du att r 1960 kom nstan 90 procent av el-produktionen i Sverige frn vattenkraft och i Finland varmotsvarande siffra nstan 59 procent.

Final consumption of energy. 2011

Slutlig energifrbrukning

Denmark Finland Iceland Norway

Tonnes oil equivalents per person Total 2.6 4.7 7.8 3.8Industry 0.4 2.1 2.8 1.3Transport 0.9 0.9 1.6 1.0Households 0.8 0.9 3.5 0.8Fishery 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1Agriculture 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1Services and other sectors 0.4 0.6 0.0 0.5

Ener10 and Popu02Source:Eurostat.Note: Iceland: 2006 data.Not:Island: 2006 rs uppgifter.

Energy sourcesThe most important energy sources in the Nordic countries meas-ured in terms of energy supply in million toe (tonnes oil equivalent)are in order of importance: oil, solid fuels (e.g. coal and wood),nuclear power, hydro and geothermal power and solar energy, andgas. In the EU the most important source of energy is also oil, buthere gas comes in second.

Hydro and geothermal power and other renewable sources aremajor sources of energy in the Nordic countries, as compared to theEU countries. Particularly in Iceland and Norway, hydro and geo-thermal power constitute a major share of the overall energy sup-ply. Denmark depends almost entirely on thermal power generatedfrom coal, oil and gas. Iceland obtains a substantial part of its ener-gy for heating from geothermal energy and depends almost entirelyupon hydropower resources for its production of electricity.

EnergikllorDe viktigaste energikllenergitillskott i miljoneroljeton) r i storleksordoch ved), krnkraft, vattgas. Inom EU r den vikkommer gasen p andra

Vattenkraft och jordvrmmer betydande kraftklloSrskilt p Island och i Nenergi den strsta andelmark r nstan uteslutanfrn kol, olja och gas. Islafr uppvrmning frn geode av vattenkraftkllor f

nergy supply y source. 11 gure .6

Energitillgng per brnsleslag

Ener05Source:Eurostat.Note: EU27: The 27 member states of the European Union as per 1 January 2013.Not: EU27: De 27 medlemsstaterna av Europeiska unionen per 1 januari 2013.

0

20

40

60

80

100

Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden EU27

Coal a nd peat Oil Gas Nuclear power Rene wa ble energy

Per cent
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PopulationBefolkning

At the beginning of the 20th century, almost 12 million peo-ple lived in the Nordic countries. Today, the population hasincreased to 26 million people more than a doubling. Thestrongest growth is seen in Greenland, where the population hasmultiplied by almost five, from 12 000 to 56 000 people. In Ice-land the increase has gone from 78 000 to 322 000 people. Thepopulation on the Faroe Islands has more than tripled, from15 000 to 48 000 people. The Swedish and landic populationsare the only ones that have not at least doubled.

I brjan av 1900-talet bodde nstan 12 miljoner mnniskor i denordiska lnderna. I dag har befolkningen kat till nstan 26miljoner mnniskor mer n en frdubbling. Den snabbastetillvxten har skett p Grnland, dr befolkningen nstan harfemdubblats, frn 12 000 till 56 000 personer. P Island harfolkmngden kat frn 78 000 till 322 000. Befolkningen pFrarna har mer n tredubblats med en kning frn 15 000 till48 000 personer. Sverige och land r de enda lnder dr detinte skett minst en frdubbling av befolkningen.


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36 Populati on Befolkning

The Nordic populationSince 1990, the total population in the Nordic countries hasincreased by more than 2.8 million people (12 per cent) themost in Iceland (27 per cent) and in Norway and land by 19 andclose to 18 per cent. Certain regions in Sweden, Norway andFinland have experienced a decline in the population, but at thenational level, all the Nordic countries have experienced growth.

Compared to 2005, both the Faroe Islands and Greenland haveexperienced a minor decline in the population. Iceland has alsoexperienced shorter periods with a declining population.

Den nordiska befolkningenSedan 1990 har den totala folkmngden i de nordiska lndernakat med mer n 2,8 miljoner invnare (12 procent) mest pIsland (27 procent) samt i Norge och p land med 19 och ns-tan 18 procent. Vissa regioner i Sverige, Norge och Finland harupplevt en befolkningsminskning, men p nationell niv har detskett en kning i hela Norden.

