Questions for the Missouri Comp. Questions for the Missouri Comp. & the Wilmot Proviso…& the Wilmot Proviso…

1. What two states were added to the Union with the passage of the Missouri Compromise?

2. Who was the author of the Missouri Compromise?

3. What did the Wilmot Proviso suggest? Why did it fail?

4. Why would the South be concerned about the Wilmot Proviso?

Missouri CompromiseMissouri Compromise(Compromise of 1820)(Compromise of 1820)

• 1820- Missouri applies to admission into the 1820- Missouri applies to admission into the Union as a slave stateUnion as a slave state

• In order to maintain an equal # of slave and In order to maintain an equal # of slave and free state, the Compromise created Maine, and free state, the Compromise created Maine, and entered it as a free stateentered it as a free state– 12 free states, 12 slave states12 free states, 12 slave states– Northern states (more population) would always Northern states (more population) would always

control the House of Reps, but South would be control the House of Reps, but South would be satisfied with a balance in the Senatesatisfied with a balance in the Senate

Missouri CompromiseMissouri Compromise Congress also established the 36,30N Line Congress also established the 36,30N Line

(Missouri Compromise line)(Missouri Compromise line)

- future states north of the line would be - future states north of the line would be freefree

-south of the line would be slave-south of the line would be slave

Both North and South were satisfied with this.Both North and South were satisfied with this.

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850 The Compromise of 1820 worked well for 30 The Compromise of 1820 worked well for 30

years, but the Mexican War would create new years, but the Mexican War would create new problems.problems.

With the acquisition of new western lands, a new With the acquisition of new western lands, a new solution would be needed; balancing the solution would be needed; balancing the Senate would prove to be impossible.Senate would prove to be impossible.

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850• Towards the end of the Mexican War, David Towards the end of the Mexican War, David

Wilmot, a northern House member introduced a Wilmot, a northern House member introduced a bill which would establish any new territory bill which would establish any new territory acquired in the war to be free= Wilmot Provisoacquired in the war to be free= Wilmot Proviso

• The bill passed in the northern controlled The bill passed in the northern controlled House, but was defeated in the Senate. To the House, but was defeated in the Senate. To the South, if the North ever gained controlled of the South, if the North ever gained controlled of the Senate, it could spell the end of slavery.Senate, it could spell the end of slavery.

Who said this?Who said this?

““In contemplating the causes which may In contemplating the causes which may disturb our Uniondisturb our Union, it occurs as matter of , it occurs as matter of serious concern that any ground serious concern that any ground should have been furnished for should have been furnished for characterizing parties by characterizing parties by geographical geographical discriminationsdiscriminations””

- George Washington’s farewell address, 1796- George Washington’s farewell address, 1796

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850Don’t write this slide downDon’t write this slide down (Background info.)(Background info.)

• In 1850 California applies to the Union as a free In 1850 California applies to the Union as a free statestate

• As the 31st state admitted, Ca.’s admission As the 31st state admitted, Ca.’s admission would upset the balance of the Senate; the would upset the balance of the Senate; the South, led by John C. Calhoun, was unhappy.South, led by John C. Calhoun, was unhappy.

• Henry Clay hammers out a 5 part compromise Henry Clay hammers out a 5 part compromise that will appease both sides for the time being. that will appease both sides for the time being.

• Most historians believe it postponed the Civil Most historians believe it postponed the Civil War for a decade.War for a decade.

The Compromise of 1850The Compromise of 1850 - -yeah, this one.yeah, this one.

1.1. Ca. is admitted as a free stateCa. is admitted as a free state

2.2. Mexican Cession is organized into Mexican Cession is organized into New New MexicoMexico and and Utah territoriesUtah territories with issue of with issue of slavery to be decided by popular sovereigntyslavery to be decided by popular sovereignty..

3.3. A stricter Fugitive Slave law is passed- A stricter Fugitive Slave law is passed- requiring northerners to assist in finding requiring northerners to assist in finding runaway slavesrunaway slaves

4.4. Slave trade is abolished in Washington DCSlave trade is abolished in Washington DC

5.5. Texas surrenders land claims in New Mexico Texas surrenders land claims in New Mexico in exchange for $ from fed. gov.in exchange for $ from fed. gov.

Compromise of 1850

Compromise of 1850

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850• John C. Calhoun, dying John C. Calhoun, dying

of throat cancer, will of throat cancer, will have his speech read on have his speech read on the Senate floor, the Senate floor, opposing the opposing the Compromise. Compromise.

