resettlement action plan...esia and rap carried during october 2020 was initiated to integrate the...

Resettlement Action Plan Tigray Region

RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN

THE PROPOSED BAEKER AND MAI KADRA STAPLE CROPS PROCESSING

ZONE TIGRAY REGION IPDC, ETHIOPIA

TYPE OF DOCUMENT (VERSION) - PUBLIC

OCTOBER, 2020


PREAMBLE

This RAP report was an Initial document prepared together with the main ESIA report in July

2018 for the Baeker and Mai Kadra Staple Crops Processing Zone to fulfill the National EIA

requirements and AfDB ESS. The present RAP report was submitted together with the ESIA

report to the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) in early 2018

for review and approval, following which it was approved by the stated National competent

authority and has been issued with environmental clearance certificate to precede in late

2018. The review and approval process carried by the competent authority involved public

disclosure and information dissemination of the ESIA findings contained in the document

before issuance of the environmental clearance. The present review and update process of the

ESIA and RAP carried during October 2020 was initiated to integrate the proposed project

activities to be supported by the GCF funds.


CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 BACKGROUND 1

1.2 PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT 1

2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 3

2.1 GENERAL INFORMATION 3

2.2 PROJECT LOCATION 3

The Baeker IAIP, West Tigray Region 3

The Mai Kadra RTC, West Tigray Region 4

2.3 PROJECT RATIONALE 4

2.4 PROJECT COMPONENTS 6

The Baeker IAIP, West Tigray Region 6

The Mai Kadra RTC, West Tigray Region 6

2.5 CONSTRUCTION STATUS 6

3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDY 8

3.1 STUDY AREA COVERED BY THE WSP HOUSEHOLD SURVEY 8

3.2 INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT 8

The Formal Administration Structure 8

3.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA 9

Demographic Characteristic 9

Settlement Patterns and Migration Patterns 10

3.4 ECONOMIC AND LIVELIHOOD PRACTICES 10

3.5 EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE 11

Education and Literacy 12

3.6 WSP HOUSEHOLD SURVEY 12

Introduction 12

Methodology and Implementation of the Household Survey 13

3.7 BAEKER AND MAI KADRA HOUSEHOLD SURVEY RESULTS AND THEIR ANALYSIS 13


Gender and Age 13

Education 14

Employment 14

Asset Ownership 15

Household Income and Expenditures 15

Sources of Freshwater 16

Health Situation 16

Project Expectations 16

vulnerability among interviewed paps 17

4 LEGAL FRAMEWORK 18

4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF ETHIOPIA 18

4.2 LAND OWNERSHIP POLICY IN ETHIOPIA 18

4.3 LEGISLATION ON EXPROPRIATION OF LAND AND COMPENSATION PROCLAMATION NO. 455/2005 19

4.4 FDRE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS REGULATION NO. 135/2007 20

4.5 PROCLAMATION ON RURAL LAND ADMINISTRATION AND LAND USE 20

4.6 PROCLAMATION ON RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE 20

4.7 NATIONAL HIV/AIDS POLICY 21

4.8 NATIONAL POLICY ON WOMEN 22

4.9 HEALTH POLICY 22

4.10 EDUCATION AND TRAINING POLICY 22

4.11 INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL CONVENTIONS, PROTOCOLS AND AGREEMENTS 22

4.12 INTERNATIONAL GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS 23

The African Development Bank Group’s Integrated System 23

4.13 GAP ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL REQUIREMENTS AND ETHIOPIAN LAW 24

4.14 INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES FOR IMPLEMENTATION 24

Overview 24

4.15 INVOLVED PARTIES 25

5 PROJECT IMPACTS 27

5.1 IMPACTS OVERVIEW 27

5.2 IMPACTS RELATED TO PHYSICAL DISPLACEMENT 27

5.3 IMPACTS RELATED TO ECONOMIC DISPLACEMENT 27

5.4 OTHER IMPACTS 28


Social Conflicts 28

Occupational Health, Safety and Child Labour During Construction 29

Impacts on Vulnerable Groups 29

6 ELIGIBILITY TO COMPENSATION 31

6.1 OBJECTIVE 31

6.2 CRITERIA 31

eligibility for loss of property/assets 31

7 ESTIMATION OF LAND ACQUISITION COSTS 34

7.1 OBJECTIVE 34

7.2 SUMMARY OF LAND TAKE 34

7.3 COMPENSATION STRATEGY AND PROCESS 34

Compensation 35

7.4 ESTIMATES OF COSTS 36

8 LAND ACQUISITION PLANNING 37

8.1 KEY STEPS 37

8.2 SOCIAL REHABILITATION SUB PROGRAMME 38

Introduction and Function 38

Identified Potential Job Opportunities 38

Issues Raised and Problems Observed 38

9 COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AND CONSULTATIONS 39

9.1 OBJECTIVES 39

9.2 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION 39

9.3 ENGAGEMENT ACTIVITIES 39

Summary of Stakeholder Consultation Meeting in Humera, Baeker IAIP/Tigray 42

Summary of Community Consultation Meeting in Baeker IAIP, Tigray 44

Summary Report of Key Informant Interview – Mai Kadra RTC/Tigray 46

Summary Report of Key Informant Interview – Baeker IAIP/Tigray 49

9.4 ISSUES AND CONCERNS 50

Job Creation 51

10 GRIEVANCE MECHANISM PROCEDURE AND SYSTEM FOR CONFLICT MANAGEMENT 52


10.1 OBJECTIVES 52

Hierarchy of Grievance Redress 52

Grievance Redress Mechanism 52

11 MONITORING AND EVALUATION 55

11.1 OBJECTIVES 55

11.2 MONITORING 55

11.3 OUTPUT MONITORING 56

11.4 OUTCOME MONITORING 56

11.5 EVALUATION 56

11.6 INTERNAL EVALUATIONS 57

11.7 EXTERNAL EVALUATIONS 57

TABLES

Table 1: IAIP operational requirements 6

Table 2: Land Use and Land Cover in the Tigray Region, Source – Ministry of Agriculture

11

Table 3: Details on Alternative Sources of Income 16

Table 4: RAP Implementation Responsibilities 26

Table 5: Entitlement Matrix 32

Table 6: Land Take Summary (based on the data obtained from local authorities) 34

Table 6: Compensation Summary Form (based on the data obtained from IPDC) 36

Table 7: Earlier Consultation Activities 39

Table 8: Records of Consultations carried out by local authorities 41

Table 9: Details on local infrastructure as provided by key informants, Mai Kadra RTC 417

Table 10: Details on local infrastructure as provided by key informants, Baeker IAIP 417

Table 11 - Grievance redress committee member 53

FIGURES

Figure 1: Location of Baeker IAIP, Western Tigray Region, in relation to Baeker Town

3

Figure 2: Location of the Mai Kadra RTC, Western Tigray Region 4

Figure 3: Respondents’ gender and age 14

Figure 4: Reported educational level among respondents 14


Figure 5: Reported employment among respondents 15

Figure 6: Sources of freshwater Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 7: Stakeholder consultation meeting in Kafta Humera woreda administration office 44

Figure 8: Community participation meeting in Baeker town hall 46

Figure 9: Key informant interview (women and men) in Mai Kadra town, Tigray RTCP 48

Figure 10: Key informant interviews in Baeker town, Tigray IAIP 50

Figure 11: Monitoring & Evaluation Process 55

APPENDICES Appendix A - List of Project Affected People obtained as a result of Census

Estimated Compensation Costs

Appendix B - Questionnaire


TERMINOLOGY Affected People (also Project Affected People or PAPs)

Defined as those who stand to lose, as a result of the project, all or part of their physical and non- physical assets, such as homes and various structures, productive lands, as well as potentially common lands, grazing land, important cultural sites, commercial properties, tenancy, income-earning opportunities, and social and cultural networks and activities.

Census

Here means a census carried out by the IPDC to identify Project Affected Persons (PAPs) and assets for the purposes of the resettlement process.

Compensation

This refers to the payment in cash or in kind, to which the persons affected by the project are entitled to, as decreed by government regulations or laws in order to replace the lost asset, resource or income given in exchange for the acquisition of land including fixed assets thereon as well as other impacts resulting from program activities.

Compensation and Resettlement Committee

Compensation and Resettlement Committee is organised by woreda authorities and is typically responsible for:

• Clarifying policies and operational guidelines of the Committee;

• Coordinating and supervising the resettlement process by the Committee as stipulated in Federal and Regional guidelines;

• Ensuring that appropriate compensation procedures are followed.

Cut-off date and Census

Typically, this is the date when the census of PAPs within the project area boundaries is completed. This is the date on and beyond which any person whose land is occupied for program use, will not be eligible for compensation. For the Tigray IAIP Project, 31 January 2017 is the date when all local census and assets inventory activities by the woreda and kebele authorities were completed in the project area. The completion of the census (31 January 2017) marks the Cut-Off Date. In cases where residential and other buildings or any other improvements on land have been added after the cut-off date, such developments will not be compensated.

Entitlement

These are a range of measures that are due to affected people and aimed at restoring and improving their economic and social base. Depending on the nature of their losses, such measures typically include compensation and livelihood restoration assistance.

Expropriation

This is an action of a government in taking or modifying property rights of an individual in the exercise of its sovereignty, for public use otherwise known as the ‘greater good’.

Household

One person or a group of persons who share a residential structure (a house or a room) and typically share at least one meal a day as a group. A household does not necessarily equal to a typical family and may consist of one typical family, one person living alone, two or more families living together, or any other group of related or unrelated persons who share a residential structure and typically also cooking arrangements. The household is the basic eligibility unit and entitlements are allocated to households rather than individuals, including a married or co-habiting couple in the case of households based on a married couple, except for entitlements in respect of crops, which are allocated to individuals tending the crops and not households.


Household Survey

Here means a field survey carried out by the WSP team to interview Project Affected Persons (PAPs) to establish their socio-economic profile, so that IPDC can use it as a baseline and carry out regular monitoring of the PAPs circumstances to see if the mitigation measures restored or improved the PAPs’ livelihoods.

Land Acquisition

This means the repossession of or alienation of land, buildings or other assets thereon for purposes of the Project.

Land Plot

This refers to agricultural and/ or non-agricultural land plot cultivated by a project affected person.

Project Affected Area

Because of the nature of this project, project affected area is limited to the footprint of the proposed IAIP and RTC facilities and applicable auxiliary facilities, such as access roads. This includes areas in and adjacent to the construction areas and/ or other areas to be modified by the project.

Rehabilitation

Activities aimed at re-establishing incomes, livelihoods, living, and social systems enabling affected people to improve their living standards, earning capacity and production levels; or at least maintain them at pre-project levels.

Rehabilitation Assistance

This means the provision of development assistance for rehabilitation purposes (see above) and provided in addition to compensation. Such assistance can include, for example: land preparation, credit facilities, training or job opportunities needed to enable Project Affected Persons to regain or improve their livelihood.

Resettlement Action Plan (RAP)

A resettlement plan is typically prepared when land acquisition leads to physical displacement of persons (or a combination of economic and physical displacement), which includes loss of shelter, and / or loss of livelihoods and/ or loss, denial or restriction of access to economic resources. The objectives of this Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) are to:

▪ Summarise and document the land acquisition and resettlement process that has been started and by the local authorities in the project area;

▪ Highlight the gaps between the Ethiopian Land Acquisition legislation and the AfDB OS2 requirements; and

▪ Provide recommendations on how these gaps can be addressed in the situation where the resettlement process has already started.

Vulnerable Groups

Distinct groups of people that may suffer dis-proportionally from project related activities, as they are less able to cope with change. These may include female-headed households, widows or widowers, children, the elderly, the disabled, or ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities, orphans and other vulnerable individuals.


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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND The United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO) in coordination with the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE), as represented by Ministry of Industry (MoI) and the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA). These Ministries are working in partnership to establish an appropriate platform, in the form of Integrated Agro Industrial Parks (IAIPs), with the aim of transforming the agriculture sector. The concept of IAIPs is to integrate various value chain components via the cluster approach. Associated Rural Transformation Centres (RTCs) are to act as collection points for fresh farm feed and agricultural produce to be transported to the IAIPs where the processing, management, and distributing (including export) activities are to take place.

UNOPS in collaboration with WSP were appointed to undertake Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) study for the proposed IAIP and RTC facilities in the Tigray Region. As per instruction from the Ethiopian Government, in collaboration with UNIDO, the ESIA is to be undertaken in line with African Development Bank (AfDB) standards and local Ethiopian legislation. This ESIA study for the proposed development of the IAIP and RTC within the Tigray Region (the Project) has been completed and this Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for the Tigray facilities has been carried out in parallel with the ESIA activities. This RAP was prepared at the express request of the MoI and the associated Industrial Park Development Corporation (IPDC or Developer).

The project was discussed between the FDRE and the IPDC since late 2015, and early in 2016, the Government authorities initiated the land acquisition and resettlement process which was based on the National Legislation. This process included:

▪ site selection,

▪ surveying the affected project area,

▪ carrying out a census and also asset inventory survey, and

▪ estimating the compensation amounts due to Project Affected People (PAPs).

It is worthwhile mentioning that by the time the survey team guided by WSP was engaged on the project, the four above-mentioned land acquisition and resettlement activities have been already completed by the local and federal authorities in the Tigray region. The survey team, guided by WSP, has carried out household surveys in the area and interviewed those PAPs who were identified by the local authorities as “affected”. As the authorities have largely completed the land acquisition and resettlement process and some affected people have accepted compensation and moved on, the WSP surveyors made all efforts to locate and interview in summer and early autumn of 2017 those PAPs who are still residing in the area.

As the authorities have carried out land acquisition activities based on the Ethiopian Land Acquisition and Expropriation legislation, there is a risk that the activities initiated by the authorities could fall short of full compliance with the project best practice principles, such as the African Development Bank Operational Safeguard 2 – Involuntary Resettlement (AfDB OS2, as amended in December 2015), and this RAP includes a number of additional measures to be implemented by IPDC to achieve full compliance with the AfDB OS 2 requirements

As such, this RAP includes: census data on PAPs collected previously by the IPDC and national authorities, assessment of the WSP-collected household data on PAPs, details of the consultation process, legal and policy framework, and recommendations for local authorities and IPDC with regards to how to ensure that the Amhara Project complies with the AfDB OS2 requirements on Involuntary Displacement.

This RAP is prepared in line with the policy, legal and institutional framework of the FDRE; and also policies and guidelines on involuntary resettlement of the AfDB.

Based on the census data collected by the IPDC, the proposed Tigray Project (including the IAIP and RTC facilities) will result in 40 PAPs being economically displaced by the proposed development, where the project footprint will cover the land plots cultivated by these 40 PAPs.

1.2 PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT The main objectives of this document are to:


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▪ Summarise and document the land acquisition process that has been already started by the local authorities in the project area;

▪ Highlight the gaps between the Ethiopian Land Acquisition legislation and the AfDB OS2 requirements; and

▪ Provide recommendations on how these gaps can be addressed in the situation where the land acquisition process has already started, aiming to restore AfDB OS2 compliance on the proposed Integrated Agro Industrial Parks (IAIPs) and Rural Transformation Centres (RTCs) development sites in the West Tigray Region, specifically in the Baeker and Mai Kadra Town.


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Baeker IAIP Site

Baeker Town

2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

2.1 GENERAL INFORMATION The FDRE committed to a five-year undertaking, as part of the first Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP I), to build the foundation to launch the Country from a predominantly agrarian economy into industrialisation. Among the sectors to which the second Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP II) gives emphasis is manufacturing and industrialisation; and a central element in this strategy is the development and expansion of industrial parks and villages around the country.

The development of IAIPs and accompanying RTCs forms part of the government-run Industrial Parks Development Corporation’s (IPDC) strategy to make Ethiopia’s agricultural sector globally competitive. The concept is driven by a holistic approach to develop integrated Agro Commodity Procurement Zones (ACPZs) and IAIPs with state of the art infrastructure facilities with backward and forward linkages based on the lines of the Inclusive and Sustainable Industrial Development model.

A total of 17 ACPZs have been identified, of which four have been selected for the establishment of pilot IAIP and RTC facilities. This report relates to the Baeker IAIP and Mai Kadra RTC located in the Tigray Region.

2.2 PROJECT LOCATION

THE BAEKER IAIP, WEST TIGRAY REGION

The proposed Baeker IAIP falls under the jurisdiction of Baeker Town of the Kafta Humera Woreda within the Western administrative zone in the Tigray Region (Figure 1). The site abuts the highway which connects Gondar and Humera which are approximately 220 km southeast and 35 km northwest of the site respectively. As the proposed site is located close to Humera, the major town of the zone, it allows the proposed development to tap into the existing social infrastructure in terms of banking, financial, recreational and logistics support. The town of Baeker, located approximately 10 km southeast of the site, has also been identified to provide support to a limited extent. The site is geographically located between 1551441.444 N to 1553690.188 N, and 258456.447 E to 260555.195 E (UTM coordinates).

Figure 1: Location of Baeker IAIP, Western Tigray Region, in relation to Baeker Town


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Maykadra

RTC Site

The proposed Baeker IAIP is 255.14 hectares (ha) in extent. The IAIP is anticipated to be a pilot facility with the intended extent of development to ultimately reach a total 1,000 ha. Based on the success of the project the IAIP will ultimately be expanded within the remainder of the earmarked land. Note, this report only pertains to the assessment of the 255.14 ha pilot development. Future expansion of the IAIP will require separate environmental and social assessments to be undertaken.

Currently the land is used solely for agricultural purposes, predominantly the production of sesame. There are no dwellings on the site or other social infrastructure.

The area surrounding the IAIP site consists of agricultural land including land for crop production and open grassland for grazing, limited very low density settlements and support infrastructure such as roads and electrical power lines. The area includes mixed vegetation as well as the Samina River, located approximately 1.5 km east of the proposed site. A large portion of the area includes barren / degraded land. Table 2.1 provides a rough breakdown of the various land use patterns identified within a 5 km radius of the IAIP site.