Jmfrt med r 2005 har bde Frarna och Grnland haft enmindre befolkningsminskning. Island har ocks upplevt kortare

perioder med minskande befolkning.

Population. 1 January Folkmngd

Denmark Faroe Is. Greenland Finland land Iceland Norw

Persons

Total

1990 5 135 409 47 770 55 558 4 974 383 24 231 253 785 4 233 1

1995 5 215 718 43 644 55 732 5 098 754 25 158 266 978 4 348 4

2000 5 330 020 45 353 56 107 5 171 302 25 706 279 049 4 478 4

2005 5 411 405 48 337 56 969 5 236 611 26 530 293 577 4 606 3

2010 5 534 738 48 568 56 452 5 351 427 27 734 317 630 4 858 1

2013 5 602 628 48 197 56 370 5 426 674 28 502 321 857 5 051 2

Men

1990 2 530 597 24 915 30 057 2 412 760 11 900 127 432 2 093 2

1995 2 573 324 22 577 29 706 2 481 649 12 365 133 891 2 150 2

2000 2 634 122 23 464 29 979 2 523 026 12 639 139 665 2 217 1

2005 2 677 292 25 116 30 319 2 562 077 13 102 147 170 2 284 0

2010 2 743 286 25 248 29 936 2 625 067 13 807 159 936 2 426 7

2013 2 778 852 25 019 29 838 2 666 622 14 207 161 438 2 535 9

Women

1990 2 604 812 22 855 25 501 2 561 623 12 331 126 353 2 139 8

1995 2 642 394 21 067 26 026 2 617 105 12 793 133 087 2 198 1

2000 2 695 898 21 889 26 128 2 648 276 13 067 139 384 2 261 3

2005 2 734 113 23 221 26 650 2 674 534 13 428 146 407 2 322 2

2010 2 791 452 23 320 26 516 2 726 360 13 927 157 694 2 431 4

2013 2 823 776 23 178 26 532 2 760 052 14 295 160 419 2 515 3Popu01Source:National statistical institutes.Note:Finland: Includes land.Not: Finland: Inkluderar land.
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Life expectancyBy measuring the mortality rate, life expectancy at birth can becalculated. This measure indicates how many years a newborn isexpected to live, based on current patterns of mortality. As themortality rate of men and women differs quite a bit (women tendto live longer), life expectancy is calculated separately for menand women.

Life expectancy is rising in all the Nordic countries. However,the levels vary greatly. Life expectancy for men in Greenland is68.3 years (2011), compared to 80.8 years for men in Iceland.Women in the Faroe Islands and in land are expected to livethe longest more than 84 years.

MedellivslngdAtt mta ddlighetsfrekvensen r ett stt att berkna medel-livslngden fr en nyfdd. Detta mtt indikerar hur mnga ren nyfdd kan frvnta sig att leva baserat p nuvarande dd-lighetsmnster. Eftersom ddlighetstalen skiljer sig en hel delmellan mn och kvinnor (kvinnor tenderar att leva lngre), be-rknas medellivslngden separat fr mn och kvinnor.

Medellivslngden kar i alla nordiska lnder. Den varierar emel-lertid kraftigt. Medellivslngden fr mn p Grnland r 68,3r (r 2011) jmfrt med 80,8 r fr mn p Island. Kvinnor pFrarna och p land kan frvnta sig att leva lngst mer n84 r.