“ “The South has given all The South has given all she can give”she can give”

“ “ Let us separate and part Let us separate and part in peace”in peace”

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850Speaking in favor of the Speaking in favor of the

Compromise was Compromise was Daniel WebsterDaniel Webster

““I wish to speak today, I wish to speak today, not as a not as a Massachusetts man, Massachusetts man, nor as a Northern man, nor as a Northern man, but as an American… I but as an American… I speak today for the speak today for the preservation of the preservation of the Union.”Union.”

HarrietBeecherStowe(1811 – 1896)

HarrietBeecherStowe(1811 – 1896)

So this is the little lady who started this big war. -- Abraham Lincoln

So this is the little lady who started this big war. -- Abraham Lincoln

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

1852

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

1852 Sold 300,000

copies inthe first year.

2 million in a decade!

Sold 300,000 copies inthe first year.

2 million in a decade!

Uncle Tom’s CabinUncle Tom’s Cabin• Novel depicting fictional characters. The main Novel depicting fictional characters. The main

character is a gentle, kind slave known as Tom. character is a gentle, kind slave known as Tom. In the end, he is beaten to death because he In the end, he is beaten to death because he would not reveal the whereabouts of a runaway would not reveal the whereabouts of a runaway slave.slave.

• Those that read it began to see slavery in Those that read it began to see slavery in human terms. Northerners could not believe human terms. Northerners could not believe the cruelty of slavery. Southerners claimed it the cruelty of slavery. Southerners claimed it was a completely false depiction of slavery.was a completely false depiction of slavery.

Kansas-Nebraska ActKansas-Nebraska Act• In 1854, Congress again tackled the delicate In 1854, Congress again tackled the delicate

issue of slavery.issue of slavery.

• Stephen Douglas, Senator from Illinois, pushed Stephen Douglas, Senator from Illinois, pushed through the Kansas-Nebraska Act in order to through the Kansas-Nebraska Act in order to organize the Kansas and Nebraska territory for organize the Kansas and Nebraska territory for eventual statehood.eventual statehood.

Kansas-Nebraska ActKansas-Nebraska Act• At the time, Douglas was a At the time, Douglas was a

nationally recognized, powerful nationally recognized, powerful politician who was known to politician who was known to have presidential aspirationshave presidential aspirations

• His nickname, “The Little Giant” His nickname, “The Little Giant” conveyed his short physical conveyed his short physical stature and his powerful stature and his powerful political influencepolitical influence

• His motives in the KN Act is to His motives in the KN Act is to get the new transcontinental get the new transcontinental railroad built- with Chicago as railroad built- with Chicago as its eastern terminal. To do this, its eastern terminal. To do this, he needs the lands out west to he needs the lands out west to be organized.be organized.

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

Kansas-Nebraska ActKansas-Nebraska Act• Douglas’s plan called for popular Douglas’s plan called for popular

sovereignty to determine whether the sovereignty to determine whether the territory would have slavery in it.territory would have slavery in it.– Popular = the people, the majorityPopular = the people, the majority– Sovereignty the right to run your own affairsSovereignty the right to run your own affairs

Very quickly, both Pro-slavery advocates Very quickly, both Pro-slavery advocates (many crossing over from Missouri) and (many crossing over from Missouri) and “Free-soilers” soon to be known as Jay-“Free-soilers” soon to be known as Jay-Hawks flooded into Kansas to cast their Hawks flooded into Kansas to cast their votesvotes

Kansas-Nebraska ActKansas-Nebraska Act• Election results showed corruption on both Election results showed corruption on both

sides; both sides claimed victory, both sides set sides; both sides claimed victory, both sides set up capitals in the territory. Before long, up capitals in the territory. Before long, violence set in.violence set in.

• ““Bleeding KansasBleeding Kansas” was the name given to the ” was the name given to the territory as violence erupted. Pro-slavery territory as violence erupted. Pro-slavery groups destroyed the Free-soil town of groups destroyed the Free-soil town of Lawrence.Lawrence.

• In retaliation, a radical abolitionist named John In retaliation, a radical abolitionist named John Brown led a raid against Pottawatomie. 5 pro-Brown led a raid against Pottawatomie. 5 pro-slavery men were dragged out of the beds and slavery men were dragged out of the beds and were murdered. Kansas erupted in civil war.were murdered. Kansas erupted in civil war.