THE MAI KADRA RTC, WEST TIGRAY REGION

The proposed Mai Kadra RTC site (Figure 2) is located approximately 1.5 km south of town of Mai Kadra, 25 km south of Humera, and approximately 23 km west of the Baeker IAIP (50 km by road via Humera). The proposed site falls under the jurisdiction of Mai Kadra town, located in the Western Zone of the Tigray Region. The proposed RTC abuts the highway that connects Humera and Sudan. The site is geographically located between 1554941.124 N to 1555276.552 N and 237326.294 E to 237636.305 E (UTM coordinates).

Figure 2: Location of the Mai Kadra RTC, Western Tigray Region

The site is located on the eastern side of the highway and is surrounded by agricultural land (predominantly crops). The development edge of Mai Kadra commences approximately 500 m north of the site. A 33 kV overhead power line runs parallel to the site on the western side of the highway.

2.3 PROJECT RATIONALE The agricultural industry in Ethiopia faces the following challenges:

▪ Disorganised and fragmented land holdings;


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▪ Absence of an integrated channel to link ‘farm gate to food plate’;

▪ Weak infrastructure, limited support services to farmers;

▪ 50% of Food Industries concentrated in & around Addis Ababa;

▪ Inability to tap the growing domestic & international markets; and

▪ Lack of coordination of value chain and actors.

The implications of the above challenges are that approximately 65 million farmers are not currently linked to industry. Moreover Ethiopia has a competitive advantage in several crops such as oil seeds and cotton, and horticultural crops such as fruits and vegetables. However, this advantage is often lost due to poor linkages with agro-industry and limited knowledge of efficient farming practices. Furthermore, the fragmented nature of the agricultural sector further compounds the inefficiencies inherent in the current market.

Although food-processing industries are present in Ethiopia, they are currently restricted in production by the availability of raw materials. The restriction on raw material input is related mainly to access, but also to the quality of the produce which results in inefficient handling chains, post-harvest losses and higher prices. Investment and development of the agro- industrial sector will in turn improve the economy by converting the agro-export from primary, unprocessed products to processed products, which will underpin economic growth for this sector and the country as a whole. The primary limitation to this proposed agro-industrial growth is the lack of adequate infrastructure. The development of agro-industries presents Ethiopia with an opportunity to accelerate economic development and achieve its industrial development goals.

Furthermore, Ethiopia benefits from the United States’ (US) African Growth and Opportunity Act, a law that gives many African countries duty-free export privileges to the US market. Opportunities also exist to obtain duty-free entry into the European Union (EU) countries, Canada and Japan. If addressed correctly, agro-industries can help fulfil the potential of agriculture and advance industrialization in the country. The production of higher value products has been identified to be critical to achieving this transformation.

The IAIPs will have comparative advantages in terms of cost and efficiency allowing industries to ‘pool resources and curb shortages’ in the course of production. The intention is for the IAIPs to be a ‘one- stop-shop’ for agricultural industries and to facilitate and boost the export earnings for Ethiopia, which is currently restricted to coffee and sesame exports. Investors, both local and foreign, will also be attracted to incentives ranging from 70 percent loans from state banks without collateral, duty free import of machineries and spare parts, to export tax exemption.

The overall objectives of the IAIPs are to:

▪ Drive the structural transformation of the Ethiopian economy;

▪ Reduce rural poverty through the integration of smallholder farmers, small-scale processing enterprises and allied industries in commercial value chains; and

▪ Create a better environment for increased investment in agro-food and allied sectors.

The IAIPs will:

▪ Create supply-chain infrastructure;

▪ Increase total flows of investment in agro-industry - both in terms of skills and capital;

▪ Foster linkages between agriculture and agro-industry;

▪ Provide a close interface between research, extension mechanisms, industry and farmers in the agricultural sector;

▪ Increase value addition and reduce wastages, thereby increasing the income of farmers;

▪ Produce better quality products to increase Ethiopia’s share in manufacturing value addition in the GDP;

▪ Create rural employment, off-farm broad based income opportunities and improve quality of life in rural areas;

▪ Assist small-scale agro-industrial enterprises to remain competitive in global markets; and

▪ Facilitate commercialisation of agriculture and increase exports of processed and value added agro-products.


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The overall goal of the Government’s Industrial Development Strategy (IDS) is to bring about the accelerated structural transformation of the economy through enhancing industrialization, raising the share of the industrial sector of GDP from the current 13% to 27% by 2025, and the GDP share of the manufacturing sub-sector from the current 4% to 18% by 2025.

The development of IAIPs is prioritised in Ethiopia’s national development strategy and is a core component of the current Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP II, 2015-2020).

The proposed Project will be an important source of foreign currency inflows and taxes, as well as creating significant direct and indirect employment in the region. As a large regional project the IAIP and RTC has the potential to act as a catalyst for development of the region.

2.4 PROJECT COMPONENTS

THE BAEKER IAIP, WEST TIGRAY REGION

The 255.14 ha IAIP is comprised of a processing area of 226.74 ha, a non-processing area of 23.04 ha, an existing stream bed of 2.72 ha and a green buffer area on either side of the stream bed of 2.64 ha. Most residents in the region are subsistence farmers with practices including the rearing of live animals as well as growing several crop types. The IAIP is designed to focus on processing cereals, sesame, livestock as well as fruits and vegetables and the brewery processing industry.

The IAIP includes the associated infrastructure required to effectively process all the materials. These include water and electrical supply infrastructure, sewage treatment works, roads and storage areas. Quality control and assurance facilities are also included within the park along with support and training facilities. The non-processing area of the site includes a residential with supporting facilities such as a school, places of worship and commercial areas. The park also includes communal greenery and open spaces making up approximately 16% of the total area. The total greenery and open space area across the overall masterplan will be significantly higher than this as every development parcel may only make use of a maximum of 75% of the land under possession. This requirement is set within Article 5(5) of the Industrial Parks Council of Ministers Regulations No. 417/2017.

Table 1 provides an indication of the raw material and growing area required for the effective operation of the IAIP according to the design process undertaken to date.

Table 1: IAIP operational requirements

ITEM QUANTITY

Raw Materials Required 897,522 MTPA

Growing Area Required 524,706 ha

THE MAI KADRA RTC, WEST TIGRAY REGION

The main operations at the RTC facilities will include semi-processing, preparation, sorting and selecting certain agricultural commodities that will be supplied to the IAIP for further processing, including:

▪ Cereals and pulses;

▪ Livestock;

▪ Dairy products including milk; and

▪ Vegetables.

The Mai Kadra RTC site covers an extent of 8.10 ha which consists of agricultural land (crops). No dwellings are present on the site, or any other social infrastructure.

The RTC is to be focused on fruits, vegetables, cereals, livestock, milk, eggs and honey. Furthermore the RTC contains a quality control laboratory and other social infrastructure such as a rural market, training centre and crèche. The social infrastructure provides the necessary support for the occupant industries in the RTC.

2.5 CONSTRUCTION STATUS A summary of the current construction status for the Tigray IPDC and RTC sites and the respective infrastructure is provided below based on the latest information provided by the IPDC:


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▪ Tigray Road and Construction Enterprise has a year contract to construct the compound wall for the IAIP site and the RTC site. The wall construction is approximately 80% complete;

▪ SUR Construction PLC have been appointed to construct the horizontal infrastructure and common building facilities at the IAIP Baeker and Mai Kadra sites, including:

- At the IAIP, the road network, residential apartments and houses, administrative building, information kiosk and marketing facilities, poly clinic, retail space, training centre, sewerage system, internal power distribution lines and water supply network etc..

- At the RTC, the aggregation centre, general amenity, livestock preparation shed, milk collection testing and storage, receiving warehouse shed, rural market building, livestock receiving shed, stormwater infrastructure, road network, internal power distribution lines, sewerage distribution, and water supply lines. The company has surveyed the site and cleared it, delivered construction materials to the site, mobilised machinery and equipment and started the construction work, and

- Storm water collection. For Deep bore well water works among the 4 deep bore well contract

the progress :

o 2 deep bore well completed for RTC,

o 1 deep bore well completed for IAIP, and

o 1 deep bore well reaches 48% for IAIP.

▪ Tigray Water Works Construction Enterprise has been appointed to undertake the deep well drilling. On both sites drilling has commenced and is estimated to be 50% complete at Baeker (43% complete), while on Mai Kadra it has progressed to approx. 18% of completion.


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3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDY

3.1 STUDY AREA COVERED BY THE WSP HOUSEHOLD SURVEY In addition to the list of affected people provided by the local authorities, during the August-September 2017 period the survey team guided by WSP undertook a household survey in the project area to create a socio-economic baseline of the affected people to ensure compliance with the AfDB OS2 requirements. Such baseline data is not required by the National Land Acquisition legislation (see full Legal Framework Analysis in Chapter 4).

Based on the obtained data, this Chapter of the report provides a demographic, cultural and economic overview of the Project Area and also describes the physical infrastructure and services available in the Household Survey Area.

Both the proposed Baeker IAIP and Mai Kadra RTC sites are located in the West Tigray Zone of the Tigray Region. The IAIP site is located within the wider footprint of the Baeker town and is 25 km away from the Humera town, the capital of the West Tigray Zone. Humera town is approximately 975 km distance from Addis Ababa.

The IAIP footprint in the West Tigray Zone will occupy approximately 258.62 hectares. The land planned for the IAIP development, was previously predominantly state-owned but used by local farmers for agricultural activities. After this project was taken forward, by the end of 2016 the Government initiated the land acquisition process and by the end of January 2017 completed a census of affected people.

In total, 40 PAPs were identified as being economically displaced by the project, including: thirty one (31) PAPs in the Baeker IAIP facilities area and nine (9) PAPs in the Mai Kadra RTC facilities area. Some affected PAPs had already agreed to accept the alternative/substitute land plots which are located approximately 200 m from the proposed IAIP site. In January 2018 the Tigray IPDC confirmed that the local government authorities have allocated some land plots for in-kind land compensation.

The Area of Influence (AoI) can be defined as the area which will be affected by the proposed Project activities during the pre-construction, construction operations and closure / decommissioning phases. Given the nature of the Project and its anticipated impacts, the Project AoI for socio-economic aspects and the associated baseline description covers:

▪ The area likely to be affected by the proposed Project activities during the pre-construction, construction operations and closure / decommissioning phases (noise, dust and congested roads, etc.);

▪ The IAIP and RTC sites with households whose land and assets will be affected by the project (economic displacement).

3.2 INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT

THE FORMAL ADMINISTRATION STRUCTURE

Ethiopia has a federal system of government which was established in the early 1990s, in accordance with the Charter of the Transitional Government adopted in 1991. The national constitution supports a pluralist political system. The country is headed by a Constitutional President, Mulatu Teshome.

Ethiopia is divided into nine National Regional States and two city administrations. Each state is drawn along ethno-linguistic lines and is endowed with a degree of self–rule. Each state is headed by a state president which is elected by the state council. These states are further divided into 103 Zones (sub-regions), 800 Woredas (districts), and 15,000 Kebeles (the lowest administrative units). Each Regional State (including Tigray) has its own regional government.

The Tigray Region includes seven administrative zones, and the project area falls under the West Tigray (or Mi’irabawi) Zone and the Kafta Humera woreda which covers Humera and Mai Kadra towns (see Figure 8-10 below for further details of the project area location). The Baeker IAIP project area is located in close proximity to Humera town and thus is close to the border with Eritrea (just seen on the map), while the Mai Kadra RTC project area is located close to the border with Sudan.

Overall, the Tigray Region is further divided into 52 woredas (districts) which, under Ethiopia’s decentralised system of government, have their own governing councils.


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3.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA

DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTIC

Country- and Region-Level Data

Ethiopia experiences significant cross-border immigration from surrounding countries including farmers in search of grazing grounds and water, traders and merchants as well as frequent and significant influx from Somalia, Sudan, and Eritrea caused by conflict and drought. According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Ethiopia received a substantial number of new immigrants in late 2014 (particularly from South Sudan), leading to a total population of more than 729,000 immigrants in early 2015, who are mainly accommodated in camps throughout the country.

The population in the Tigray region exceeds 5 million people; while the Kafta Humera woreda has 92,167 people (Census 2007 data) where over 67% of the total woreda population live in rural areas. The total woreda population is split between 48% of women and 52% of men. In the woreda rural areas, nearly 30% of the population is represented by children of 0-14 years of age, while the demographic group of 15-34 year olds makes 25% of the woreda rural population. Hence, 55% of the rural population of the Kafta Humera woreda is made by children and young people up to 34 years of age. In the region, 5.3% of the adult population is a widow or a widower.

With an area of 4,542.33 square kilometres, Kafta Humera has a population density of 20.29, which is less than the Zone average of 28.94 persons per square kilometre; 30,234 or 32.80% are urban inhabitants. A total of 23,449 households were counted in this woreda, resulting in an average of 3.93 persons to a household, and 22,259 housing units.

Based on the Census 2007 data, 1.6% of the region’s population is disabled or suffers from a serious disease, which matches the woreda disability level. The top three disability types at the woreda level (among both genders) are: blindness or difficulties with seeing (24%), non-functioning lower limbs (19%) and deafness or hearing difficulties (15%). At the regional level, 10% of all children between 0- 18 years of age are orphans (one or both parents are dead), while at the woreda level this number is higher and orphans make nearly 12% of all 0-18 year old children in the Kafta Humera woreda. Only 54% of the 5-35 year olds in the Tigray Region are literate, and the literacy levels are dropping among older population, where only 27% of 36-60 year olds in the region are literate. The literacy levels are even lower at the Zone level, where only 41% of the 5-35 year olds and 23% of the 36-60 year olds are literate. In other words, more than half of young people in the Western Zone are illiterate and ¾ of the older generation are illiterate at the Zone level. Over 35% of working age people in the Region are looking for jobs or economically inactive.

It is interesting that the 35-55 year olds which are typically the highest earning demographic group reaching their maximum earning potential, make only 9.4% of the total rural population of woreda.

Household Size and Condition

According to the World Bank 2016 data, statistically there are 4.8 people per household in Ethiopia.

Housing is one of the basic needs for human beings. Housing condition (standard and quality) is one of the manifestations that shows the economic growth of a country, since it has a direct relationship to the economic development and wealth of a nation. Ethiopia’s growing population and rapid rate of urbanization has been exerting substantial pressure on housing. The challenges for lower income households to acquire their own home are twofold: lack of affordable, good quality housing stock and the difficulty of obtaining housing finance. During the past decades, there have been efforts by the government to provide housing for the people in urban areas. The Government had launched an Integrated Housing Programs, which are highly subsidized to enhance private ownership of houses and to create job opportunities that contributed for the improvement of the aesthetic beauty of urban areas.

The condition of houses in rural Ethiopia is at a very low or poor standard. The type and quality of construction materials that has been used for the construction of houses vary from place to place depending on the availability of construction materials, on the climatic condition of the area, plot size, approved design, etc. In rural areas, most houses are constructed from wood and mud and covered with thatched /grass roof.


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Ethnicity and Religion

Two largest ethnic groups reported in West Tigray Zone were the Tigray (92.28%), and Amhara (6.48%); all other ethnic groups made up 1.24% of the population. Tigrinya is spoken as a first language by 87%, and Amharic by 12.18%; the remaining people spoke other languages.

Over 90% of the Tigray Region population belongs to the Ethiopian Orthodox church, while the remaining 10% of the region’s population are Protestants, Catholics, Islamists and traditional value believers. At the woreda level, the number of Ethiopian Orthodox believers is a bit higher and reaches 95% of the total woreda population.

SETTLEMENT PATTERNS AND MIGRATION PATTERNS

Ethiopia is experiencing a strong economic growth and migration trends. The reports of the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (MoLSA) registered 460,000 legal migrants between September 2008 and August 2013, the majority of whom obtained overseas jobs as domestic workers. 79% of such people were travelling to Saudi Arabia, 20% to Kuwait and the rest to Dubai and other countries.

One of the major reasons for such significant migration is believed to be the shortage of land that can be made available to the youth and young families. Only vacant land whose owners are died is usually transferred to the youth on the basis of age of applicants. However, the amount of such land being available for internal re-distribution among community members is limited.

Local communities are witnessing the changes brought by such migration, where the improved well- being in the families with migrant’ members are pushing other families to take the same decision and send one of their members to work overseas.

This situation overlaps with the dynamic of Eritrean refugees, with a number of refugee settlements (often not official) could be located in the Tigray region, and secondary movements are very common inside the country and towards external destinations.

3.4 ECONOMIC AND LIVELIHOOD PRACTICES In Ethiopia all land belongs to the State; whilst land can be leased to private individuals, they cannot own it. The Constitution provides for equal access, use, transfer and administration over land. It grants access to agricultural land for rural residents, and allows all inhabitants to utilise the land for farming. Farmers and pastoralists could be granted lifetime ‘holding rights’ giving them rights to farm the land except for its sale and mortgage.

Land is state property in Ethiopia and citizens have user rights. Inheritance of user rights is allowed, but land use rights may not be mortgaged. Unlike the rest of the country, the Tigray regional state has a gender-progressive land proclamation and progressively implements it. Here, land registration took place very early and both husbands and wives have equal rights to land: land is registered under both of their names and upon separation and dissolution of marriage; they take away equal shares of the land. However, this depends on communities, as some local communities practice polygamy, and in such families the names of the husband and his first wife are often recorded in the land certificate.

In 2014/2015 the average annual income of a typical farmer in the country involved in cultivating sesame was 3261 Birr1. In 2017 market price of sesame was very high and reached 2,800 Birr per quintal2.

Tigray, the northernmost region in Ethiopia, is most known for its serious land degradation problems. Much of the woodland in Tigray started to disappear in the early 1960s under pressure from the rapidly growing population. In the region, a short and variable rainy season in combination with degraded soils resulted in low soil productivity and frequent crop failures. As a result, the local population is structurally dependent on food aid.

In the last two decades, farmers in Tigray made significant environmental rehabilitation efforts. Among the recent efforts towards enhancing agricultural development in the region, rainwater harvesting has

1 Analysis of Sesame Marketing Chain in Ethiopia (2015), published in Journal of Education and Practice, 2017 2 Sesame Market Price, 2017 Publication - http://sbnethiopia.org/sesame-market-price/

http://sbnethiopia.org/sesame-market-price/


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been widely adopted because supplementary irrigation is essential for crop production during dry spells.