Life expectancy at birth Frvntad medellivslngd fr nyfdda

Denmark Faroe Is. Greenland Finland land Icela

Persons

Men

1990 72.0 73.1 60.7 70.9 74.7 7

1995 72.6 74.5 62.3 72.8 75.1 7

2000 74.3 76.2 62.8 74.1 78.5 7

2005 75.6 77.1 65.5 75.5 77.6 7

2010 77.1 78.8 67.9 76.7 81.2 7

2012 77.9 79.6 68.3 77.5 .. 80Women

1990 77.7 80.3 68.4 78.9 82.8 8

1995 77.8 81.3 68.3 80.2 81.1 8

2000 79.0 81.6 68.0 81.0 81.5 8

2005 80.2 82.1 70.9 82.3 83.6 8

2010 81.2 83.9 72.9 83.2 84.2 8

2012 81.9 84.6 73.0 83.4 .. 83

Life01Source:National statistical institutes.Note:Finland: Includes land. Preliminary figures for 2012. Greenland: 2012 refers to 2011.Not:Finland: Inkluderar land. Preliminra uppgifter fr r 2012. Grnland: 2012 avser 2011 rs uppgifter.
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Dependency ratioIn the next 25 years, the demographic dependency ratio is expect-ed to have the strongest growth in Finland and land. Today thereare 3.3 people of working age, i.e. the 2064-year-olds, for everyperson over the age of 65. According to the most recent populationforecasts in Finland and land, in 2030, it is expected that peo-ple over 65 will make up 50 per cent of the adult population (i.e.people aged2064). Sweden and Denmark can look forward to arelatively modest increase in the next decades. Iceland and Norwayseem to maintain their positions with the lowest proportions ofelderly people in the Nordic countries.

In the Nordic countries, the population older than 65 years makeup 28.5 per cent of the population between 20 and 64 years old.The percentage is almost the same in EU27 (28.4 per cent). After2030 it seems as the EU27 will have a steeper increase of elderlythan the Nordic countries. In 2040, the proportion will reach 45per cent in the Nordic countries and 50 in the EU27.

The population is getting olderAccording to the population projection for the Nordic countriesas a whole, the share of the population above the age of 80 will

reach 8.4 per cent in 2040, as compared to the current 4.7 percent.

The share of population 80 years or older has increased from1990 to 2013. The increase in the share of people above theage of 80 over the last 10 years is partly due to the fact that thedeath rate has fallen for almost all age groups and partly thatthe number of births has been low during the same period.

FrsrjningsbrdanUnder de kommande 25 ningsbrdan ha den starkdag finns det 3,3 personefr varje person ver 65 serna i Finland och p lakommer att utgra 50 propersoner i ldern 2064)fram emot en relativt blydena. Island och Norge slgsta andelarna ldre i d

I de nordiska lnderna uprocent av befolkningenandelen r nstan densaverkar det som EU27 komde nordiska lnderna. cent i de nordiska lnde

Befolkningen blir allt Enligt befolkningsprognhelhet kommer den ande

uppg till 8,4 procent unprocent.

Andelen av befolkningen 1990 till 2013. kningensenaste 10-rsperioden bnstan alla ldersgrupperlgt under samma period

65+ year olds as per cent of population aged 2064 Figure 3.1ldersgruppen 65+ r i procent av ldersgruppen 2064 r

Popu06Source:National statistical institutes and Eurostat.Note: EU27: The 27 member states of the European Union as per 1 January 2013.Not: EU27: De 27 medlemsstaterna av Europeiska unionen per 1 januari 2013.

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055

land Finland

Sweden

Iceland Greenland

Denmark

Norway

Per cent

10

1520

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055

Nordic total

EU27
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Population changesThe population increase in the Nordic countries during recentyears is partly the result of a natural increase (live births minusdeaths) and partly a positive net migration (immigration minusemigration). A positive net migration means that more peopleenter the country than leave.

In 2012, net migration had the greatest impact on the popula-tion increase in Sweden. That was also the case with Denmark,Finland, land and Norway. In the Faroe Islands, Greenland andIceland, natural population increase had the greatest impacton the population change. But both Greenland and the FaroeIslands still had a slight decrease in the population due to anegative net migration in 2012.

BefolkningsutvecklingenBefolkningskningen i de nordiska lnderna under senare r rdelvis ett resultat av en naturlig kning (antalet fdda minskatmed antalet dda) och delvis av en positiv nettomigration (in-vandring minskat med utvandring). En positiv nettomigrationbetyder att det r fler mnniskor som kommer in i landet n somlmnar det.