Kansas-Nebraska ActKansas-Nebraska Act• The nation was shocked at the events in The nation was shocked at the events in

Kansas- that people were willing to go to such Kansas- that people were willing to go to such lengths for their causes.lengths for their causes.

• South viewed the KN Act as a victory - it meant South viewed the KN Act as a victory - it meant that the possibility of slavery existed above the that the possibility of slavery existed above the Missouri Compromise line.Missouri Compromise line.

• The North became greatly alarmed at the The North became greatly alarmed at the extreme actions southerners were willing to extreme actions southerners were willing to take.take.

“Bleeding Kansas”“Bleeding Kansas”

Border “Ruffians”

(pro-slavery

Missourians)

Border “Ruffians”

(pro-slavery

Missourians)

What’s the message in this What’s the message in this political cartoon?political cartoon?

Brooks-Sumner Affair 1856Brooks-Sumner Affair 1856• As the violence raged in Kansas, another event As the violence raged in Kansas, another event

showed the nation just how far the North and showed the nation just how far the North and South had become divided.South had become divided.

• On the Senate floor, Mass. Senator, Charles On the Senate floor, Mass. Senator, Charles Sumner, known for his abolitionist views, gave Sumner, known for his abolitionist views, gave a speech called “The Crimes Against Kansas”a speech called “The Crimes Against Kansas”

-within Sumner’s speech was an attack on -within Sumner’s speech was an attack on S.Carolinian senator Andrew Butler (who was S.Carolinian senator Andrew Butler (who was absent)absent) - all were appalled, but none more than - all were appalled, but none more than Preston Brooks, Butler’s nephew, and a Preston Brooks, Butler’s nephew, and a congressman from South Carolinacongressman from South Carolina

Brooks-Sumner AffairBrooks-Sumner Affair• Knowing that a northerner would not duel, and having to Knowing that a northerner would not duel, and having to

uphold his family’s honor, Brooks approached Sumner uphold his family’s honor, Brooks approached Sumner on the Senate floor the next day, and began brutally on the Senate floor the next day, and began brutally beating him with his cane.beating him with his cane.

• After a few minutes, Brooks was pulled off of Sumner, After a few minutes, Brooks was pulled off of Sumner, who was beaten unconscious, and would suffer from the who was beaten unconscious, and would suffer from the effects of his beating for the rest of his life.effects of his beating for the rest of his life.

• Brooks was viewed as a hero in the South. He was sent Brooks was viewed as a hero in the South. He was sent canes from admirers, some etched with the words, “Hit canes from admirers, some etched with the words, “Hit him again”.him again”.

- Unremorseful, Brooks bragged about his - Unremorseful, Brooks bragged about his accomplishment say, “I gave him 30 first rate stripes, but accomplishment say, “I gave him 30 first rate stripes, but saved the head of my cane.” (It was gold.)saved the head of my cane.” (It was gold.)

“The Crime Against Kansas”

“The Crime Against Kansas”

Rep. Preston Brooks(D-SC)

Rep. Preston Brooks(D-SC)

Sen. Charles Sumner (R-

Ma.)

Sen. Charles Sumner (R-

Ma.)

Brooks-Sumner AffairBrooks-Sumner Affair• Northerners were again appalled at the violent Northerners were again appalled at the violent

spirit of the South. Mass. Voted Sumner back spirit of the South. Mass. Voted Sumner back in office even though he was too injured to in office even though he was too injured to serve. One of Mass. Senate seats sat empty serve. One of Mass. Senate seats sat empty as a sign to the South that they would not be as a sign to the South that they would not be intimidated.intimidated.

• As a result of this incident, members of As a result of this incident, members of Congress began carrying pistols and daggers Congress began carrying pistols and daggers into the capital building for personal protection.into the capital building for personal protection.

Dred Scott Decision- 1857

Dred Scott Decision- 1857

Dred Scott

Dred Scott DecisionDred Scott Decision• With Congress unable to solve the crisis, With Congress unable to solve the crisis,

the nation turned its’ eyes to a Supreme the nation turned its’ eyes to a Supreme Court ruling.Court ruling.

• The Dred Scott Decision was a victory for The Dred Scott Decision was a victory for the South, and for many in the North, a the South, and for many in the North, a giant leap backwards.giant leap backwards.