The Regional land use and land cover details are presented in Table 2.

Table 2: Land Use and Land Cover in the Tigray Region, Source – Ministry of Agriculture

Land use/Land cover Type Area (ha) Percentage (%)

Cultivated Land 1,434,792 28.21

Grassland 1,158,681 22.78

Bush and shrub land 1,840,918 36.20

Woodland 295,082 5.80

Natural forest 9.407 0.18

Afro alpine land 670 0.02

Exposed rocks and soil 335,569 6.60

Water bodies and wetlands 8,053 0.16

Urban development 2,610 0.05

TOTAL 5,085,782 100.00

In Tigray, agriculture contributes around 57% to the regional GDP, of which 36% is from crop production and about 17 and 4% is from livestock and forestry respectively. Rainfed crop production is the main economic activity for over 85% of the population, supplemented by livestock rearing under mixed-subsistence systems. The average land holding in the highlands of the region is less than a hectare. The main crops cultivated in the region are wheat and barley. Small amounts of vetch, teff and lentils are produced to supplement income. The decision to grow short cycle crops is to some extent influenced by the oftentimes unreliable rainy season.

The availability of water for both human and animal consumption is a serious problem in the Region. In most cases, water is purchased from hand pumps and some households have no choice but to drink from rivers and ponds. Drinking from open water sources exposes local communities to water- borne diseases.

3.5 EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE According to a 24 May 2004 World Bank Regional Characterisation Report in Ethiopia, 6% of the inhabitants of the Zone have access to electricity, and this zone has a road density of 23.3 kilometres per 1000 square kilometres. Rural households have an average of 1 hectare of land (compared to the national average of 1.01 and a regional average of 0.51) and an average 1.3 head of livestock.

Of all eligible children, 55% are enrolled in primary school, and 16% in secondary schools. 100% of the zone is exposed to malaria.

The Tigray region coverage in water supply stands at 73 per cent. In spite of the regional government and development partners’ efforts, groundwater levels are declining, contributing to the interruption of many shallow water supply schemes. This is also associated with the persistent droughts that occur throughout the region. Several community water points have also suffered from the declining water levels, forcing women and children to spend more time each day fetching water from far water sources. Usually, the water collected is insufficient in terms of quantity and quality, thereby leading to the transmission of water borne diseases.

The major source of potable water for the region is mainly from groundwater resource:

▪ Hand dug well construction;

▪ Shallow well drilling up to 60 meter depth;

▪ Spring development; and

▪ Deep water well drilling mainly for urban and semi urban towns.


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The use of surface water for domestic water supply is not so much practiced in the region. Adwa water supply and currently Axum water supply are the only towns in the region (2011) that use surface water source from Dam source built at Adwa area. In 2010, the number of water supply schemes was:

▪ 4,944 hand dug wells fitted with hand pump

▪ 1,265 developed spring sources

▪ 3,655 shallow well sources equipped with hand pump

▪ 186 motorised water sources in the region.

From the above schemes, 481 hand dug wells (9.73%), 375 (10.26%) shallow wells, 254 (20.08%) springs and 18 (9.8%) motorised schemes were non -functional schemes (2011). From the total water supply schemes in the region in 2010, 1128 (11.2%) water supply schemes were non-functional.

No social infrastructure was noted to be located on the IAIP site itself or in the vicinity. It was indicated that all of the healthcare, religious and schooling infrastructure for the area is located in Baeker (town) and the surrounding area.

EDUCATION AND LITERACY

At the national level3, the majority of Ethiopians have little or no education, with females been less educated than males. Based on the latest National Census data, 48% of females and 37% of males have never attended school. 42% females and 48% males have only primary education, while 3% of females and 4% of males completed primary education and did not attend secondary school. Only 5% of females and 6% of males have attended but not completed secondary education, and an additional 3% of females and 5% of males have completed secondary or higher education. In urban areas, 42% of the population are illiterate.

Education plays a crucial role in the process of social and economic transformation and stands as a key poverty reduction. Taking into account the role education plays in the socio-economic development, the Ethiopian government has paid great attention to promoting education in various regions of the country including the study project area. Accordingly, the project area regional bureau has made also various efforts for the developments of education in the region to this end, general project Woredas are no exception.

There is a primary school (grade 1-8) and secondary school (grades 9-10) in Baeker. The primary school caters for 133 children and has 4 primary teachers; while the secondary school has over 250 pupils looked after by 5 teachers. Based on the Census data, 19.28% of the Kafta Humera woreda population were considered literate, which is greater than the Zone average of 9.01%. Over 25% of children aged 7–12 in woreda were in primary school, which is greater than the Zone average of 11%.

However, based on the Demographic and Health Survey in Ethiopia carried by Unicef in 2014, only 15% of surveyed females in Tigray received education after primary school, while 85% of surveyed females received either some primary education or no primary education. For surveyed males under the same Unicef survey, 20% of surveyed males completed primary education and received post- primary education, while around 80% of surveyed males received either some or no primary education.

3.6 WSP HOUSEHOLD SURVEY

INTRODUCTION

To create a reliable social baseline for the people that might be affected by the project and to comply with the investors’ requirements and policies, a household survey was carried out by the survey team guided by WSP, with the following objectives:

▪ To supplement the census data previously obtained by local authorities;

▪ To learn about local peoples’ attitude towards, and expectations from, the Project, and

3 National Census Data


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▪ Create a socio-economic baseline against which social parameters can be measured in the future to ensure compliance with the AfDB OS2 principles and that the suggested social mitigation measures are adequate.

METHODOLOGY AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY

To ensure the quality of social baseline, a two-page concise questionnaire was prepared for the household survey. The questionnaire focussed on both quantitative and qualitative data and also on two main and interrelated aspects: socio-economics and health.

The questionnaire was designed to be coded for easier analysis of the collected data, and included questions on:

▪ Demographic profile (e.g. age, gender, family structure);

▪ Occupational profile, employment and income sources and expenditure;

▪ Education (all levels);

▪ Asset ownership (including agricultural and residential plots, cars, household technology);

▪ Health data, and

▪ Concerns and expectations related to the Project.

During the household survey, local residents in the Baeker and Mai Kadra area were interviewed during working hours and also in the evenings, to ensure that various groups of respondents were available for the survey. Most of the respondents were represented by the heads of households, who typically are better informed about their household’s socio-economic activities.

Surveyors made an effort to ensure wider gender participation and to capture the views of housewives and other groups. Those respondents, who were illiterate, were assisted by the surveyors writing down the respondents’ verbal answers.

To address some respondents’ sensitivity about answering personal questions (e.g., on income sources, salaries, land ownership), a short introduction about the purpose of the survey was given to all people before inviting them to take part in the survey. The short introduction covered a brief summary of the project and expected dates of construction and commissioning. This introduction was useful in securing a good response rate and contributed to positive engagement with the local residents and robust social baseline methodology and approach.

The household survey took place throughout the Baeker and Mai Kadra areas. In total, 20 households whose assets might be affected by the project were approached, resulting in 20 filled-in questionnaires for the Tigray Regions sites.

The “raw” data obtained during the household survey, was first checked for quality and uploaded into the Excel spread sheet which was later analysed by the social expert at WSP.

3.7 BAEKER AND MAI KADRA HOUSEHOLD SURVEY RESULTS AND THEIR ANALYSIS

GENDER AND AGE

Both women and men were encouraged to participate in the household survey which resulted in approximately 70% and 30% of the questionnaires being answered by men and women, respectively.

All of the respondents chose to disclose their age. 20% of the questionnaires were answered by people who were between 24-35 years of age, 30% were between 36-45 year olds, 20% were between 46-55 year olds, 25% were between 56-65 year olds and 5% were >66. Around three quarters of all respondents were noted as being in their mid-20s to mid-50s (70%) (see Figure 3 below).


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Gender

Male

Femal

e

Age

24-35

36-45

46-55

56-65

>66

Figure 3: Respondents’ gender and age

Of the respondents, 50% were residing in the Baeker town for the proposed IAIP and 50% were residing in the Humera town for the proposed RTC which helped to create a balanced insight into the affected people at both sites.

EDUCATION

Two thirds of respondents within the 56-65 and >66 age group reported having had no form of education (67%). However, those in the 24-35 year age bracket had either a primary education (25%) high school education (25%) or a Higher/University Degree (25%), with a quarter of 24-35 year old respondents having received only some or no primary education (25%).

The educational profile has been further enhanced by the additional analysis of the education level of the interviewee’s family members within each household visited. The extended collection of the education data on other family members revealed that 20.4% had not finished their basic schooling or had no education. This compares favourably with the reported Tigray regional statistics, with 85% of surveyed females and 80% of surveyed males receiving only some or no primary education.

In contrast, a large proportion of the family members (61.1%) included in the surveys finished a primary school at a minimum. The surveys showed that a much lower percentage of family members went on to further education, with 11.1% and 7.4% as having a high school education and a Higher/University Degree education level, respectively. There were no respondents reporting having a Technical Diploma. In summary, low education attainment levels were noted among the interviewed affected people in the project area, where the majority of interviewees and their immediate adult family members mostly finished a primary school.

Figure 4: Reported educational level among respondents

EMPLOYMENT

The employment profile also has been further enhanced by asking about the employment situation of other family members, in addition to the employment data on interviewees themselves. Over half (55.6%) of the respondents defined themselves as a farmer, while 15% of the respondents defined themselves as either a civil servant (7.5%) or employed within a business or trade (7.5%).


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All of the respondents’ spouses were employed, with 75% stating farming as their primary occupation. The questionnaires showed that 10% of the respondents were unemployed. This is a significantly low level of unemployment that was expected in the project area.

Employment

Farmer

Pensioner

Unemployed

Civil Servant

Buisness/Tr

ad Other

Figure 5: Reported employment among respondents

In addition, 26% of the interviewees gave their occupation as ‘Other’. Other occupations were mentioned, too including a daily labourer, student, etc.

ASSET OWNERSHIP

Although most of the respondents have irregular and unpredictable income (derived mainly through agricultural activities), ownership of electronic goods in the interviewed households was high.

The majority of the respondents stated that they owned the following assets: a mobile phone was owned by 95% of the respondents, a television and satellite dish by 85%, a refrigerator was owned by 50% and a radio was also owned by 50% of the surveyed households.

However, 90% of respondents have no access to the internet in their homes and none of the respondents had access to a washing machine in their homes.

85% and 70% of the surveyed respondents are currently living in the houses or have land that belong to them (owner-occupiers), respectively. Furthermore, 75% owned goats or chickens, which demonstrates how important animal husbandry is for supplementary income in the survey area.

Personal transport ownership is low, with only 10% of respondents stating they owned a car and another 10% of respondents stating they owned a bike. It should be noted that one of the households participating in the questionnaire owned both a car and a bike, indicating that personal transport ownership is even lower than the percentages originally suggest.

The survey asked respondents to list any areas of cultural heritage within the area. Exactly a quarter of the respondents (all from Baeker town) stated that there were areas of cultural significance located nearby, whilst 75% of respondents stated that there were not. Areas of cultural heritage reported included the Siye Park, Sheraro National Park and the Kalay Agob (Holly Water); the distance of these areas from the wider project area ranged from 5km to 40km. Respondents were also asked the distance to the nearest cemetery from their home, this ranged from 0.2km to 1.5km, with an average of 1.07km.

HOUSEHOLD INCOME AND EXPENDITURES

Questions about people’s income and expenses are traditionally challenging and a high percentage of people often opt out and chose not to answer such questions. In the case of this socio-economic survey, the survey team made an effort to engage with people and explained at length why this data is being collected. As a result all of the respondents agreed to share the details on their income. This is a much better response rate than could have been expected in such a survey.

All of the respondents indicated that they derive most of their income from farming/ agricultural activities or from formal employment (civil servant, business or daily labourer). In addition, 35% of interviewed households supplemented their income from other economic undertakings. The alternative forms of income (separate from occupational/salaried employment) were reported by the respondents who regularly source their income from one or more of these activities, as detailed in Table 3 below.


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Table 3: Details on Alternative Sources of Income

Alternative Source of Income Households receiving income from these activities

Chicken and Goats 25%

Money from Family Members 10%

Among the respondents, the average household income from all livelihood sources and obtained from all working age family members totals to approximately 37,947 Birr/year (equivalent to $1,392. Nov 2017 exchange rate). The estimated average annual per capita (per person) household income data from the WB (2016) in Ethiopia is $660/person. Assuming that there are two working persons in an average household (statistically, 4.8 people per household in Ethiopia), the obtained income data is close to the World Bank 2016 data.

When asked about their monthly expenditures, 55% of respondents indicated that they spend most of their monthly income on food. Thus, most of the people cultivating land in the project area, will be severely affected if their access to land is disrupted, leading to significant reduction of their income and in most cases, food expenditure.

The next most important expenditures for the respondents appeared to be ‘other’, an answer given by 35% of respondents. All of the answers given as ‘other’ were relating to farming or fertiliser expenses, which ranged from 330 to 5,000 Birr/month depending on the size of the cultivated plot. Other expenditures included ‘utilities’ which was given by 20% of respondents and ‘housing’ which was given by 10% of respondents.

SOURCES OF FRESHWATER

It was reported that only 5% of the households obtain freshwater from the lorry that regularly makes water deliveries. The main source of freshwater was identified as a water pump with 50% of households stating it as their main source, whilst 45% reported that they attain freshwater through ‘other’ resources.

HEALTH SITUATION

25% of the respondents indicated that at least 1 member of their household has a disability or an illness. Half of the disabilities within the households were noted down in the questionnaires as handicapped and the half attributed the disability to mental disorder. It should be noted that a hearing disability was mentioned in addition to a mental disorder for one family member.

The respondents listed the following top three diseases to have affected members of their household in the past three years: malaria, typhoid and flu.

The survey asked questions regarding recent deaths and births in families. All of the respondents stated that there had been no deaths in the past year whilst 5% reported that there had been one birth in the household. Although this is a somewhat low fertility level, this is in line with the recent research into fertility levels in Tigray, published in 20144.

PROJECT EXPECTATIONS

All respondents were aware about the Project, of which most (75%) of them have primarily learnt about through a local authority announcement, but around a third had learned about the Project through mass media, as well as the local community.

90% of the respondents had a positive attitude towards the Project. The positive opinions were largely reported to be due to expectations related to an increase in the number of available jobs as well as the Project contributing to the development of the area and market for agricultural products.

Only 10% of respondents reported expecting some negative impacts from the Project; these included worries about environmental pollution, but mostly regarding the displacement of individual PAPs with little or no compensation.

4 Having fewer children makes it possible to educate them all: an ethnographic study of fertility decline in Tigray, Ethiopia

(2014), published in Reproductive Health Matters, by Thera Mjaaland


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VULNERABILITY AMONG INTERVIEWED PAPS

The results of the survey show that based on the definition of Vulnerable Groups (see Terminology), over two thirds of the PAPs could be classified as vulnerable. In addition, very low levels of education or high levels of illiteracy were noted among the interviewees. As such, a considerable number of PAPs will not be able to understand the agreements or contractual documentation related to compensation. Based on the obtained data, it is estimated that vulnerable people could make up to two thirds of the affected individuals, or approximately 27 out of 40 PAPs.


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4 LEGAL FRAMEWORK

This Chapter provides an overview of the institutional and legislative framework for the land acquisition process associated with the proposed Project.

4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF ETHIOPIA The Environmental Policy of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia was approved by the Council of Ministers in April 1997. Its overall policy goal can be summarised in terms of the improvement and enhancement of the health and quality of life of all Ethiopians and the promotion of sustainable social and economic development through the adoption of sound environmental management principles. The policy is integrated with the overall long-term strategy of the country - agricultural led industrialisation and other key national policies. It sets out its specific objectives and key guiding principles, contains sectoral and cross-sectoral policies and provisions necessary for the appropriate implementation of the Policy itself.

With respect to environmental impact assessment (EIA) the Policy sets out specific policies, key elements of the policy are summarised hereunder:

▪ The need to address social, socio-economic, political and cultural impacts in addition to physical and biological impacts and to integrate public consultation within the EIA procedures.

▪ Incorporation of impact containment measures into the design process of public and private sector development projects and inclusion into EIA of mitigation measures and accident contingency plans.

▪ Development of detailed technical and sectoral guidelines for EIA and environmental auditing.

▪ Establishment of an interlinked legal and institutional framework for the EIA process to ensure that development projects are subjected to environmental impact assessment, audit and approval in a coordinated manner.

▪ Development of EIA and environmental auditing capacity within the Environmental Protection Authority, sectoral ministries and agencies as well as regions.

The Policy has been developed as a national instrument enhancing the objectives of the Constitution and setting out clear-cut directions with respect to environmental concerns particularly in terms of regulatory measures adopted as well as in the process of design, implementation and operation of development projects. Its recognition of the significance of addressing cross-sectoral environmental issues in the context of a national approach to environmental assessment and management integrates the efforts of a wide range of institutions across the country.

4.2 LAND OWNERSHIP POLICY IN ETHIOPIA Land in Ethiopia is a public property and no individual person has the legal right of ownership, and hence, rural or urban land could not be sold or mortgaged or transferred; citizens have usufruct right only over land. A usufruct right gives the user of the land the right to use and the right to benefit from the fruits of her/his labour which may be crops, trees, etc. found on the land or any permanent works such as buildings etc. In Ethiopia, land ownership is basically a constitutional issue.

There is no private ownership of land in Ethiopia, as per FDRE constitution Article 40 (the Right to property) No.2, “Land is a common property of the Ethiopian Nations, Nationalities and Peoples of Ethiopia and shall not be subject to sale or to other means of exchange”.

The Constitution states that the Government has the right to expropriate private property for public use subject to payment in advance of compensation commensurate to the value of the property. The FDRE Constitution (Article 40, No. 8) states that the Government has the right to expropriate private property for public purposes by providing the appropriate compensation.

FDRE Constitution lays down the basis for the property to be compensated in case of expropriation as a result of State programs or projects in both rural and urban areas. Persons who have lost their land as a result of acquisition of such land for the purpose of public projects are entitled to be compensated to a similar land plus the related costs arising from resettlement; assets such as buildings, crops or fruit trees that are part of the land etc.