Nettomigrationen har r 2012 haft strst inverkan p befolknings-utvecklingen i Sverige. Detta gller ocks Danmark, Finland, landoch Norge. P Frarna, Grnland och Island var den naturligabefolkningsfrndringen av strst betydelse. Men bde Frarnaoch Grnland hade fortfarande en liten minskning i befolkningenp grund av en negativ nettomigration under 2012.

Did you know that ..can expect to live alcould only expect

Visste du att ... kvinleva nstan 83 r. I bara rkna med a

Foto: ImageSelect

Population changes during 2012 Befolkningsfrndringar under 2012

Denmark Faroe Is. Greenland Finland land Iceland

Persons

P opulat ion 1 January 2012 5 573 894 48 351 56 749 5 401 267 28 355 319 575 4

Live births 57 916 616 786 59 493 292 4 533

Deaths52 3 25 406 453 51 707

3231 952

Natural population increase5 591 210 333 7 786

-312 581

Immigration 71 739 1 298 2 191 31 278 885 5 957

Emigration

4 7 9 88 1 5 91 2 9 00 1 3 8 45

708

6 276

Net migration23 751 - 2 93 - 709 17 433

177- 319

Population increase 29 342 - 283 - 379 25 219 146 2 262

Corrections - 608 - 3 - 188 1 20

Population 1 January 2013 5 602 628 48 197 56 370 5 426 674 28 502 321 857 5

Popu07Source:National statistical institutes.Note:Finland: Includes land.
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Population projectionsThe population projections are based on assumptions relating tofertility, mortality, immigration and emigration in the future, whichare naturally subject to uncertainty. The most certain projectionsconcern the development in the number of elderly, as their num-ber is already known.

The fastest increase in the population figure is seen in Ice-land, Norway and land. According to the latest populationprojections, the population figure is, during the next 25 years,expected to increase by 25 per cent in land. In Norway, an in-crease of 28 per cent is expected, while the increase in Iceland isexpected to be 22 per cent.

The Danish population is expected to increase by 8 per cent until2035, while Finland and Sweden expect an increase in the popu-lation of about 10 and almost 16 per cent respectively.

BefolkningsprognoserDessa befolkningsprognoser utgr ifrn ett antal antagandenom framtida fertilitet, ddstal samt in- och utvandring, vilkasjlvklart r oskra. De mest tillfrlitliga siffrorna r de somanger utvecklingen av antalet ldre, eftersom man redan kn-ner deras antal.

Befolkningen vxer snabbast p Island, i Norge och p land.Enligt de senaste befolkningstillvxtprognoserna frvntasbefolkningen inom de nrmaste 25 ren att vxa med 25 pro-cent p land. I Norge frvntas kningen bli 28 procent ochp Island 22 procent.

Den danska befolkningen frvntas vxa med 8 procent framtill 2035, medan Finland och Sverige kan se fram emot en be-folkningskning p 10 respektive nstan 16 procent.

Population trends accordin

Befolkningen enligt de sena

Popu06 and Popu01Source:National statistical institute

95

100

105

110

115

120

125

130

135

140

145

2010 2015 2020 2

Index 2010=100

Did you know that ... the Faroe Islands, Greenland andIceland have the highest fertility rates in the Nordiccountries.

Visste du att ... Frarna, Grnland och Island har dehgsta fruktsamhetstalen i de nordiska lnderna.

Foto: Karin Beate Nsterud
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FertilityThe number of births depends, among other things, on the numberof women in the child-bearing age group the ages of 1549 andthe pattern of pregnancies and birth frequency in the various agegroups. A measure for calculating this is the total fertility rate, whichis the average number of live births per 1 000 women of child-bear-ing age. Thus, the total fertility rate is comparable, despite differ-ences in the demographic structure in different countries.

The fertility rate can give an impression of whether a populationincreases or decreases. If the fertility rate is 2.1 the populationwill remain at the same size. Women in the Nordic countries givebirth to a relatively high number of children, compared to theother European countries.

Fruktsamheten kan gminskar. Om fruktsamlek att frbli densammrelativt hgt fdelseta

Sedan r 2000 har fruiska lnderna, ven osedan r 2010 har hahar Frarna, Grnlanland.