Dred Scott DecisionDred Scott Decision• The case was brought by Dred Scott, a slave, The case was brought by Dred Scott, a slave,

whose owner at one time, moved to Illinois whose owner at one time, moved to Illinois (bringing Scott with him). Eventually, Scott’s (bringing Scott with him). Eventually, Scott’s owner dies and Scott is given to another.owner dies and Scott is given to another.

• Scott will bring his case to court, saying that Scott will bring his case to court, saying that when he was brought into Illinois, he should when he was brought into Illinois, he should have been made free. The case will go all the have been made free. The case will go all the way to the Supreme Ct.way to the Supreme Ct.

Dred Scott DecisionDred Scott Decision

• Chief Justice, Roger B. Taney, Chief Justice, Roger B. Taney, will write the majority decision. will write the majority decision. Taney will deliver two major Taney will deliver two major findings:findings:– Scott had no business in court, Scott had no business in court,

the case should have never been the case should have never been heard. Blacks, free or slave, “had heard. Blacks, free or slave, “had no rights any white person needs no rights any white person needs to recognize.” Basically, African-to recognize.” Basically, African-Americans are not citizensAmericans are not citizens

– Congress has no right to deny Congress has no right to deny property to citizens. The Missouri property to citizens. The Missouri Compromise Line is, therefore, Compromise Line is, therefore, unconstitutional. In a sense, unconstitutional. In a sense, slavery could exist anywhere in slavery could exist anywhere in America.America.

Roger B. Taney

Dred Scott DecisionDred Scott Decision• The South was thrilled The South was thrilled

with the verdict, felt it with the verdict, felt it settled the issue once settled the issue once and for alland for all

• Northerners were Northerners were shocked. shocked.

Southerners were thrilled

The Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 1858The Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 1858

A House divided against itself, cannot stand.

A House divided against itself, cannot stand.

Lincoln-Douglas debatesLincoln-Douglas debates• 1858- Senate race in Illinois1858- Senate race in Illinois

• Well-known Stephen Douglas (Democrat) vs. Well-known Stephen Douglas (Democrat) vs. little known Abraham Lincoln (Republican)little known Abraham Lincoln (Republican)

• The 2 candidates will agree to a series of 7 The 2 candidates will agree to a series of 7 debates around the state of Illinois.debates around the state of Illinois.

• These debates will be followed by the entire These debates will be followed by the entire country because of the influence of Douglas.country because of the influence of Douglas.

• The two men express their views on slavery, The two men express their views on slavery, which set the ideology of both political parties.which set the ideology of both political parties.

Their views on slavery…Their views on slavery…• Douglas will continue to support the idea of Douglas will continue to support the idea of

popular sovereignty despite Lincoln’s attack on popular sovereignty despite Lincoln’s attack on it due to the results of “Bleeding Kansas.”it due to the results of “Bleeding Kansas.”

• Lincoln’s will eloquently state the Republican Lincoln’s will eloquently state the Republican Party’s view of slavery- while at the same time Party’s view of slavery- while at the same time hinting of what he personally believes should hinting of what he personally believes should happen.happen.

Republican View of SlaveryRepublican View of Slavery

““Slavery is a moral wrong. Slavery is a moral wrong. And one of the ways of And one of the ways of treating it as a wrong, is treating it as a wrong, is to not let it spread”to not let it spread”

““Slavery is like a cancer. Slavery is like a cancer. But, to cut it out of the But, to cut it out of the patient completely would patient completely would kill the patient. So we kill the patient. So we just don’t want the cancer just don’t want the cancer to spread.”to spread.”

Lincoln’s Personal Lincoln’s Personal View of Slavery- View of Slavery- perhaps a bit of perhaps a bit of foreshadowing?foreshadowing?

““A house divided A house divided cannot stand. We cannot stand. We cannot endure being cannot endure being half-free and half-half-free and half-slave. We must be slave. We must be one or the other”one or the other”

ResultsResults• Douglas wins the election in a very close vote.Douglas wins the election in a very close vote.

• However, northerners will now side with the However, northerners will now side with the Republican Party- who they viewed as being Republican Party- who they viewed as being moderate on the slavery issue.moderate on the slavery issue.