Hence, Article 40 No.7 FDRE Constitution states the right of citizens to develop the land and to have immovable property and make permanent improvements. “Every Ethiopian shall have the full right to


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the immovable property he builds and to the permanent improvements he brings about on the land by his labour or capital. This right shall include the right to alienate, to bequeath, and, where the right use expires, to remove his property, transfer his title, or claim compensation for it. Particulars shall be determined by law”.

Article 40, No. 8 of the Constitution, states that if the land that is used by an individual is expropriated for public use, the person is entitled for compensation; “… the Government has the right to expropriate private property for public purposes subject to payment in advance of compensation commensurate to the value of property”.

Regarding displacement of the public due to development projects, the FDRE Constitution of Article 44 (Environmental Rights) No.2 states that:

“All persons who have been displaced or whose livelihoods have been adversely affected as a result of state programs have the right to commensurate monetary or alternative means of compensation, including adequate state assistance”.

4.3 LEGISLATION ON EXPROPRIATION OF LAND AND COMPENSATION PROCLAMATION NO. 455/2005 The Government of FDRE has issued legislation in July 2005 for the expropriation of landholdings, which is known as “Expropriation of Land Holdings for Public Purposes and Payment of Compensation (Proclamation No. 455/2005).” The objectives of the proclamation are to minimize and mitigate the impacts due to the expropriation of landholdings for public purposes.

The proclamation clarifies and defines who has the power to expropriate landholdings either in urban or rural sections of the country. As per the proclamation, the power of expropriation of landholdings mainly rests on Woreda or urban administration authorities. Article 3 No.1 of the proclamation states that: “A Woreda or an urban administration shall, upon payment in advance of compensation in accordance with this proclamation, have the power to expropriate rural or urban landholdings for public purpose where it believes that it should be used for a better development project to be carried out by public entities, private investors, cooperative societies or other organs, or where such expropriation has been decided by the appropriate higher regional or federal government organ for the same purpose.”

A land holder whose land has been expropriated for public use by the concerned government authorities is entitled for compensation for his property situated on the land and for the permanent improvements he made on the land.

The amount compensation to be paid for the property situated on the expropriated land will be determined or calculated on the basis of full replacement cost. For houses in urban areas, the amount of compensation will not be less than the current market value of construction.

Woreda or urban administration once received details on land acquisition for the construction works from ERA has to notify in writing to the entity (which is either an individual or an organization) to be expropriated indicating the time not less than 90 days when the land has to be vacated and the amount of compensation to be paid. The PAPs once notified will be immediately compensated for lost assets and properties prior to their economic or physical displacement and vacating the land.

A rural land holder, where his land does not have any crop or other property on the expropriated land should hand over within 30 days.

The proclamation also clarifies how utility lines that are owned and provided by Federal or Regional government offices, or by a public enterprise should be treated and compensated. Utility lines could only be removed from expropriated land by payment of compensation. The project owner has the responsibility to inform the utility provider in writing by indicating the exact location of the lines that will be removed.

The utility provider is responsible in determining the amount of compensation which is required for replacing the lines within 30 days of notice; and the body which requested the removal of utility line has also to pay compensation within 30 days from the date of the receipt of the valuation.

Any expropriated property; in addition to the amount of compensation payment it will also receive a provision for cost of removal, transportation and erection.


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Eligibility for compensation is discussed in Article 44(2) of the 1995 Constitution and Proclamation No 455/2005. These give entitlement only to those who have formal legal rights over their land holdings. Proclamation No 455/2005, Article 2 (3) stipulates that Landholder means an individual, government or private organisation or any other organ which has legal personality and has lawful possession over the land to be expropriated and owns property situated thereon. According to Article 7(1) and (2), a landholder whose holding has been expropriated is entitled to payment of compensation for his/her property situated on the land and for permanent improvements he made to the land. The amount of compensation for property situated on the expropriated land shall be determined on the basis of the replacement cost of the property. The above proclamation also states that the valuation of property shall be determined on the basis of a valuation formula to be adopted at national level by the Ministry of Federal Affairs. However, until such time the valuation of properties will be carried out by property valuation committees to be established both in rural and urban areas as stated in Article 10 of the proclamation.

4.4 FDRE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS REGULATION NO. 135/2007 FDRE Council of ministers issued a regulation on July 2007, regarding the payment of compensation for property situated on land holdings expropriated for public purposes. The regulation provides the basis for compensation of affected properties and to assist the displaced of affected persons to restore their livelihood.

The regulation sets the methods for the assessment of compensation, provision of land for land replacement and payment of displacement compensation.

The methodology followed by the regulation for the assessment of compensation establishes the basis and formula for compensation that will be made for the different types of assets and categorizes into ten parts.

The regulation recognises that land replacement should be made for urban and rural lands. In rural areas if land replacement is not possible for permanently affected land, PAPs will be compensated for the affected perennial crops ten times of the annual production. For temporary impact the amount of compensation will be calculated by the number of years the land is occupied by the project.

4.5 PROCLAMATION ON RURAL LAND ADMINISTRATION AND LAND USE This Proclamation, Proc. No. 456/2005, came into effect in July 2005. The objective of the Proclamation is to conserve and develop natural resources in rural areas by promoting sustainable land use practices. In order to encourage farmers and pastoralists to implement measures to guard against soil erosion, the Proclamation introduces a Rural Land Holding Certificate, which provides a level of security of tenure.

Ministry of Agriculture is charged with the responsibility of executing the Proclamation by providing support and coordinating the activities of the regional authorities. Regional governments have an obligation to establish a competent organization to implement the rural land administration and land use law.

According the Proclamation where land which has already been registered is to be acquired for public works, compensation commensurate with the improvements made to the land shall be paid to the land use holder or substitute land shall be offered. The Proclamation imposes restrictions on the use of various categories of land, for example wetland areas, steep slopes, land dissected by gullies, etc.

4.6 PROCLAMATION ON RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE Proclamation No. 209/2000 provides legal framework for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage. The Proclamation establishes the Authority for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage (ARCCH) as a government institution with a juridical personality. In addition, it has provisions for management, exploration, discovery and study of Cultural Heritage and miscellaneous provisions.

The Proclamation defines the objectives, powers and duties of the Authority (ARCCH. It also has provisions on Management of Cultural Heritage. Among these are provisions on Ownership and Duties of Owners, Classification, Registration, Conservation and Restoration, Removal, the Use, and


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Expropriation of Cultural Heritage, Preservation of Cultural Heritage Situated on Land given in Usufruct, and Establishment of Museum.

Furthermore, the Proclamation provides Articles on Exploration, Discovery and Study of Cultural Heritage. Article 41 is on Fortuitous Discovery of Cultural Heritage and Sub-Article (1) states that, any person who discovers any Cultural Heritage in the course of an excavation connected to mining explorations, building works, road construction or other similar activities or in the course of any other fortuitous event, shall forthwith report same to the Authority and shall protect and keep same intact, until the Authority (ARCCH) takes delivery thereof. Connected to this, Sub-Article (2) states that, the Authority shall, upon receipt of a report submitted pursuant to Sub-Article (1) hereof, take all appropriate measures to examine, take delivery of and register the Cultural Heritage so discovered.

Under Miscellaneous Provisions, the Proclamation states that, any person who holds permit to conduct construction works in a reserved area [an area declared to be containing an assemblage of immovable Cultural Heritage or an archaeological site] and who discovers Cultural Heritage in the course of construction activities shall stop construction and shall forthwith report same in writing to the Authority.

4.7 NATIONAL HIV/AIDS POLICY The HIV/AIDS pandemic is spreading worldwide and heating hard poor countries mainly. Among the Sub Saharan African countries, Ethiopia is one of the countries that is facing HIV/AIDS pandemics, and HIV/AIDS is no more a health problem alone, it is now a challenge to the socio- economic development of the country.

HIV/AIDS surveillance reports also show a steady increase in HIV infections among rural communities in Ethiopia. The movement of people from place to place, either voluntarily or involuntarily contributes to the spread of HIV/AIDS. HIV/AIDS now is no more health or clinical problem only; it has now become a major social and economic problem of a country.

Having understood the magnitude of the problem as well as the huge resource needed to combat HIV/AIDS, the Ethiopian Government issued a policy, which calls for an integrated effort of multi- sectoral response to control the epidemic. The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia published a Policy on HIV/AIDS in 1998. The National HIV/AIDS Policy urges communities at large, including government ministries, local governments and the civil society to assume responsibility for carrying out HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention campaigns.

The general objective of the policy is “to provide an enabling environment for the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS in the country”.

The specific objectives of the policy are stated as follows:

▪ To establish effective HIV/AIDS preventative and control strategies in order to curb the spread of the epidemic

▪ To promote a broad multi-sectoral response to HIV/AIDS epidemic, coordination of the activities of different sectors and the mobilisation of resources for the control of the epidemic

▪ To encourage government sectors, non-governmental organisations, the private sector and communities to take measures in order to alleviate the social and economic impact of HIV/AIDS

▪ To promote proper institutional, home and community based health care and psychological support for people living with HIV/AIDS, orphans and surviving dependents

▪ To safeguard the human rights of people living with HIV/AIDS and avoid discrimination against them

▪ To promote and encourage researches and studies on HIV/AIDS and make use of the outcomes for preventative, curative and rehabilitative purposes.

In 2000, National AIDS Council was established under the Chairmanship of the FDRE President; and in 2002 HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Office (HAPCO) was established to address the problem.

The policy introduces and outlines the large social, psychological, demographic and economic impact that HIV/AIDS will be having and introduces a number of issues relating to HIV/AIDS. These are:

▪ That HIV/AIDS is not only a health problem but also a developmental problem;

▪ That gender inequality contributes to the further spread of HIV/AIDS;


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▪ That women, including women living with HIV/AIDS, need access to information and services regarding HIV/AIDS and to family planning provision to help them make reproductive choices and decisions;

▪ That the magnitude of the problem will need considerable resources and a multi-sectoral effort to control the HIV/AIDS epidemic;

▪ That there is a need for a holistic approach in the provision of care to people living with HIV/AIDS;

▪ That the human rights of people living with HIV/AIDS needs to be recognized; and

▪ That HIV/AIDS has the potential for catastrophic impact.

4.8 NATIONAL POLICY ON WOMEN The National Policy on women was issued in March 1993 emphasising that all economic and social programs and activities should ensure equal access for both men and women to the country’s resources and in the decision making process so that women can benefit equally from all activities carried out by the Federal and Regional Institutions. Among the main policy objectives is that laws, regulations, systems, policies and development plans that are issued by the government should ensure the equality of men and women and that special emphasis should be given to the participation of rural women.

4.9 HEALTH POLICY Ethiopia’s health policy was issued in 1993, with the aim of giving special attention to women and children, to neglected regions and segments of the population, and to victims of manmade disasters.

The priority areas of the policy are in the field of Information Education and Communication (IEC) of health to create awareness and behavioural change of the society towards health issues, emphasis on the control of communicable disease, epidemics, and on diseases that are related to malnutrition and poor living condition, promotion of occupational health and safety, the development of environmental health, rehabilitation of health infrastructures, appropriate health service management system, attention to traditional medicines, carrying out applied health research, provision of essential medicines, and expansion of frontline and middle level health professionals.

The Government in its Growth and Transformation Plan has reaffirmed its commitment to accelerate progress on maternal and child health and to reduce in child and maternal mortality rates by expanding the provision of essential health and nutrition services to the poor.

4.10 EDUCATION AND TRAINING POLICY Ethiopia’s Education and Training policy (ETP) aims to achieve universal education. The general objective of the policy is to develop physical and mental potential of individuals who can take care of and utilize their resources, to bring up citizens who respect human rights.

The overall strategy of the ETP is to prepare curriculum with the participation of teachers, and other professionals based on the objectives of the policy, and also creating integrated educational research.

The education service in Ethiopia has several problems and some of the serious problems are: low enrolment ratio, failure to serve rural areas and girls, low educational quality, inefficient system, inadequate funding, and weak capacity for planning and management.

The policy also stresses on providing education to children in their mother tongue and developing career structure to teachers of all levels, decentralised management, and finally making available educational finance for students’ of higher education. The policy aims on expanding equitable access to primary and vocational education to meet the demands of the country and economy.

To translate the policy statement into action the Government has developed Education Sector Development Program (ESDP), with the emphasis on improving educational quality and expand access to education with special emphasis to primary education, and promotion of education for girls.

4.11 INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL CONVENTIONS, PROTOCOLS AND AGREEMENTS Ethiopia is signatory to a number of international conventions and agreements, and in certain cases these have influenced the development of policies, guidelines and regulations. The project will need to consider these conventions and agreements and ensure compliance during the planning, construction and operation phases of the proposed Project.


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The following international conventions and protocols, to which Ethiopia is a signatory, are to be considered:

▪ International Labour Organisation (ILO) Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29);

▪ ILO Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, 1948 (No. 87);

▪ ILO Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No. 98);

▪ ILO Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 (No. 100);

▪ ILO Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105);

▪ ILO Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111);

▪ ILO Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138);

▪ ILO Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182);

▪ ILO Right of Association (Agriculture) Convention, 1921 (No. 11);

▪ ILO Tripartite Consultation (International Labour Standards) Convention, 1976 (No. 144);

▪ The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1990;

▪ The United Nations Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage;

▪ The United Nations Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions;

▪ The United Nations Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and National Heritage;

▪ Libreville Declaration on Health and Environment in Africa.

4.12 INTERNATIONAL GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS The project is compliant with the African Development Bank (AfDB) operational safeguards (OS), and for the land acquisition process in particular, will comply with the AfDB provisions of OS2, Involuntary Displacement.

The following sections identify the relevant AfDB Integrated Safeguards System which is applied to projects to promote growth that is socially inclusive and environmentally sustainable. The purpose of the safeguards is to avoid adverse impacts of projects on the environment and affected people while maximising potential development benefits. Where avoidance is not possible mitigation and compensation should be implemented to manage the environmental and social risks.

THE AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK GROUP’S INTEGRATED SYSTEM

The AfDB adopted the Integrated Safeguard System (ISS) as a tool for identifying risks, reducing development costs and improving project sustainability. The ISS promotes best practices in these areas but also encourages greater transparency and accountability and protects the most vulnerable communities. The AfDB encourages member countries to observe international human rights norms, standards, and best practices on the basis of their commitments made under the International Human Rights Covenants and the African Charter of Human and Peoples’ Rights.

The AfDB Operational safeguards applicable to the land acquisition process are described below:

▪ Operation Safeguard 1: Environmental and Social Assessment: this is an overarching safeguard of determining a projects environmental and social category and the resulting environmental and social assessment requirements.

▪ Operational Safeguard 2: Involuntary resettlement, land acquisition, population displacement and compensation: this consolidates policy commitments and requirements contained in the Bank’s policy on involuntary resettlement, and incorporates a number of refinements designed to improve the operational effectiveness of those requirements.

The AfDB categorises projects based on the anticipated significance of environmental and social impacts. One defining factor revolves around the level of resettlement a project is anticipated to result in. Where a project will involve 200 or more persons or the project is likely to have an adverse effect on vulnerable groups then the project will require a Resettlement Action Plan and is deemed a Category 1 Project. Where a project will displace fewer than 200 people and where land acquisition and potential displacement and disruption of livelihoods are less significant, then the project is deemed to be a Category 2 Project.


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The proposed Tigray Project, including the Baeker IAIP and Mai Kadra RTC, will result in 40 individual PAPs/farmers being directly affected by the proposed development due to the loss of land, and therefore is considered a Category 2 Project.

4.13 GAP ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL REQUIREMENTS AND ETHIOPIAN LAW This section highlights the differences between Ethiopian laws and AfDB policies regarding land acquisition and compensation.

There are gaps between Ethiopian laws and regulations and the requirements for resettlement as laid out by the AfDB OS 2. These gaps relate to the eligibility criteria and compensation attributed to different groups of affected parties, the notification period for expropriation and resettlement, and the procedures followed throughout the resettlement process.

For example, Ethiopian law does not make any specific accommodation for squatter settlers or illegal settlers, other than recognition of some use-rights, such as when settlers can claim rights to the land.

Ethiopian law also makes no specific and additional support provisions for potentially vulnerable groups such as women, children, the elderly, ethnic minorities and indigenous people. These groups are at highest risk to experience negative effects due to resettlement, and should receive special consideration during the implementation of a resettlement plan to assure that they can maintain at least the same standard of living after displacement takes place.

The national legislation also does not provide that where it is not feasible to avoid resettlement, resettlement activities should be executed as sustainable development programs, providing sufficient investment resources to enable the persons displaced by the project to share in project benefits. Displaced persons should be meaningfully consulted and should have opportunities to participate in planning and implementing resettlement programs.

The national legislation also does not provide that displaced persons should be assisted in their efforts to improve their livelihoods and standards of living or at least to restore them, in real terms, to pre-displacement levels or to better ones.

Finally, there is also no provision in the law that the state should attempt to minimise involuntary resettlement. To ensure the interest of project affected persons and mitigating the negative impacts of the subprojects, this plan will be based on the existing national laws on expropriation and compensation payments as well as the AfDB OS 2.

During the implementation of the project, where there is a difference between national law and OS 2, the higher standard shall prevail.

4.14 INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES FOR IMPLEMENTATION

OVERVIEW

The implementation process discusses the major activities to be carried out during the implementation of the recommendations covered by this report and identifies organisations responsible for its implementation. The implementation of these recommendations will be carried out and expected to be completed before construction works of IAIP and RTC facilities commences.

During the implementation period of this RAP and following best international practice, the IPDC (the developer) will need to create a special team dedicated to the implementation of the resettlement activities and monitoring the compensation process. If such team or Project Implementation Unit (PIU) is not created, the developer might put themselves at risk of unexpected, unmitigated and unmanaged delays of the IAIP and RTC development.

This newly created PIU will be dedicated to the resettlement process and funded by the IPDC or the Government. The PIU will provide adequate governance as well as management, monitoring and coordination and organisational support for timely implementation of resettlement. The PIU will be the main responsible body for the coordination, facilitation and implementation of this RAP.