Fertility rate by mother's age, per 1 000 women. 2012 Table 3.4Fruktsamhet efter moderns lder, per 1 000 kvinnor

Denmark Faroe Is. Greenland Finland land Iceland Norway Sweden

Live births Levande fdda

Total

fertility rate 1 733.2 2 527.2 1 985.9 1 801.0 1 793.0 2 037.0 1 851.0 1 905.5

Summerade

fruktsamhetstal19 years 4.4 12.2 40.0 7.5 4.7 11.0 6.0 5.0 19 r2024 years 37.8 85.1 106.0 53.7 42.4 63.3 52.6 47.6 2024 r2529 years 113.0 191.9 1 17.1 110.9 105.8 134.0 117.8 112.5 2529 r3034 years 124.6 136.6 81.6 116.0 132.4 117.2 123.7 133.1 3034 r3539 years 56.3 64.4 45.3 59.9 60.5 66.1 58.3 68.0 3539 r4044 years 10.1 13.5 6.3 12.5 12.8 15.1 10.6 13.9 4044 r45+ years 0.6 1.8 0.8 0.7 .. 0.5 0.6 0.9 45+ r

Chil02Source:National statistical institutes.Note:Finland: Includes land. land: 2011 data.Not:Finland: Inkluderar land. land: 2011 rs uppgifter.

Fertility rate per woman

Fruktsamhetstalper kvin

Chil02Source:National statistical instit

Note: Finland: Includes land. EU

January 2013.

Not: Finland: Inkluderar land. E

januari 2013.

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.2

2.4

2.6

2.8

2000 2002

Sweden

Finland

Icel

Number of children

Since year 2000, the fertility rate has increased slightly in thefive Nordic countries, although all countries, except the FaroeIslands, have had a slight decrease from 2010 and onwards.The Faroe Islands, Greenland and Iceland have the highest fer-tility rates, and the lowest rates are seen in Denmark and land.

FruktsamhetAntalet fdslar beror bland annat p antalet kvinnor i barnaf-dande lder 1549 r och p fruktsamheten i olika lders-grupper. Ett mtt p fruktsamheten r det summerade fruktsam-hetstalet, berknat som ett genomsnitt av antalet levande fddaper 1 000 kvinnor i barnafdande lder. Detta mtt p frukt-samheten r oberoende av demografisk struktur och kan drfranvndas fr jmfrelser mellan olika lnder.
http://www.dst.dk/norddb/chil02http://www.dst.dk/norddb/chil02http://www.dst.dk/norddb/chil02http://www.dst.dk/norddb/popu06http://www.dst.dk/norddb/popu06http://www.dst.dk/norddb/popu06http://www.dst.dk/norddb/chil02http://www.dst.dk/norddb/chil02http://www.dst.dk/norddb/chil02http://www.dst.dk/norddb/chil02http://www.dst.dk/norddb/popu06http://www.dst.dk/norddb/chil02http://www.dst.dk/norddb/chil02


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Total number of induced abortions Figure 3.4Totalt antal utfrda aborter

Heal15ource:NOMESCO.ote:Denmark: 2010 figures. Faroe Islands: 2008 data. Greenland and land: 2009 figures.ot: Danmark: 2010 rs uppgifter. Frarna: 2008 rs uppgifter. Grnland och land:009 rs uppgifter.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1 000

1 100

Denmark FaroeIslands

Green-land

Fin land land Iceland N orway Sweden

2000 2011

Per 1 000 live births

AbortionsSince the mid 1970s, induced abortions have been available inmost of the Nordic countries. In Denmark, Greenland, Norwayand Sweden, it is entirely up to the pregnant woman in theearly stages of pregnancy to determine whether to have anabortion. In the Faroe Islands, Finland, land and Iceland, aleave based on social and/or medical criter ia is required.

Greenland has the highest rate of abortions with 893 abortionsper 1 000 live births. Sweden has the second highest with arate of 335. The Faroe Islands has the lowest with 56 abortionsper 1 000 live births. Since 2000, the abortion rate has risen inDenmark, land and Norway and decreased in the rest of theNordic countries.

AborterSedan mitten p 1970-taflertalet nordiska lnderSverige r det den gravidkan bestmma om hon vland och Island krvs tieller medicinska kriterie

Grnland har den hgsta1 000 levande fdda. Svmed 335 aborter per 1 0lgsta med 56 aborter. ADanmark, p land och iiska lnderna.