• Southerners who followed the debate feel the Southerners who followed the debate feel the Republican Party, and especially Lincoln, are a Republican Party, and especially Lincoln, are a threat to their way of life. They begin to state threat to their way of life. They begin to state that if a Republican is elected President in that if a Republican is elected President in 1860, they will be forced to leave the Union.1860, they will be forced to leave the Union.

John Brown’s Raidon Harper’s Ferry, 1859

John Brown’s Raidon Harper’s Ferry, 1859

John Brown @Harpers Ferry.comJohn Brown @Harpers Ferry.com• 1859- John Brown will lead an anti-slavery 1859- John Brown will lead an anti-slavery

attack on the town of Harper’s Ferry, Va. attack on the town of Harper’s Ferry, Va. • Harper’s Ferry contained an arsenal (storage of Harper’s Ferry contained an arsenal (storage of

weapons). Brown’s plan was to seize the weapons). Brown’s plan was to seize the arsenal, have slaves run from their owners, arsenal, have slaves run from their owners, give them each a weapon, and then sweep thru give them each a weapon, and then sweep thru the South to end slavery.the South to end slavery.

• Initially, Brown and his men (about 20) are Initially, Brown and his men (about 20) are successful, capturing some buildings and taking successful, capturing some buildings and taking a few hostages. Greatly alarmed, Pres. a few hostages. Greatly alarmed, Pres. Buchanan will order Buchanan will order Col. Robert E. LeeCol. Robert E. Lee down to down to Harper’s Ferry to put an end to the revolt.Harper’s Ferry to put an end to the revolt.

Lee’s small force of Lee’s small force of Marines storm the Marines storm the firehouse where Brown firehouse where Brown and his men were hiding, and his men were hiding, killing some of the men, killing some of the men, and capturing Brown.and capturing Brown.

Colonel Robert E Lee

Firehouse

Brown’s trial for treason was Brown’s trial for treason was quick. He was found quick. He was found guilty and sentenced to guilty and sentenced to death. On his way to the death. On his way to the gallows, he handed gallows, he handed someone a piece of someone a piece of paper. It read: “I, John paper. It read: “I, John Brown, am now quite Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never this guilty land will never be purged away, but with be purged away, but with blood.”blood.”

John Brown

ReactionsReactionsNorth- while many North- while many

disagreed with disagreed with Brown’s actions, for Brown’s actions, for others, he became a others, he became a hero. hero.

During the CW, Union During the CW, Union troops will sing a song troops will sing a song about him, “John about him, “John Brown’s Body”.Brown’s Body”.

Brown becomes a Brown becomes a martyr.martyr.

South- always fearful of a South- always fearful of a massive slave uprising, this massive slave uprising, this event scared them even event scared them even more.more.

They believe the North is now They believe the North is now full of “John Browns” full of “John Browns” waiting to come down waiting to come down South and cause further South and cause further insurrections.insurrections.

The South begins to form The South begins to form militias to combat what militias to combat what they believe is an eventual they believe is an eventual invasion.invasion.

18601860 Pres. Pres.

ElectionElection

18601860 Pres. Pres.

ElectionElection

√ Abraham Lincoln Republican √ Abraham Lincoln Republican John Bell

Constit. UnionJohn Bell

Constit. Union

S. DouglasNorthern Democrat

S. DouglasNorthern Democrat

John C. BreckinridgeSo. Dem. (&

V.P.)

John C. BreckinridgeSo. Dem. (&

V.P.)

1860

Election

Results

1860

Election

Results

Crittenden Compromise:A Last Ditch Appeal to

Sanity

Crittenden Compromise:A Last Ditch Appeal to

Sanity

Senator John J. Crittenden

(Know-Nothing-KY)

Senator John J. Crittenden

(Know-Nothing-KY)

Crittenden CompromiseCrittenden CompromiseAfter the election, and with Southern states After the election, and with Southern states

threatening to leave the Union, Sen. John threatening to leave the Union, Sen. John Crittenden attempted to pass legislation to Crittenden attempted to pass legislation to appease the South.appease the South.

- extend the Missouri Compromise line all - extend the Missouri Compromise line all the way to the Pacific, allowing slavery to exist the way to the Pacific, allowing slavery to exist south of the linesouth of the line

- use federal $ to reimburse slave holders - use federal $ to reimburse slave holders whose slaves had runawaywhose slaves had runaway

President-elect Lincoln told Republicans in President-elect Lincoln told Republicans in Congress to reject it, and they did.Congress to reject it, and they did.

Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860

Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860

Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861

Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861