During the implementation of this RAP, there will be a number of crucial and important activities to be carried out to complete this process in compliance with the national legislation and AfDB OS2 requirements. As such, the implementation of this plan will be undertaken through the direct


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involvement of the Woreda administration offices, IPDC (or their appointed PIU) and the Compensation and Resettlement Implementation Committee5.

The implementation of the resettlement process will pass through the following four stages / phases.

1. Transparent and Timely Communication Management

Briefings to the appropriate bodies (at regional and Woreda levels) and its impacts will be done by the PIU members who are expected to be well aware of the resettlement process. The orientation and briefing will help to establish a transparent and full participation of the PAPs and others, thereby informing them about the resettlement and restoration of livelihood.

2. Compensation

By this stage all compensation shall be paid in accordance with eligibility criteria and principles outlined earlier. The developer’s PIU will be responsible for monitoring the progress of the compensation payments for all impacted properties and user rights. Proper notifications have to be made by the compensation committee to PAPs to collect their remunerations.

Based on these notifications, owners of properties or their representatives shall be checked in relation to the study document for eligibility and receive their compensation amount in the presence of the compensation committee.

3. Reporting

The PIU and woreda level administrative offices will produce regular reports on the RAP Implementation progress (suggested quarterly reports to be submitted to IPDC and the Ministry of Industry).

4. Assistance for Vulnerable Groups

At the time of implementation of the RAP, special attention, support and care will be given to vulnerable people. The support will be made through assistance allowance, helping them to transfer and transport their household items and materials to their new places. For these vulnerable individuals, assistance and support is expected to be provided by the woreda, the extended family network, close friends and the developer (IPDC) - through their nominated PIU.

The RAP Progress Report (prepared by IPDc with the PIU help) should include target dates for the achievement of expected benefits to the resettled PAPs. The schedule will also indicate how the resettlement activities are linked to the implementation of the overall project.

4.15 INVOLVED PARTIES Although a range of institutions may be involved in the implementation of the RAP for the project, the following are considered to be the major institutions for the RAP implementation:

At National Level:

▪ Ministry of Finance and Economic Cooperation;

▪ Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change; and

▪ Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity.

At Regional Level:

▪ IPDCs – as a developer

▪ PIUs nominated by IPDCs; and

▪ Tigray National Regional State Council.

5 Compensation and Resettlement Committee is organised by woreda authorities and is typically responsible for: clarifying policies and operational guidelines of the Committee, coordinating and supervising the resettlement process by the Committee as stipulated in Federal and Regional guidelines, and ensuring that appropriate compensation procedures are followed.


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At Woreda Level:

The Woreda level headed Compensation and Resettlement Committee would be responsible for the planning, coordinating and monitoring of compensation and resettlement activities.

The Compensation and Resettlement Committee would be responsible for:

▪ Clarifying policies and operational guidelines of Woreda compensation committees;

▪ Coordinating and supervising implementation by Woreda compensation committees as stipulated in Federal and Regional guidelines;

▪ Ensuring that appropriate compensation procedures are followed.

As the above parties have direct and indirect involvement in the RAP implementation, their participation should be sought whenever required.

Table 4 below presents respective roles and responsibilities of the main parties during the implementation of the compensation process.

Table 4: RAP Implementation Responsibilities

S/N Institutions Responsibilities

1 The Developer (IPDC) Follow up and ensure project compliance with AfDB OS2.

Giving technical and capacity building assistance.

Coordination of the RAP implementation with the National, Regional and Woreda-levels authorities.

2 The project PIU team that will need to be created and funded by IPDC

Management and implementation of this resettlement action plan to ensure compliance with the Ethiopian legislation and AfDB OS2 requirements.

Monitoring of compensation payments and the resettlement process itself and evaluation.

Preparation of RAP Implementation Progress Reports for IPDC and MoI.

Management for the restoration of basic amenities like water, and access to clinics and schools.

3 Woreda Administration Coordination of the facilitations of land for land compensations, restorations of services, selection and confirmation of location sites.

4 Representatives of PAP Ensuring the well-being of PAPs and represent them in all meetings. They are expected to work together with the IPDC and PIU and other stakeholders.


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5 PROJECT IMPACTS

This Chapter provides an overview of physical and economic displacement caused by the project.

5.1 IMPACTS OVERVIEW The negative socio-economic impacts that will be caused by the project implementation are related to land acquisition, and include temporary or permanent loss of assets and properties, physical displacement with loss of residential structures, and impacts on vulnerable groups. These impacts are described below followed by the suggested mitigation measures to ensure compliance not only with the Ethiopian Land Expropriation and Resettlement legislation but also with the AfDB principles covered in their Operational Safeguard 2, Involuntary Displacement.

5.2 IMPACTS RELATED TO PHYSICAL DISPLACEMENT As per the census data, no residential properties/ houses were recorded by the local authorities as being affected and it has been confirmed (during the WSP team visits) that only farmland (and no residential properties) will be affected by the Tigray IAIP facilities’ development. This was again confirmed during consultation meetings, when it was identified that the affected property at both the IAIP and RTC sites includes farm land and no other assets such as houses, communal facilities or infrastructure will be impacted.

5.3 IMPACTS RELATED TO ECONOMIC DISPLACEMENT Most of people in the study area stated that they are involved in agricultural activities tending to their crops on the land plots for which most of them have a verbal or a written permission to use such land as tenants.

The economic displacement impact during the implementation of the proposed project is temporarily or permanently expropriation of land for the IAIP and RTC facilities, as well as auxiliary infrastructure. Based on the data received from the authorities and verified during the WSP household survey, 40 individual PAPs are going to be affected through economic displacement, i.e. loss of their crops, trees and sheds (31 in Baeker and 9 in Mai Kadra).

Based on the Ethiopian Constitution, the land is the property of the State and all farmers are in essence, tenants who cultivate land and enjoy benefits of their labour, but as they do not own such land they cannot sell or buy it.

On this basis, the economically affected PAPs cannot be compensated for their affected land plots and the IPDC and PIU will be working with the local authorities to ensure all affected PAPs end up with “new” land plots which can either be provided for them by local authorities or obtained/chosen by PAPs themselves through new tenant agreements.

Changes requiring people to obtain new land plots, inevitably lead to certain expenses, for example, administrative costs for finalising and legalising a tenant agreements for the “new” land plot and/or cost of fertiliser required for the new land plot. These costs associated with the economic displacement, will be additionally compensated by the IPDC (see details below in Table 5, Entitlement Matrix).

Local authority data did not identify what types of crops would be affected due to the development of the IAIP and RTC facilities; however, local surveys undertaken by WSP indicate that the main annual crops in the area is sesame. The average current area of land owned by the PAPs is 7.41 and 4.47 hectares for Baeker and Mai Kadra, respectively. These figures are smaller in comparison to the average area of land owned by respondents in the WSP survey, which displayed an average land ownership of 9.92 hectares.

The total area of farmland to be affected in Baeker area is 163.1 hectares, with an average land area of 5.26 hectares per farmer. Of the 31 PAPs to be affected in Baeker, 20 have all of their land set to be taken by the IAIP facility. The land area to be affected is broken up between both small and large expanses of agricultural land, with the details provided below:

▪ 95.6 ha large holders and investors (5 PAPs); and

▪ 67.5 ha small holders (26 PAPs)


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The total area of farmland to be affected in the Mai Kadra area is 8.1 hectares, with a much smaller average land area of 0.91 hectares per farmer. All of the agricultural land in the Mai Kadra area is owned by small holders.

In instances where PAPs have only a fractional proportion of land being affected and relocated, it may be reasonable to assume that separately owned cultivated land areas (especially new land areas located in distant areas) could be more impractical and difficult to manage. Therefore, the simplistic approach of a ‘like for like’ land area replacement should also take into consideration the actual impact severity on farmer’s economic displacement.

As identified during the consultation sessions carried out by the WSP team (Section 10), PAPs expressed their preference to receive a cash payment for their affected land plots. It is recommended that the IPDc continues to engage with the PAPs and explains that based on the Ethiopian Legislation the PAPs are in essence tenants and not land owners as the land belongs to the State, and as such the national land acquisition process does not have the mechanism to compensate PAPs for the land taken by the project.

However, based on the AfDB OS2 requirements and following the Ethiopian legislation, the affected people are entitled to compensation for their annual and perennial crops which will need to be compensated in full.

The harvest period falls on the Mid October – November months; thus it is expected that the PAPs will be allowed to collect their crops or will be compensated for those crops lost due to the project.

It was also acknowledged that there has been a considerable delay in providing replacement farm land to those PAPs who own less than 5 ha, whose farm land has been expropriated for the IAIP development. Some PAPs stated that they are waiting for the provision of the replacement farm land promised by the local authorities and because of these delays in handing over replacement farm land they have already missed one cropping season (i.e. the current year harvest season). This issue will need to be urgently addressed by the PIU and IPDC.

The compensation estimates included in this RAP also include estimates of compensation for the lost harvest, and IPDC must communicate to the PAPs that they will be compensated for the lost harvest.

Moving forward and to mitigate any potential negative social impacts, the IPDC and PIU must implement the following:

▪ PAPs should be consulted and be involved in decision-making at different stages of the project and development process (construction, operation, decommissioning);

▪ Compensation for properties and land plots replacement should be implemented as per Proc. 455/2005, and AfDB OS2;

▪ Compensation shall be paid prior to the start of the construction works; and,

▪ Ensure that specific construction and site preparation activities are implemented with minimum effect on the nearby land plots, PAPs’ residential properties and harvest – which the PAPs must be allowed to collect prior to their displacement. This will require careful planning of the project activities by the IPDC and PIU, and in close coordination with PAPs. If the PAPs were not given an opportunity to collect their harvest, the lost harvest and any other lost access to resources/land must be compensated fully.

5.4 OTHER IMPACTS

SOCIAL CONFLICTS

Potentially adverse social conflict impacts emanated from these two programs are likely to be minimal, and are easily manageable through implementation of socially acceptable best practice methods during design and subproject implementation phase.

The possible social impacts that may lead to conflict might result from perceived lack of fairness in prioritising PAPs, and failure to consider the local work force during the construction.

Furthermore, the community consultation (Section Error! Reference source not found.) highlighted the local fears of social conflict from the large incoming labour force into the IAIP. Concerns about whether the local cultures and values of the community would be affected were raised. Local residents stated that the community around Bure is highly cultured with many traditions including in its


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dressing styles, eating habits etc. Thus, expatriate workers and others with different cultures may either clash with, or affect the local traditions.

Therefore, to offset or minimise the anticipated social conflicts, IPDC should be encouraged to employ local labour for semi-skilled and unskilled works, including women, and ensure that criteria is set for prioritisation of likely beneficiary households including poor and female headed ones where there is more demand to earn sufficient amounts of money to support family dependants.

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH, SAFETY AND CHILD LABOUR DURING CONSTRUCTION

Occupational health and safety issues will possibly arise during the project implementation periods. This might result from improper use and lack of availability of the required Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). To ensure safe handling and use of PPE and to address the occupational health and safety issue, availability and proper use of PPE by the project beneficiaries, contractors, labourers who are engaged in the construction, installation and operation and maintenance of the proposed sub projects shall be in place and regularly monitored by the project coordination unit at all phases of the programs. In addition, fire risks are possible, mainly in biogas installation area and this requires provision of regular training.

In line with child labour during the IAIP and RTC construction period, the project will ensure that, contractors and other participating companies are not using child labour in any stage of the subprojects. Contractor will be aware and enforced to respect the national labour Proclamation No. 377/2003 which states that children under age of 14 will not be employed and young workers (14 to 18 years) shall not perform work that is likely to jeopardise their health or safety.

IMPACTS ON VULNERABLE GROUPS

Vulnerable groups include women headed households, child headed households, households made up of the aged or handicapped and whose members are socially stigmatised (as a result of traditional or cultural bias) and economically underserved.

It is recommended that IPDC and PIU will engage with the PAPs to confirm how many of them can be classified as vulnerable. The project will use the following approach in identification of Vulnerable People:

Vulnerable people are people who by virtue of gender, ethnicity, age, physical or mental disability, economic disadvantage, or social status may be more adversely affected by resettlement than others and who may be limited in their ability to claim or take advantage of resettlement assistance and related development benefits. Vulnerable people potentially eligible for specific assistance under this Resettlement Action Plan are those who are affected by the Project land acquisition, compensation and resettlement activities.

Vulnerable people include:

▪ Disabled persons, whether mentally or physically;

▪ Seriously ill people, particularly people living with HIV/AIDS and other illnesses;

▪ The elderly, particularly when they live alone;

▪ Households whose heads are children;

▪ Households whose heads are female and who live with limited resources;

▪ Widows and orphans; and,

▪ Any project affected group or population who are underserved socially, economically, and/or culturally and for whom the project needs to pay special attention.

These categories of PAPs are more vulnerable to the above mentioned adverse impacts.

Assistance to Vulnerable People (under the responsibility of IPDC and their nominated PIU)

The project will assist vulnerable people who are affected by the project related displacement and resettlement process. Such assistance may include the following activities:

▪ Identification of vulnerable people, how the project makes them more vulnerable and identification of the cause and impacts of their vulnerability, preferably through other PAPs’ involvement. This step is critical because often vulnerable people do not participate in community meetings, and their disability/vulnerability may remain unknown;


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▪ Identification of required assistance at the various stages of the process: negotiation, compensation, moving;

▪ Implementation of the measures necessary to assist the vulnerable person; and,

▪ Monitoring and continuation of assistance after resettlement and/or compensation.

Assistance may take the following forms, depending upon vulnerable persons’ requests and needs:

▪ Assistance in the compensation payment procedure (e.g., individual meetings with vulnerable people to specifically explain the process and procedures, make sure that documents are well understood);

▪ Assistance in the post payment period to secure the compensation money and reduce risks of misuse/robbery;

▪ Assistance in moving: providing vehicle, driver and assistance at the moving stage, assist the person in identifying his/her resettlement plot;

▪ Assistance in building: providing materials, workforce, or building houses; and

▪ Health care if required at critical periods, particularly during moving and transition periods.

It is important to state that at this stage of the design, no schools, water supply facilities, clinics or churches are affected by the development.


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6 ELIGIBILITY TO COMPENSATION

6.1 OBJECTIVE This section summarises the eligibility criteria and provides an overview of activities undertaken to implement these. The objectives of the eligibility criteria are to:

▪ Support transparent and fair compensation for displacement;

▪ Identify and document in the database all PAPs; and

▪ Identify losses of immovable property, associated with the PAPs.

6.2 CRITERIA Eligibility policies define who and what is eligible for compensation, and conversely who and what is not. “Who” refers to those persons, households or communities that experience displacement impacts. “What” refers to the types of immovable assets that will be displaced.

Project affected people (PAPs) are eligible for compensation entitlements if they are the owners or users (either permanently or temporarily) of immovable/ built or planted assets within the area that will be occupied by the project. This includes, for example; crops, trees, fences. Based on best international practice, PAPs are eligible for compensation for their assets and the natural and infrastructural assets they have access to, even if they do not have formal or recognisable legal rights to these assets.

ELIGIBILITY FOR LOSS OF PROPERTY/ASSETS

Based on the National Constitution, in Ethiopia all land belongs to the State and whilst land can be leased to private individuals, they cannot own it. In other words, all PAPs have user rights and not owner rights.

Thus, the types of assets that PAPs could be eligible to are limited to residential properties/houses (if such are affected), crops and trees, structures and fixed improvements. PAPs that lose any of these assets will be compensated as per the following national legislation:

1. Proclamation No 455/2005 Expropriation of Landholdings for Public Purposes and Payment

of Compensation which establishes the legal principles and framework for expropriation and compensation.

2. Council of Ministers Regulations No. 135/2007, on the Payment of Compensation for Property Situated on Landholdings Expropriated for Public Purposes provide the procedures for application of Proclamation No 455/2005.

The amount of compensation for property situated on the expropriated land shall be determined on the basis of replacement cost of the affected property and will be determined by qualified and experienced local valuators.

As the Tigray IAIP and RTC development causes economic displacement and not physical displacement, crops and trees on the expropriated land shall be compensated where harvests were lost due to the project.

Notably, the land registration and certification processes in Tigray, Amhara, Oromia, and the Southern regions are up to date and enable most farmers in these regions to be in a procession of a land certificate for their holdings. Further, most of the regional states (Tigray, Amhara, Afar, Oromia, Benishangul Gumz and SNNPRS) have adopted their own Rural Land Administration and Use proclamations and urban lands holding lease regulations in order to align their land acquisition processes with those of the national/federal laws and to implement such laws and rural land-related proclamations (“Land Rights in Ethiopia: Ownership, equity, and liberty in land use rights”, published in 2012).

Eligibility is established by this process:

▪ Assets identified as those affected by the project development, are inventoried (location, area, type) including the size of expropriated land, crops and trees;

▪ PAPs are surveyed to establish who is affected;



▪ Assets as inventoried and the PAPs covered by the census are then deemed to be eligible for compensation.

The census of affected people was conducted by local authorities in January 2017. The completion of census provides the deadline for each PAP (the so called cut-off date), after which no new assets or PAPs will be eligible for compensation. Although not legally binding, in practice the completion of census serves as a morally binding deadline for the purposes of compensation planning and restricting land use activities.

However, as the design keeps evolving, it is possible that the number of affected people could increase, although it is not expected at this stage that it will increase dramatically (and certainly will be well under 200 individuals).

A legally binding cut-off date/deadline will be provided at the time when an alternative land plot agreement is signed and the agreed compensation amount is paid.

According to national laws and practices, the following individuals are considered eligible for compensation:

▪ Those who have formal legal rights to the land, including customary and traditional rights recognised by the law of the country.

▪ Those who do not have formal legal rights to land at the time of the cut-off date, but have a claim to such lands or assets recognised by law.

▪ Those PAPs who will have other fixed assets such as crops and trees affected by the proposed projects.

Following the National Laws and also the AfDB Policy on Involuntary Resettlement, the entitlements for losses that could be triggered by the project are presented in Table 5.

Table 5: Entitlement Matrix

Impacts/Restrictions Who is entitled to compensation – based on categories of PAPs

Project Compensation Approach

Permanent land take Land user, where land is cultivated, and particularly where a PAP will lose more than 20% of total land holding

• Compensation for any standing annual or perennial crops at current market rate for crops and additional one-off compensation to cover administrative costs associated with obtaining a new land plot and/or fertiliser for it.