Foto: ImageSelect
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FamiliesA family consists either of one person or several personsrelated to each other. Most families correspond to a house-hold. A household includes all people, related or not, livingat the same address, sharing a house or a flat. Householdsmight, therefore, include more than one family.

About 23 per cent of all families in the Nordic countrieshave children. Of these families, most around 78 per cent consist of married or cohabiting couples.

FamiljerEn familj bestr antingen av en person eller av flera personersom r slkt med varandra. De flesta familjer motsvarar etthushll. Ett hushll inbegriper alla personer som bor p sam-ma adress och delar bostad vare sig de r slkt eller inte.Ett hushll kan drfr omfatta mer n en familj.

Runt 23 procent av alla familjer i de nordiska lnderna harbarn. Av dessa familjer bestr flertalet omkring 78 procent av gifta eller samboende par.

Families with and without children. 2011 Familjer med och utan barn

Denmark Finland land Iceland Norway

1 000 families with children 771 581 3 51 629

Per cent otal 100 100 100 100 100

Married couples 60 61 54 57 54

Cohabiting couples 17 18 27 23 24

Single people 23 20 19 20 22

1 000 families without children 2 080 2 387 9 73 1 657

Per cent otal 100 100 100 100 100

Married couples 27 26 31 43 30

Cohabiting couples 8 9 10 5 7Single people 64 66 60 53 63

Fami02Source:NOSOSCO.Note:Children aged 017. Denmark: From 2007, children aged 024. land: 2002 data. Norway: Cohabiting couples without natural people. Sweden: Married couples include cohabiting couples.Not:Barn i ldern 017 r. Danmark: Frn 2007, barn i ldern 024 r. land: 2002 rs uppgifter. Norge: Sammanboende par utan gstende. Sverige: Gifta par inbegriper sammanboende par.

Did you know that ... the most popularnames to new born babies are:Victor and Emma in DenmarkJnas and Ida in the Faroe IslandsMalik and Ivaana in GreenlandOnni and Ella in FinlandArvid/Noel and Alice in landAron and Katrn in IcelandLucas and Nora in Norway andWilliam and Alice in Sweden.

Visste du att ... de mest populranamnen fr nyfdda r:Victor och Emma i DanmarkJnas och Ida p FrarnaMalik och Ivaana p GrnlandOnni och Ella i FinlandArvid/Noel och Alice p landAron och Katrn p IslandLucas och Nora i Norge ochWilliam och Alice i Sverige.
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Marriages and divorcesThe number of marriages and divorces only comprises so-calledlegal partnerships. Couples living together without being legallymarried make up a large share of the partnerships in the Nordiccountries. Consequently, the number of marriages and divorcesdoes not give the complete picture of the number of people en-tering partnerships or the dissolution rates.

The number of marriages has increased in almost all the Nordiccountries since 1995, except in Denmark where there has been

a decline. land and the Faroe Islands have had the largestincrease in the number of divorces since 1995. Finland andNorway have had a decline in the number of divorces since1995.

Relating the number of marriages and divorces to the meanpopulation, Denmark and Sweden had the highest rates in2012. However, Finland had the same high rate as Sweden formarriages.

vorces ktenskapsskillnader

Popu03 and Popu04Source:National statistical instituteNote:Faroe Islands: 1995 refers to 1Iceland: 2012 refers to 2010.Not: Frarna: 1995 avser 1996 rsavser 2011 rs uppgifter. Island: 20

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0


Fin la

19

Divorces per 1 000 mean

Did you know that ... th

Nordic countries todayThe number of peoplearound 39 per cent of per cent.

Visste du att ... det findag n i brjan av 60-ensamstende har kaningen till cirka 56 pro

Marriages and divorces. 2012 Table 3.6Gifterml och ktenskapsskillnader


Finland land Iceland Norway Sweden Nordictotal

Number Antal

Marriages 28 235 206 28 878 112 1 458 24 346 50 616 133 851 Gifterml

Divorces 15 709 87 13 040 54 516 9 929 23 422 62 748 ktenskapsskillnaderPer 1 000, mean population Per 1 000, medelfolkmngd

Marriages 5.0 4.3 5.3 4.0 4.5 4.8 5.3 5.2 GiftermlDivorces 2.8 1.6 2.4 1.9 1.6 2.0 2.5 2.4 ktenskapsskillnader

Popu04Source:National statistical institutes.Note:Norway: A new Marriage Act from 1 January 2009 permits people of the same sex to be married. Persons already in a partnership can change their partnership to a marriage, or continue theirpartnership. Finland: Includes land. land and Iceland: 2011 data.Not:Norge: En ny ktenskapslag frn den 1 januari 2009 betyder att personer av samma kn kan gifta sig. Personer som redan r i ett partnerskap kan ndra sitt partnerskap till ett ktenskapeller fortstta sitt partnerskap. Finland: Inkluderar land. land och Island: 2011 rs uppgifter.
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land och Frarna har haft den strsta kningen av anta-let skilsmssor sedan 1995. Finland och Norge har haft enminskning i antalet skilsmssor sedan 1995.

Nr man relaterar antalet ktenskap och skilsmssor tillmedelfolkmngden hade Danmark och Sverige den hgstaandelen under 2012. Dock hade Finland samma hga andelsom Sverige fr ktenskap.

Gifterml och ktenskapsskillnaderAntalet gifterml och ktenskapsskillnader omfattar hrendast relationer i juridisk mening. Mnga par i de nordiskalnderna bor tillsammans utan att vara lagligen gifta. Fljakt-ligen ger antalet gifterml och ktenskapsskillnader inte enfullstndig bild av det antal invnare som flyttar ihop ellerflyttar isr.

Antalet ingngna ktenskap i nstan alla de nordiska lnderna

har kat sedan 1995, utom i Danmark som har haft en minskning.

Marital status. People aged 15 and more. 1 January 2013 Table 3.7Civilstnd. Personer 15 r och ldre

Denmark Faroe Is. Greenland Finland land Iceland Norway Sweden

1 000 persons 1 000 personer

Total 4 625.0 37.9 44.2 4 535.3 23.8 255.4 4 123.9 7 944.0 Totalt

Unmarried 1 685.1 15.0 23.6 1 688.8 9.9 115.2 1 658.8 3 331.7 OgiftaMarried and separated 2 160.7 18.6 15.1 2 017.3 10.1 108.5 1 834.0 3 230.8 Gifta och separerade

Divorced 466.5 1.9 3.6 533.3 2.3 20.0 386.8 915.3 Skilda

Registered partners 8.7 .. .. 4.5 .. 0.4 .. 3.1 Registrerade partners

Dissolved partnerships, persons 2.4 .. .. 0.8 .. .. .. 1.6 Avregistrerade partnerskap, personerWidow/widowers 282.0 2.4 1.9 290.6 1.6 11.3 241.0 461.5 nklingar/nkor

Popu03Source:National statistical institutes.Note:Widow/widowers includes Surviving partners. Norway: A new Marriage Act from 1 January 2009 permits people of the same sex to be married. Persons already in a partnership can changetheir partnership to a marriage, or continue their partnership. Finland: Includes land.Not:nklingar/nkor inkluderar verlevande partners. Norge: En ny ktenskapslag frn den 1 januari 2009 betyder att personer av samma kn kan gifta sig. Personer som redan r i ett partner-skap kan ndra sitt partnerskap till ett ktenskap eller fortstta sitt partnerskap. Finland: Inkluderar land.
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MigrationImmigration includes both returning citizens and citizens of aforeign nation who have been granted permission to stay andare registered with the public authorities. A large proportion ofthe migration occurs between and among the Nordic countriesthemselves, largely as the result of the free labour market andliberal rules for the exchange of students in the Nordic countries.Foreign immigrants are designated by country of origin ratherthan by citizenship. Those from the former USSR are shown asimmigrants from non-EEA Europe. EEA comprises the 27 EU-

countries and Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.

The trend has led to an increasing number of foreign citizens inthe Nordic countries. In all the countries, the major part of

nordic statistical yearbook 2013

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