• Compensation for the harvest lost - IPDC committed to paying Birr 10,000/ha of affected land.

• Land for land replacement (in-kind) where feasible, and additional consultations with PAPs to explain that based on the national legislation nobody owns land in Ethiopia and that PAPs are tenants and not land owners, hence cannot be paid for affected land in cash.

• Land for land replacement will be in terms of a new parcel of land of equivalent size and productivity with a secure tenure status at an available location which is acceptable to a PAP. Transfer of the land to the PAP shall be free of taxes, registration, and other costs.

Temporary land take Land user, where land is cultivated

• Compensation for any standing annual or perennial crops at current market rate for crops

Temporary land-take for construction

Land user Compensation for land rental at current market renting rate – for 1 year. However, these



Impacts/Restrictions Who is entitled to compensation – based on categories of PAPs

Project Compensation Approach

needs (construction camps, storage, etc…)

impacts could be avoided by providing these people with an alternative cultivation-suitable land in the vicinity of their resident locations.

Assistance to vulnerable individuals:

Vulnerable individuals: women heading households and elderly people, etc.

These vulnerable individuals are entitled to a livelihood support allowance of a one-off payment of Birr 5,000 per each identified vulnerable person (section 5.4 in this report).


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7 ESTIMATION OF LAND ACQUISITION COSTS

7.1 OBJECTIVE The focus of this chapter is a presentation of the impacts and losses arising from the project and the compensation and entitlements to mitigate these losses. The process used to determine the losses includes the survey of all immovable assets and census of affected people that connects the affected parties with the inventory of their immovable assets which was provided by local authorities. The rational for the type and delivery of compensation, plus mitigation measures including assistance to vulnerable people are provided below.

7.2 SUMMARY OF LAND TAKE The estimated total land take due to the construction of the proposed development are summarised below in Table 6.

Table 6: Land Take Summary (based on the data obtained from local authorities)

Item No. Area No. of PAPs identified through census

Amount of Land in Hectares

1 Baeker Town Area 31 163.1

2 Mai Kadra Area 9 8.1

Total - 40 171.2

7.3 COMPENSATION STRATEGY AND PROCESS

Proper Record Keeping of the Entire Process The IPDC representatives and the PIU team together with Woreda and Kebele compensation committee will arrange meetings with all 40 affected individuals to discuss the compensation process. For each individual PAP affected, a compensation dossier containing the following information will be filled and kept at the PIU office. The information on each PAP should cover:

▪ Required personal information on the PAP (name/surname, contact mobile number, address, etc);

▪ Total size of his/her landholdings;

▪ Inventory of assets affected; including percentage of the affected assets

▪ The concerns, worries, and issues of each PAP related to the land acquisition process; and how these concerns were addressed and when; and

▪ Required information for monitoring purposes.

This information should be regularly reviewed and witnessed/signed-off by the Kebele officials. All documentations will be updated monthly and will include detail documentation of lands expropriated and assets lost due to the Tigray IAIP and RTC development. Each concerned PAP will be provided with a copy of the dossier at the time of negotiations on the alternative land offered to them. All claims and assets will be documented in writing. This is necessary so that the land acquisition process for each individual PAP can be monitored by IPDC over time.

Agreement on Compensation and/or Alternative Land and Preparation of Contracts All compensation options and types must be clearly and plainly explained to each PAP. The PIU team must lists all affected land and (separately) the types of compensation offered and accepted (cash and/or in-kind). The compensation contract will be read aloud in the presence of each PAP prior to signing. IPDC should also contact local NGOs associated with farming activities and involve them in these negotiations.

Compensation Payments and Development Initiatives


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All handing over of property such as affected farmland and compensation payments will be made in the presence of PAP and witnessed/signed off by the three parties: the PAP, the PIU and the Kebele officials. The PIU will also be responsible to ensure that income/livelihood restoration initiatives that are part of this land acquisition process are implemented in an inclusive and participatory manner to the benefit of all 40 PAPs.

RAP Implementation Schedule It is essential that the timeframes and action plans associated with the Tigray IAIP and RTC development are linked to the IPDC implementation schedule. Provisions and necessary funds for compensation must be made available prior to loss of access to the asset/land. IPDC must also prepare and regularly update and share with the Ministry the land acquisition implementation schedule. This schedule for the implementation of land acquisition activities must include:

▪ Target dates for start and completion of land acquisition activities

▪ Timetables for transfers of 100% of all due compensation (cash or kind) to all 40 PAPs

▪ Link between land acquisition and compensation activities and the Tigray IAIP and RTC project development by IPDC.

COMPENSATION

Reportedly, the initial land acquisition activities by IPDC did not provide any alternative project design solutions to minimise land acquisition impact. However, as a result of their consultations with PAPs, in Q1 2018 the Wereda authorities have reached an agreement with the regional authorities that the alternative land will be located close to the PAPs “affected” land, and in either case no further than 1 (one) km distance from the land currently cultivated by affected people. Although this initiative will not bring down the total number of PAPs, it will nonetheless minimise the chances of PAPs receiving unsuitably non-productive or unsuitable land which would cause or require their physical displacement. In other words, this option removes the risk that PAPs will be forced to move physically to be close to their alternative/new land.

IPDC made commitment to pay a fixed rate equivalent to 10,000 Birr per each affected hectare to compensate for the loss of harvest caused by the project development. This compensation will be provided in addition to the offer of alternative land.

By Q4 of 2017, the following in-kind compensation has been provided:

Baeker

▪ 5 large land holders (PAPs) accepted substitute/alternative land offer (63.8 ha)

Mai Kadra

▪ 2 small holders (PAPs) accepted substitute land/alternative land offer

The reasons for the compensation payments being delayed are the following: (for both Baeker and Mai Kadra):

PAPs prefer to be compensated by cash, while at the same time the local authorities have available land for in-kind compensation and by law cannot compensate land in cash as all land in the country is State-owned. To address this impasse, it is recommended that IPDC must commit more time, efforts and resources to consult with PAPs and reach an agreement acceptable by the affected people.

Although none of the PAPs’ residential buildings are affected, some of them have since reached tenant agreements on other land plots which they now cultivate (in close proximity to their houses), and thus IPDC must maintain their efforts to consult and engage with all 40 PAPs on the progress of compensation for crops.

In addition, and as mentioned in Section 6, Table 5 – all vulnerable individuals are entitled to a livelihood support allowance of a one-off payment of Birr 5,000 per each identified vulnerable PAP. Based on the socio-economic profile of the PAPs collected by WSP, close to two thirds of project affected people would be classified as vulnerable (or 27 PAPs out of total 40 PAPs).

A full breakdown of the compensation amounts in Birr is given in Appendix A (Table A-2).


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7.4 ESTIMATES OF COSTS The estimated resettlement implementation costs for the construction of the proposed development are summarised in Table 7 below.

Table 7: Compensation Summary Form (based on the data obtained from IPDC)

No. Category of Impact No. of affected people

Total Amount in Birr

1 Compensation for the lost harvest (also includes a one-off payment for administrative and/or fertiliser costs where PAPs loose most part of their land plot, i.e. more than 20%)

40 PAPs in total (see Appendix A for full breakdown)

1,769,000

2 Additionally, it was estimated that 27 individuals among the identified PAPs could be classified as vulnerable. Their number will be later confirmed by IPDC and PIU. For cost estimate purposes and following best practice to offer one-off assistance payment to each vulnerable individual, the following amount was estimated and added to the total (27 vulnerable PAPs x 5,000 Birr =135,000 Birr).

Estimated as 135,000 Birr (to be confirmed later by

IPDC and PIU after all vulnerable

people are identified)

Total - 40 1,904,000

Based on the national legislation and land acquisition, the estimated total compensation budget for the loss of crops and trees is 1,904,000 Birr.


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8 LAND ACQUISITION PLANNING

8.1 KEY STEPS Once the Woreda level compensation committees finalises numbers on due compensation amounts, the affected individuals will be eligible for compensation. Eligibility for compensation is also discussed in proclamation No 455/2005 of the Federal Government of Ethiopia, Article 44(2) of the Constitution.

Persons affected by physical displacement and/or removal of structures/assets, are entitled to a combination of compensation measures and resettlement assistance. This depends on the nature of ownership rights of lost assets and scope of the impact, including social and economic vulnerability of the affected persons. In general terms, PAPs will be entitled to various types of compensation and resettlement assistance that will help in the restoration of their livelihoods to at least the pre-project standards.

To ensure compliance with the AfDB OS2 requirements, in addition to the monetary compensation to be provided to affected people (as defined in Chapter 7), additional benefits and entitlements that should be provided to PAPs under a resettlement program include:

1. Provision of social services, such as, educational and health facilities in places where they will be relocated;

2. Provision of transport facilities during resettlement – particularly for vulnerable PAPs;

3. Provision of temporary accommodation for relocated /resettled PAPs until they are able to establish their own alternative housing or accommodation; and

4. Short term support for the relocated PAPs and their families, which can include training or job opportunities.

These costs will need to be discussed between the resettlement implementing authorities and made available as and when required. As such, they were not included in the estimates provided in Chapter 7.

Any additional PAPs, which are not surveyed yet but are likely to be affected by the project, would be entitled to all entitlements relevant for their circumstances (mentioned in Chapter Error! Reference source not found.) and also to the following assistance:

▪ PAPs whose farmland is affected should be provided with land for land and access to credit facilities. For those PAPs where the preferred option is not land based, they should be provided with preferential employment (manual work) on the project or training on income generating activities.

In practice, it is possible that for a number of reasons not all PAPs would accept the compensation offer or be ready to vacate the project area by a certain date. This includes situations where PAPs can refuse to accept their compensation hoping that a better offer will be coming later. In all situations where PAPs refuse to either engage in consultations about compensation or refuse to accept compensation due to them, IPDC will follow this best practice process:

▪ place the PAPs’ compensation in an escrow account (in this situation the IPDC is to be supported by the regional Government and the appropriate Bank which has its presence in the region or the regional capital),

▪ continue to engage with the PAPs and explain the details of the PAPs’ compensation and how it was calculated

▪ notify the PAPs about the Grievance Mechanism details (Section 10) to facilitate amicable resolution to this situation

▪ identify, and communicate to the PAPs a deadline by which the agreement should be reached to enable the Bure IAIP and Motta RTC project to move forward,

▪ as the last resort, if the deadline is passed and the amicable solution has not been agreed, pass on the case to Court to make sure that it follows the national legislation on dispute resolution (which is in line both with the national dispute resolution mechanism and also best international practice).


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Female heads of households who are eligible for compensation may need more assistance with the resettlement and compensation process than their male counterparts since they may lack resources, educational qualifications, skills or work experience that makes them more vulnerable.

8.2 SOCIAL REHABILITATION SUB PROGRAMME

INTRODUCTION AND FUNCTION

A social rehabilitation team has been created by the IPDC in order to support the ESIA process and successfully rehabilitate livelihoods of those PAPs who are physically displaced as a result of the project. This will be achieved by close coordination between the regional IPDCs and other relevant bodies.

The social rehabilitation working areas and tasks are as follows (as provided by IPDC):

▪ Create profile information about those communities who were moved permanently from their original places;

▪ Check and finalise the compensation amounts and rates (based on the national rates and process);

▪ Training of affected people on how to create their own companies and other entrepreneurship skills;

▪ Support relocated families through providing them with assistance with obtaining a trade permit and working areas necessary for their trade;

▪ Create market links between the resettled communities and existing industries to strengthen the links when the IAIP becomes operational;

▪ Maximise the benefits of resettled communities during construction and operational phases of the IAIP through providing employment opportunities to them depending on their capabilities; and

▪ Develop a common action plan with the IPDCs and Regional Rehabilitation Offices in order to have regular community support, follow-up, monitoring and evaluation and sharing feedback.

These steps could be managed by IPDC and implemented by their nominated PIU.

IDENTIFIED POTENTIAL JOB OPPORTUNITIES

A number of job opportunities have already been identified by IPDC for the development of the Tigray IAIP project, which includes:

▪ 11 newly established companies each having 7-10 members were organised to produce hollow blocks and signed a contract with IPDC to manufacture hollow blocks to be used in the construction of the compound wall of Baeker IAIP and Mai Kadra RTC.

▪ 16 companies with 8-10 members each were developed and contracted to construct the compound wall, these works are now ongoing.

Special emphasis was given to project affected women, whereby the Tigray Region administration has decided to give each affected women an opportunity to open their business in the project area by providing for free working premises for their new business. Specific letters with instructions relevant to this initiative have been issued from the Tigray administration to both Wereda and kebelle level authorities.

ISSUES RAISED AND PROBLEMS OBSERVED

The social rehabilitation team have captured a number of issues that have been raised in various meetings with the IPDC representatives, including:

▪ Delay on relocation of telephone ground cable at Baeker, however the phone line moving cost estimation has already been submitted to Tigray IPDC, therefore this should be commencing shortly.

▪ Delay on high tension electric concrete poles surveying and cost estimation process.


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9 COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AND CONSULTATIONS

9.1 OBJECTIVES Community participation and communication have been and will continue to be an essential component of this Project.

The key goal of community engagement is to ensure the informed consultation and participation of those individuals and communities that will be likely be impacted through the Project, particularly those that may be displaced from their homes and communities. Objectives of community participation and communication include:

▪ Identifying and engaging with stakeholders who have a legitimate interest in the Project;

▪ Sharing information about the Project and the ESIA Process;

▪ Providing information on the anticipated impacts and proposed mitigation and management plans;

▪ Incorporating stakeholders’ views and opinions, where possible, into Project design and proposed mitigation and management plans; and

▪ Providing an accessible grievance mechanism.

9.2 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION Principal stakeholders are those individuals, groups and organisations with a legitimate interest in the ESIA process, resettlement and livelihood restoration processes, and in particular those people, and communities that will experience displacement impacts. The principal stakeholders identified to date are:

▪ Project Affected People;

▪ Leaders in Project Affected Communities (PAC);

▪ Local and Woreda District Assemblies; and

▪ Land Valuation Boards of Lands Commission.

9.3 ENGAGEMENT ACTIVITIES The Ethiopian Constitution makes reference to the right of the public and communities to full consultation and participation as well as to the expression of their views in the planning and implementation of projects that would affect them. The Ethiopian EIA Guidance also identifies that all interested and affected parties have the opportunity to participate meaningfully in the ESIA processes.

The local authorities confirmed that they undertook a number of consultation meetings during the land acquisition process that was started last year, and they provided the WSP team with a list of the meetings undertaken to date (Tables 7 and 8). In addition, community and stakeholder meetings were undertaken by the ESIA team at the Scoping Phase and the ESIA Phase to identify concerns issues.

Key issues and concerns raised during these consultations were taken into account during the ESIA preparation and will be addressed in the environmental and social management plan. The pre- compensation activities and processes followed by the IPDC / Tigray and the regional state are provided below in Table 8.

Table 8: Earlier Consultation Activities

No Activity Date Remark / out put

1 Assignment given to 4 officials to facilitate establishment of the IPDC Tigray (legal procedures, organisational structure, organising office…etc.).

June 17, 2016

2 IPDC Tigray got official mandate to manage and lead the industrial park development in the region.

Dec. 2016 Corporation obtained legal entity


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3 That week IPDC Tigray conducted a pre- census and 1st community consultation meeting (after establishment of the Park).

The pre-census and general was followed up by a meeting conducted in Humera by inviting the PAPs from both sites/Baeker and Mai Kadra.

31 from Baeker and 9 from Mai Kadra (total 40) were invited to attend the meeting.

Task force was established on the given date, to deal with property / land to be affected as a result of the IAIP/ Baeker development, and how to compensate PAPs; these discussions involved the following regional and zonal authorities offices including:

• Zonal land administration

• Zonal Trade and Industry

• Zonal Urban development

• Baeker District Administration

• Baeker District mines and energy

• Local administrative unit / Kebele

The main agenda of the meeting was:

Introducing PAPs about the envisaged project (required land, objective, benefit to the people, anticipated infrastructure development etc.).

Discussion about the proposed method of compensation. Compensation method proposed by the IPDC was in-kind compensation, not-in cash).

Obtain feedback and opinion of PAPs.

Dec. 26, 2016 Noted by the informants/IPDC Tigray that the region had been working on public consultation and preparation of sites for the industry and similar issues, even before the official engagement of IPDC.

Main issues raised by the participants were:

• Preference of in-cash compensation rather than in- kind.

• Concern regarding pressure on the local infrastructures due to the anticipated influx of manpower from other places (PAPs from Baeker).

• Since the area is arid, the need to preserve the existing vegetation and give due attention for the land preparation for planting on the new plots. (PAPs from Baeker)

• Priority to be given to the local people for local jobs created as a result of the project.

4 Similar to the above, the Task Force established a RTC site / Mai Kadra , in order to:

• Estimate property / land to be affected by the RTC development; and

• Determine how to compensate the RTC PAPs.

Jan. 2, 2017

5 Compensation committee and the Task Force (both sites) conducted a census and measurements and valuation of affected assets

It’s noted that the Task Force confirmed the availability of alternative/substitute land in June, 2017. This refers to PAPs on both sites.

January – 2017

The affected property mainly consists of farm land; No other assets like houses, communal facilities or infrastructure are affected.

Total area of farm to be affected in Baeker 131 ha:

• 63.8ha - where PAPs cultivate large land plots (5 PAPs)

• 67.2ha - small holder PAPs


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(26 PAPs)

Total area of land to be affected in Mai Kadra is 8.1 ha and most of it is owned by small holders (7 smallholder PAPs and 2 PAPs who cultivate larger plots).

6 Approval of census and asset estimation report.

The resettlement process has been started prior to the WSP team involvement. The census and assets valuation survey (both carried out by the authorities) resulted in the names of PAPs and compensation amounts assigned for each PAP. The WSP team recommended in the resettlement action plan that further consultations by IPDC is necessary both with PAPs and a suitable agriculture-related NGO to reach an agreement with PAPs on the compensation rates and principles (as per the RAP recommendations.

7 In kind Compensation to date: Baeker All the 5 large land-holding PAPs accepted substitute land (63.8 ha), the remaining 26 PAPs are engaged in discussions

Mai Kadra 2 Small holder PAPs accepted substitute land, the remaining 7 PAPs are engaged in discussions

June and July 2017

The reasons for this task not to be finished are the following: (for both Baeker and Mai Kadra) Preference by PAPs to be compensated by cash, instead of in-kind, which requires more time to negotiate with PAPs and resolve this issue. IPDc must hold additional consultation sessions with affected people to explain that based on the land ownership principles in the country, nobody has own land and in essence, all PAPs are tenants and not land owners. Since some of the PAPS have moved on and live in different locations (some far away from the site) IPDC will have to put more efforts to consult PAPs and engage with them.

Local Authorities also provided the WSP team with the record of when these meetings were held, their location and how many people attended. This information is provided below.

Table 9: Records of Consultations carried out by local authorities

Date Stakeholder Category Location

16/11/2016 Discussions about the upcoming project forms of compensation.

Meeting facilitated by District administration and District Land administration.

Number of participants was 16 (12 women, 4 men)

IAIP/ Baeker


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Date Stakeholder Category Location

03/12/2016 Meeting continued to the above, with a similar agenda

Number of participants was 12 (all men)

IAIP/ Baeker

24/12/2016 Discussions about the upcoming project forms of compensation.


Number of participants was 7 (5 men and 2 women).

RTC/ Mai Kadra

31/12/2016 Meeting continued to the above, with a similar agenda.


Number of participants was 7 (5 men and 2 women)

RTC/ Mai Kadra

27/03/2017 Agenda same to the above but this time there was discussion about location of the substitute land.

Facilitated by district administration.

Number of participants was 21.

Both IAIP & RTC Baeker and Mai Kadra

Meeting held in Humera

07/04/2017 Until this meeting, except some PAPs, majority didn’t agree on the in-kind compensation.

Number of participants was 23 (13 women, 10 men).

Both IAIP & RTC, Baeker and Mai Kadra

Meeting held in Humera

During 2017, meetings with key stakeholders were carried out by the WSP field team and provided an opportunity for further information disclosure on the details and the programme of the proposed survey.

Key issues and concerns raised during the consultation were taken into account during the ESIA preparation and will be addressed in the environmental and social management plan. A summary of the stakeholder consultation is provided below in the following sections.

SUMMARY OF STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION MEETING IN HUMERA, BAEKER IAIP/TIGRAY

Meeting Place: Humera, Zonal Administration Office

Meeting Start Time: 5:00 PM

Date: 3 September 2017

Participants:

▪ Representative of Kafta Humera Woreda Natural Resource Conservation Office

▪ Representative of Kafta Humera Woreda Agriculture and Rural Development Office

▪ Representative of Kafta Humera Woreda Education Office

▪ Representative of Kafta Humera Woreda Culture and Tourism Office

▪ Representative of Kafta Humera Woreda Water Resource Development Office

▪ Representative of Kafta Humera Woreda Health Office

▪ Representative of Kafta Sheraro National Park

▪ Acting Administrator of Kafta Humera Zone

▪ Representative of ZG Environment Consultancy


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Meeting Agenda

The main agenda of the meeting was to debrief the relevant stakeholder offices found in Kafta Humera Woreda about the Baeker IAIP project and to consult them on their issues of concern, views and any other comments they may have with regard to the IAIP project and to incorporate it in the assessment process.

Summary of the Issues Raised

The stakeholder consultation meeting started with debriefing the participants about the Baeker IAIP and Mai Kadra RTC projects. The participants were asked to express any issues and concerns they may have with regard to the IAIP and RTC projects. They were also invited to indicate if there are special sites, areas or places that are designated for protection for their scientific, cultural, or conservation values in their area which need to be taken into consideration during this ESIA process.

A representative from the Woreda Natural Resource Conservation office stated that there is a need to prevent unnecessary deforestation in the area where the IAIP project will be implemented. Though the habitat value of the forest in the area is less significant, there are locally designated area closures like Kafta Messi forest where youths are helping SMEs to protect the area closure and harvest natural gum from the Boswellia trees. He stated that his concern that the non-breeding trees such as Boswellia might be affected. Thus, we recommend that mitigation measures should be provided for such trees/plants.

The representative from the office of agriculture and rural development stated that, the IAIP project is supported by the farmers in the area for it is expected that the value-adding facilities and new job opportunities as well as the new market for their agricultural produce will improve their incomes in the future. In general it is expected that technological advancement will provide a number of local opportunities. On the other hand, it was stated, there are concerns about the displacement of PAPs. There is a need to support and properly compensate displaced individuals especially those commercial farmers who are provided with replacement/substitute land in remote areas. In addition, the local farmers have a concern that with the introduction of new seeds and plants into the area, some invasive crops/species could also be introduced that might affect the native crops. Mitigation measures should address this important issue.

The representatives from the local Cultural/Tourism, Health and Education authorities expressed concerns about migrant workers influx into the area (health, HIV, etc) and asked for mitigation measures to be in place. The cultural office representative mentioned that there is a historical military camp in Baeker town which people say was built during the Italian Occupation (1935-1936), however, it is not in the woreda list of registered cultural heritage sites but the impact on this artefact will need to be considered during the ESIA stage.

Local community representatives stated that most of them are confused and do not understand the difference between cash compensation and provision of alternative land as compensation. Some PAPs whose farmlands are expropriated are seeking cash compensation, but at the same time local administration is offering substitute land as compensation. It was also stated that the issue of compensating the small farmer PAPs by handing over alternative farm land is an urgent issue which needs to be solved by the appropriate organs of the local administration.

Local community representatives also stated they are worried about the existing shortages of municipal water supply and electricity in Baeker town which already provide inadequate services to the residents. This limited supply of water and electricity will be further affected by additional workforce/workers influx during construction and operation. The participant also expressed their concerns about potential impact on the forest resource in the area as a result of labour influx to the IAIP who are likely to use it for domestic purposes.

A representative from the woreda health office stated that there is a concern that pollution will be increased and will affect community health in the area unless properly addressed. The representative also stated that there is concern regarding sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV which may spread when many economic migrants come to the area as workers and traders.


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Figure 6: Stakeholder consultation meeting in Kafta Humera woreda administration office

SUMMARY OF COMMUNITY CONSULTATION MEETING IN BAEKER IAIP, TIGRAY

Date: 21/09/2017

Location: Baeker town hall

Woreda: Kafta Humera

Attendees:

▪ ZGEC:

▪ Ato Zereu Girmay, Ato Goitom Woldeslassie and Ato Shemsu Jihad

▪ Community Members

o More than 38 participants representing different sections of the community including elderly, women

▪ Other Stakeholders

o Ato Tsegay Gesesew, West Tigray Zone, Urban Development and Construction Department.


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Meeting Agenda and Purpose

The purpose of the meeting was to consult with the members of the community about the Baeker IAIP project and the likely positive and negative significant impacts that may occur during its implementation. The consultation meeting was also aiming to collect the views, concerns and issues of the community and affected parties in relation to the implementation of the Baeker IAIP project.

Brief Summary of the Meeting

The consultation meeting was held in Baeker town hall which is located about 12kms away from the IAIP site. Baeker town is the nearest town where resident communities close to the IAIP site are located. The community consultation meeting was started at 9;30 am and was attended by more than 38 participants representing community leaders, the elderly, women, youth, civil servants and project affected persons (those who are still residing in the area).

At the start of the meeting, ZGEC consultant made a presentation to the participants in local language that cover the objectives of the IAIP project, a brief description of the project, the ESIA process and the impact issues to be covered during assessment, the importance of the consultation meeting and expectations from it. The purpose was to create awareness and understanding about the IAIP project among the communities and to involve and engage them in the assessment process. In order to facilitate the meeting, the consultant prepared a summary of the presentation in local language (Tigrigna) and distributed it to the participants at the meeting.

Following the presentations of the ESIA consultant, the floor was opened for discussion. Several views, questions and comments were raised by the participants. The major issues raised in the consultation meeting include the following:

A number of participants stated that they welcome the IAIP development project to their area with the expectation that it will benefit the area by jobs creation for the youth and other members of the community, providing better market to the agricultural produce generated by local farmers, and by attracting further investments in to their area. The participants also acknowledged that the IAIP will have some negative impacts on the environment and hence mitigation is necessary during the implementation of the project. But they stated that in comparison to its benefits, the positive impacts would outweigh the negatives.

Participants stated that there is a considerable delay in providing replacement farm land to those PAPs who own less than 5ha,whose farm land has been expropriated for the IAIP development. The PAPs stated that they are not provided with the replacement farm land promised to be offered by the local authorities so far and because of these delays in handing over replacement farm land they have already missed one cropping season (i.e. the current year harvest season) and that has already begun affecting them. The participating PAPs stated that they seek urgent solutions for their problem. The participants further stated that the local authorities came forward to offer them replacement farm land in July 2017, but that was too late to prepare the land for cropping.

Participants also stated that the confusion and misunderstanding between cash compensation and replacement land compensation should be cleared and resolved based on the applicable rules and regulations. Some PAPs whose farmlands are expropriated are seeking and prefer cash compensation, but the local administration is offering replacement farm land compensation as per the rigid regulations and thus ignores the preferences of those affected. Others stated that they might be aware that the local administration has land ready for handing over to the PAPs to provide them with replacement farm land. They stated such replacement farm land should be arranged by the authorities to be cleared well in advance and spare the affected PAPs further expense and delays caused by cleaning the unsuitable or poor land.

Participants stated that the youth of the area should be given priority to jobs that will be created during construction and operation of the IAIP.

A concern was expressed about the existing shortages of municipal water supply and electricity in Baeker town which is already not adequate to the residents. This limited supply of water and electricity will further suffer with the coming of additional workforce and labour to the IAIP during construction and operation. The participants also expressed their concern about pending threats to the forest resource in the area as a result of labour influx to the IAIP and dependence on firewood for domestic purposes. He stated such potential impacts should be addressed and planned for ahead of time.

During the discussion the WSP team consultant clarified some of the issues raised. It was explained that many of the issues raised by the participants in the meeting are relevant and will be considered in


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the ESIA and RAP process. It was also stated that the issue of compensating the small farmer PAPs by handing over replacement farm land is an urgent issue which needs to be solved by the appropriate organs of the local administration. The concerns raised regarding giving priorities for employment for the local youth were also explained in the context that the IAIP is a large establishment which would seek for skilled and semi-skilled labour that absorbs not only from Baeker town but beyond. Thus there will be enough opportunities for all. It was also noted that the appropriate local authorities including Baeker IAIP should jointly plan ahead to overcome the pending shortage of water and electricity supply of Baeker town that would come once the IAIP construction and operation phases commence.

The participants acknowledged their satisfaction by getting the opportunity to air their views in the consultation meeting and urged that solutions be put forward in the ESIA study. Finally they endorsed the project and asked for its rapid implementation.

Figure 7: Community participation meeting in Baeker town hall

SUMMARY REPORT OF KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEW – MAI KADRA

RTC/TIGRAY

Date of Interview: September 1. 2017.


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Address: Kafta Humera

Name of Village: Baeker

Name of Key Informants:

1. Tesfay Alemu - Farmer

2. Tesfay Birhanu – Farmer

3. Minasibo Hiluf - Farmer

4. Assefa Tamato – Trader

5. Haftu Chekol – Investor

6. Berihu Nigus – Unemployed Youth

7. Azmera Kelele – Civil Servant

8. Atakilti Gebremeskel – Farmer & Head of Women’s Association

9. Mulu Abera – Farmer & Womens Association Organizer


All the above key informants are residents of the town who lived there for many years and know the area very well. They represent the community and are active participants in every communal activity and some of them also serve as village elders for communal conflict resolution or in mobilising the community for developmental activities. All their views and concerns about the project are summarised and discussed below.

The main jobs that people do in the community include farming and raising cattle. Nonetheless, there are also a considerable numbers of traders. There is a forest in close vicinity and people do pick fire wood from it. Non wood forest product such as Boswellia is also collected from the forests nearby but only by co-operatives that has a license to collect. Agricultural production in Mai Kadra is good due to the land being highly productive land. The main local crop is Sesame.

There are three primary schools and one high school in the town. However both are insufficient for there is shortage of rooms and chairs. Similarly, there is only one health centre and it is not sufficient for the current population size and has low supply of pharmaceutical products and equipment. When patients are referred to a hospital they have to travel to Humera which is 27 km away since there is no hospital in the town. The same is true also for a public library. There is one police station in the town but there are very few policemen and is insufficient. As a result, the influx of construction workers will have a massive impact on the town and its resources and utilities.

Table 9: Details on local infrastructure as provided by key informants, Mai Kadra

Socio-economic infrastructures How many If you do not have it, where is the nearest, distance in km?

Is this service sufficient for the current population?

Primary education school 3 Not Sufficient

High school 1 Not Sufficient

Hospital 0 27 (Humera) Not Sufficient

Health centre (or a village clinic)

1 Not Sufficient

Police station 1 Not Sufficient

Library 0 27 (Humera)

Market/Shops 1 Sufficient

Other (please specify) None

The participants are not aware of wide spread or contagious diseases occurring in the last five years. However, there was an incidence of Acute Water Diarrhoea last year. The town receives municipal


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water supply and is not vulnerable to contaminating water-borne diseases. But the herdsmen who raise cattle in the forest have no access to clean water and use the rivers nearby as a source of drinking water and get contaminated with Acute Water diarrhoea some times. And when those herdsmen return to the town there is a risk of infecting others. The roads in the town are very muddy and bumpy to walk especially during the rainy season.

The positive effects of the project according to the residents are job opportunities for the youth and better market for agricultural products will be created and if the market improves our production will also increase for we are at present producing under capacity as a result of lower prices. In addition to this, agricultural technology will also be made available to the local farmers which will improve productivity.

People acknowledged that the project might displace people. Second, waste disposals might affect the town and they are concerned with waste management. And third, sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV will increase as many labourers will come to the town in large numbers for work.

The people think that their income resource and social structure will be affected positively because, in general, more development will come to the town and in particular job opportunities for the youth and better market for agricultural products. Infrastructure is also expected to improve and people hope to get access to different kinds of social services. Most importantly, if job opportunities are created the youth will not migrate to foreign countries in search of jobs elsewhere.

Figure 8: Key informant interview (women and men) in Mai Kadra town, Tigray RTCP


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Summary Report of Key Informant Interview – Baeker IAIP/Tigray

Date of Interview: August 28 and 29. 2017.

Address: Kafta Humera

Name of Village: Baeker

Name of Key Informants:

1. Kidan Gebregiorgis – Member of Women’s Association and Farmer

2. Aweke Abera – Investor and Member of Rural Federation

3. Tsegay Bahiru – Member of Rural Federation, Farmer and Trader

4. Ametetsen Wores – Village Elder and Farmer

5. Berhe Yeibiyo - Member of Youth Association, Farmer and Trader

6. Berhe Gebremedhin - Village Elder and Farmer

7. Telelech Yirga – Member of Woreda Federation and Farmer

8. Birhane Wagaye – Village Elder, Farmer and Trader


The main jobs that people do in the community are farming, raising cattle and trade. There is a forest in all surrounding areas of the town and people pick up fire wood from it. Non wood forest product such as Natural gum and Honey are also collected from the forests nearby but only by co-operatives that have a license to collect, although there are many of these. Agricultural production in Baeker was good in previous times and people grow Sesame and also raise cattle. However, recently it is declining due to incurring droughts and market price for Sesame is falling and at times the funds recovered do not cover the expense of production. For instance last year the price for Sesame decreased from 4,000 birr to 1,800 birr for 100kg. Generally the head of the household owns the land through a formal agreement with the government but the youth do not own any land.

There are two primary and one high school in the town. However both are insufficient since the number of students is too high and there is shortage of rooms and equipment in schools. Likewise, there is only one health centre and it is not sufficient for the current population size especially during the harvesting season when many seasonal workers arrive. Furthermore, when patients are referred to a hospital they have to travel to Humera which is about 40 km’s away because there is no hospital in the town. There is no market in Baeker and people have to go to Dansha town which is found about 60 Km way in order to find one. However, there is ECX (Ethiopian Commodity Exchange) in the town which connects products of the farmers directly to the International Market.

Table 10: Details on local infrastructure as provided by key informants, Baeker IAIP

Socio-economic infrastructures

How many If you do not have it, where is the nearest, distance in km?

Is this service sufficient for the current population?

Primary education school 2 Not Sufficient

High school 1 Not Sufficient

Hospital 0 50 (Humera)

Health centre

(or a village clinic)

1 Not Sufficient

Police station 1 Not Sufficient

Library 0 50 (Humera)

Market/Shops 0 60 (Dansha)

ECX

(Ethiopian Commodity

1 Sufficient


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Exchange)

The main source of fresh water in the town is municipal water supply but it is not enough for the residents since they get water once in three days and it is also very expensive (30 birr is paid for 1 m3). As a result, there are some people who can’t afford municipal supply and during times of shortage people fetch from the rivers and place themselves at risk of contracting water borne diseases. As a result, there are incidences of water-borne diseases such as jaundice/Hepatitis B, Acute Water diarrhoea and Bilharzia. The single health centre is the only health facility in the town and the residents are not satisfied with it for it is not sufficient to serve the current population.

According to the inhabitants, there is high prevalence of HIV in Baeker, this is due to the presence of a military camp in the town, and in addition, many daily labourers and merchants come to the area and many among them partake in unsafe sexual activities and are vulnerable to HIV AIDS.

According to the key informants, the positive effects of the project are the anticipated creation of job opportunities for women and the youth and better markets for agricultural and animal products that will be created. And if the market improves production and productivity will also increase. At present farmers are producing under capacity as a result of falling prices specially that of Sesame.

As to the key informants the negative effects of the project are expected to be as follows: firstly, many people will come to the area and the existing infrastructure will not be sufficient. Second, spread of sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV. Third, security problems might occur as a result of many people coming into the area.

People believe that their income resource and social structure will be improved as the project will bring more development to the town and job opportunities for women and the youth. They also expect better market prices for agricultural and animal products which are produced in the area such as Sesame, Honey and Milk, and in turn productivity to increase. In addition, infrastructure is also expected to be improved.

Figure 9: Key informant interviews in Baeker town, Tigray IAIP

9.4 ISSUES AND CONCERNS Common issues and concerns raised by stakeholders, together with the response provided by the project teams, are outlined below.


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JOB CREATION

Stakeholders asked repeatedly that the Project generate employment opportunities, particularly unskilled labour opportunities for youth who should be sourced from the various affected communities during implementation. The consultation team informed the affected communities that during construction, unskilled labour could be sourced from the communities but further indicated that these jobs will be temporary and are predicted to reduce during the operational phase.


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10 GRIEVANCE MECHANISM PROCEDURE AND SYSTEM FOR CONFLICT MANAGEMENT

10.1 OBJECTIVES Conflict management can be achieved and litigation reduced, by the use of grievance redress mechanisms. This section describes mechanisms available to affected people for complaints about aspects of their treatment during project activities. The goal of grievance redress is to create an avenue to prevent and address potential adverse environmental and social impacts emanating from project activities. This approach will ensure successful and timely completion of projects, without creating adverse environmental, social and health conditions on the community. Grievances are likely to arise in one or more of the following cases:

▪ Value of assets is disputed

▪ Amount of compensation is disputed

▪ Identity of the person to be compensated is disputed.

Notably, the grievance management process is not meant to address the collection and collation (reporting on) of stakeholder feedback that does not require an individual response.

HIERARCHY OF GRIEVANCE REDRESS

There is a three stage approach to grievance management including the Grievance Redress Committee, Arbitration and Courts of Law.

GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM

The effective and reliable Grievance redress are the legally effective procedures, mentioned below. Compensation payment should be effected after the property valuation committee makes the final estimate of compensation payable for the affected properties at a replacement cost and finally approved by the developer. Following the developer’s practice, compensation is only paid to the PAP after a written consent in the presence of members of the property valuation committee.

If a PAP refuses the amount of compensation payment suggested by the property valuation committee, litigation is settled by regular courts. Each individual PAP has the right to refuse the compensation rate proposed and take his/her case to the court if he/she finds the compensation to be under market value. However, the preferred option of dispute settlement ought to be the option of settling the dispute amicably because recourse to courts may take a very long time even years before a final decision is made and therefore, should not be the preferred option for both parties concerned.

However, to avoid taking the case to court and to speedily and amicably settle the dispute, arbitrational tribunal will be established by IPDC and project implementation unit (PIU). The tribunal will be established by members drawn from each Woreda, the developer’s-PIU and representatives of PAPs.

Arbitrational tribunal members:

▪ Representative of Woreda Administration – Chair Person

▪ Two representatives of PAPs

▪ Representative from the developer’s-PIU

The procedures that will be adopted by the arbitrational tribunal members to address grievances redress are:

▪ The response time between activating the procedure and reaching a resolution should be as short as possible

In case the dispute is not resolved, i.e. one party disagrees; the aggrieved party has the right to appeal to the ordinary courts of law. According to FDRE Proclamation No.455/2005, Article 11, sub article 1 states about an aggrieved as:

“In rural areas and in urban centre where an administrative organ to hear grievances related to urban landholding is not yet established, a complaint relating to the amount of compensation shall be submitted to the regular court having jurisdiction.”


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Similarly, a PAP from urban area “may lodge his complaint to the administrative organ established by the urban administration to hear grievances related to urban landholdings”. A party dissatisfied by the decision of the administrative organ and the court may appeal to the regular appellate court or municipal appellate court within 30 days from the date of decision. The decision of the court will be final.

Furthermore, proclamation 455/2005 also makes it clear that even if a PAP lodges his complaint to a regular court or administrative organ, the execution of an expropriation order may not be delayed or stopped.

The procedures for handling grievances will be as follows if not resolved amicably:

▪ The affected person shall file his/her discontents in writing to committee chairperson. The grievance needs to be signed and dated by the aggrieved person. Where the affected person is unable to write, he/she shall obtain assistance to write the note and endorse the letter with his thumb print;

▪ Committees shall respond within fifteen days after they discussed the matter with the aggrieved person. If the grievance relates to valuation of assets, experts may need to be requested to revalue the assets, and this may necessitate a longer period of time. In this case, the aggrieved person must be notified by the committee that his/her complaint is being considered.

▪ If the aggrieved person does not receive a response or is not satisfied with the outcome he/she may lodge the case to the local Court; Decisions of local courts shall be the final.

Nevertheless, the preferred option for dispute settlement is amicable settlement and arbitration among aggrieved parties. Project affected people; also have a right to appeal their cases to the developer’s PIU before taking their appeals to the Court. The establishment of a satisfactory grievance redress mechanism and procedures is required to ensure that PAPs are provided with the appropriate compensation payments and that the implementation of projects is in compliance with the laws of the country. An appropriate grievance redress mechanism needs to be established early in the project implementation and should align with the requirements of the international funding agency guidelines.

The grievances redress mechanism seeks to facilitate settlement of disputes amicably whenever possible through arbitrational tribunal. Seeking recourse in the courts can take a very long time, even years, before a final decision is made, so grievance redress mechanisms ensure PAPs do not lose time and resources resulting from lengthy administrative and legal procedures.

The FDRE Council of Ministers’ Regulation No.135/2007 requires that grievance redress tribunals (or committees) are established by the Woreda administration. The main responsibility of the committee is to address grievances that are raised during the property valuation and implementation of the RAP or compensation plan.

The establishment of the committee in the local administrative area allows the PAPs to file their complaints and grievances close to where they live, saving their time and resources which may be limited. In rural areas and urban canters where an administrative organ has not yet been established, complaints can be submitted to the regular court having jurisdiction. The table below identifies the typical members of the grievance redress committee.

Table 11 - Grievance redress committee member

No. List of member organizations Responsibility

1 Woreda Administrator Chair Person

2 Woreda Justice Office Member

3 Woreda Complaint (or grievance) committee Member

4 Representative of PAPs Member

5 Representative of PAPs Member

The duties and responsibilities of the grievance committee include:

▪ To assist PAPs in obtaining an appropriate response to their complaints by referring to the legal procedures;


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▪ To communicate with the property valuation committee and the proponent on issues related compensation payments and valuation of properties and assets; and,

▪ To ensure that the procedures followed by the property valuation committee are in accordance with government regulations and guidelines.

The procedures to be adopted by the grievance redress or arbitrational tribunal members should be:

▪ Transparent, simple and uniform process for registering complaints;

▪ Provide PAPs with free access to the procedures;

▪ Able to be activated rapidly such that the response time between starting the procedure and reaching a resolution is as short as possible; and,

▪ Include a monitoring system to inform the proponent of the frequency and nature of grievances raised.

If a PAP is dissatisfied with the amount of compensation payment or other measures implemented as compensation, the best means of addressing this grievance is through dialogue. This should in the first instance be held with the Resettlement Implementation Committee (RIC) established by the woreda. If the RIC is not able to address the grievance, the next preferred option is for the PAP to pass on the complaint to the grievance redress committee.

PAPs taking their cases or complaints to the grievance committee should be provided with the opportunity to hold positive discussions in the presence of their representatives, including either local administration representative and / or any influential person in the locality. If a dispute is not resolved by arbitrational tribunal, the aggrieved party has the right to appeal to the ordinary courts of law according to FDRE Proclamation No.455/2005. The typical steps to be taken in order to achieve consensus for any grievance related dispute are described in more detail below.

The affected person should file their grievance to the RIC. The grievance note should be written, signed and dated by the aggrieved person. The RIC should respond within seven days with any meetings and discussions to be held with the aggrieved person within this time frame. If the grievance relates to valuation of assets, then other experts may need to be brought in to assist in valuing the assets, and this may necessitate a longer period of time. In this case, the aggrieved person must be notified that his/her complaint is being considered.

If the aggrieved person does not receive a response or is not satisfied with the outcome of the meetings, then the case is passed on to the grievance committee. The grievance committee will then attempt to resolve the problem within seven days of the complaint being lodged with them, again through dialogue and negotiation. If no agreement is reached at this stage, then the complaint is taken up by the Arbitration Appraisal Committee (AAC).

The AAC will embark on further negotiations with the aggrieved PAP. If the PAP does not agree on the decision of the AAC, he/she may appeal to the ordinary courts of law within three months from the decision of the committee.

Valuation and eligibility criteria for compensation and grievance redressing mechanisms have been established based on in-country and international funding agency guidance; in particular, African Development Bank OS2.


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11 MONITORING AND EVALUATION

11.1 OBJECTIVES Monitoring provides timely and concise information indicating whether the land acquisition process is on track to achieve its goals and objectives, whether any unforeseen impacts or risks have emerged, and whether national and international standards are being met. It will be based on a number of key performance indicators and regular assessment of land acquisition implementation activities and those affected.

Evaluation provides focused, independent assessment of the overall success of the land acquisition process at regular intervals. The program typically comprises regular assessment of the process by independent experts at key milestones.

This Chapter sets out the background for monitoring and evaluation and provides a framework for each. These frameworks will ultimately be advanced into a detailed Social Management plan by IPDC and their contractor, which will enable the documentation of adaptive management of the land acquisition process. Social Management and monitoring activities will continue until it can be demonstrated that displaced persons have successfully re- established their livelihoods and restored their quality of life. The broad flow of this process is represented in Figure 10 below.

Figure 10: Monitoring & Evaluation Process

11.2 MONITORING Monitoring for land acquisition can be described as a continuing function that uses systematic collection of data on specified indicators to provide the Project, PAPs and other stakeholders with timely and concise information on the progress of the land acquisition process. In short, monitoring activities are designed to answer the question:

▪ Are Project commitments and responsibilities related to land acquisition being met on time and in full, and having the intended effects.

Monitoring will consist of periodic Monitoring Reports from PIU to IPDC, including monthly internal reports and quarterly or half yearly reports to external stakeholders.

Monitoring will continue for no less than 2 years after the land acquisition process. If, at the two- year mark, it can be demonstrated that the PAPs have successfully restored their livelihoods and quality of life, monitoring activities will be subsumed into the regular baseline updates conducted by the Lands Management Section. Where households have not restored their quality of life, monitoring will be extended as necessary until it can be documented that they have.

The land acquisition implementation process and its ultimate results must be monitored.

Monitoring will be done against national indicators and the other baseline information outlined in Chapter 3: Socio-Economic Study. More specifically, following the finalisation of the indicators


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selected, and the establishment of reporting mechanisms, monitoring activities will include the collation and analysis of data from:

▪ Monthly and other Project records and reports.

▪ Meeting minutes and records.

▪ Conventional household and community sample surveys, conducted at regular intervals.

▪ Community engagement and feedback from interviews, workshops, and site visits etc.

▪ Regularly updated community profiles that track key information about Project-affected villages and host communities.

▪ Discussions with the construction contractors and other implementing contractors and agencies to review progress against the agreed plan.

▪ Reports on grievances regarding the subjects of grievances and resolution timeframes.

11.3 OUTPUT MONITORING Output monitoring helps to establish whether the recommendations outlined in this document are being achieved on timely and effective manner. It focusses on measuring whether the commitments are in fact delivered to those entitled to receive them.

Some examples of output indicators, to be measured at different stages in the land acquisition and compensation process are:

▪ Number of issues recorded in the stakeholder issue database

▪ Number and type of engagement materials developed in response to issues frequently raised

▪ Number (by type) of engagement activities

▪ Percentage of Form F and Alternative Land Agreements signed by PAPs

▪ Percentage of vulnerable households that have received a visit from Project staff

▪ Number of shrines and sacred groves impacted and % of shrines and sacred groves successfully compensated/moved

▪ Number of archaeological chance finds.

11.4 OUTCOME MONITORING Outcome monitoring helps to establish whether the outputs have resulted in the desired short term and long term changes in the Project area. This will help to establish whether compensation has been comprehensive enough in order to achieve the stated objectives, and whether the displaced persons’ quality of life is in fact restored or improved.

Some examples of outcome indicators, to be measured at different stages in the land acquisition and compensation process are:

▪ Number of grievances received and % being resolved within the stipulated window

▪ Percentage of PAPs attending public meetings or training events

▪ Average household landholding for displaced households compared to average household landholding prior to Project land acquisition

▪ Percentage of PAPs reporting a favourable opinion of the Project

▪ Percentage of vulnerable households among PAPs compared to % of vulnerable households prior to Project land acquisition.

▪ Percentage of PAPs complaining of entitlement mismanagement and resulting impoverishment.

Indicators will be finalised through guided discussions with PAPs and communities. This will allow those individuals who are the target of any intervention to identify and report what they believe to be the significant areas of change in their lives.

11.5 EVALUATION Evaluation of land acquisition can be described as the systematic and objective assessment of an ongoing or completed process, regarding its design, implementation and results. The aim, using monitoring data and reporting as input, is to determine the relevance and fulfilment of this document’s objectives.


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In short, evaluation activities answer the questions:

▪ what has been the change or impact in the lives of PAPs and communities as a result of Project activities?

▪ Are current Project activities undertaken to mitigate negative impacts and leverage positive impacts sufficient?

There are two key types of evaluation, annual internal and bi-annual external evaluations. Both types of evaluations will continue until the final year of land acquisition – when it can be demonstrated whether the objectives of land acquisition and livelihood restoration have been met or that all reasonable efforts as outlined in this document have been delivered.

11.6 INTERNAL EVALUATIONS These evaluations are conducted by the Project as an integral part of its management and development processes. Internal evaluations (using the monitoring described above as input) will be conducted on an annual basis until the final year of the land acquisition period. Evaluations will consider the following issues:

▪ Assessment of the compliance of the land acquisition process with objectives and methods as set in this document;

▪ Assessment of compliance of the principles defined in this document with laws, regulations and safeguard policies as stated in this document;

▪ Assessment of the consultation procedures used in the individual, institutional and community levels;

▪ Assessment of fair, adequate and prompt compensation as they have been implemented;

▪ Evaluation of the impact of the compensation programme on incomes and standard of living, with focus on the “no worse-off if not better-off” requirement;

▪ Identification of actions to take as part of the on-going monitoring to improve the positive impacts of the programme and mitigate its possible negative impacts if any.

11.7 EXTERNAL EVALUATIONS These are conducted periodically by third party consultants and serve as an extra level of assurance that company practice is in-line with relevant standards. External evaluations will be conducted every two-years with a final external evaluation following the conclusion of all land acquisition activities. External evaluations aim to determine the following:

▪ Compliance of Project activities with Project commitments, objectives, policy and procedures, Ethiopian Law and AfDB OS 2.

▪ Effectiveness of planned mitigation measures, particularly with regards measures in restoring or enhancing PAP’s quality of life and livelihoods.

Appendix A CENSUS AND ASSET INVENTORY

DATA COLLECTED BY LOCAL

AUTHORITIES

THE PROPOSED BAEKER IAIP AND MAI KADRA RTC WSP March 2018


Table A1 – List of Project Affected People and Land Footprint to be taken by the

project

No. Name Gender Total land area (ha)

Affected by the project, ha

Land certificate available (Y/N)

Kebele

1 Rahma Bahta F 2 2 Y A/Hirdi

2 Suleiman Seid M 2 2 Y A/Hirdi

3 Asiya Ibrahim F 2 2 Y A/Hirdi

4 Atalu Mamu F 2 2 Y A/Hirdi

5 Yalgay G/Tensay F 2 2 Y A/Hirdi

6 Tilay Teshger M 2 2 Y A/Hirdi

7 Atalu Yayinrat F 2 2 Y A/Hirdi

8 Medina Yebiyo F 2 2 Y A/Hirdi

9 Sheka Kadir Abreha

M 2 2 Y A/Hirdi

10 Abreha Baryeu M 2 2 Y A/Hirdi

11 Shewitey Tikure F 2 2 Y A/Hirdi

12 Beyan A/Kerim M 2 2 Y A/Hirdi

13 Jenesu Mekonnen

F 2 2 Y A/Hirdi

14 Tenat Alemshet F 2 2 Y A/Hirdi

15 Atsede Feleke F 2 0.6 Y A/Hirdi

16 Kassa Zelelew Melese

M 5 5 Y A/Hirdi

17 Gebre Mekonnen M 5 4.4 Y Baeker

18 Tsige Abreha F 4.5 1.8 Y Baeker

19 Belay Chekole M 5 3.2 Y A/Hirdi

20 Asmare Belay M 5 1.8 Y A/Hirdi

21 Zewdu Belay M 2 2 Y A/Hirdi

22 Medhin Chekole M 5 4.3 N Baeker

23 Alemu Zelelew M 5 5 N A/Hirdi

24 Beidu Zelelew M 5 5 N Baeker

25 Alemaw Gebre M 3.7 3.7 N Baeker

26 Chekole Haftu M 5 0.6 N A/Hirdi

27 Zeray Gebre M 3 2.1 N A/Hirdi

28 Getachew Mekonnen

M 25 7.3 In progress Baeker

29 Zelelew Melese M 26.3 21.5 In progress Baeker

31 Atalay Gebru F 80 52.4 Yes Baeker

31 Shemuye Andom M 20 9.6 Yes Baeker

32 Tsegay Kahsay M 21 0.055 No Mai Kadra

33 Semret Tsegay F 2 0.48 No Mai Kadra

34 Meressa Nega F 2 0.7 No Mai Kadra

35 Tsega Zegeye F 2 0.18 No Mai Kadra

36 Birhan M 5 0.4 No Mai Kadra



No. Name Gender Total land area (ha)

Affected by the project, ha

Land certificate available (Y/N)

Kebele

37 Emebet Abebaw M 2.5 2.5 No Mai Kadra

38 Amsalu Bahta M 2 2 No Mai Kadra

39 Aboy W/Abzegi M 2 0.03 No Mai Kadra

40 Nay Mengesti F 1.755 1.755 No Mai Kadra

TOTAL 269.95 171.2

Table A2 – List of Project Affected People and estimated Compensation

No.

Name

Total land area (ha)

Affected by the project

(ha)

% of land

taken by the project

estimated one-off payment to cover admin and fertiliser costs for a new land plot if more than 20% of the land plot is taken, Birr 3,000 if more

than 20% is taken

fixed compensation rate for crops = 10,000

Birr/ha

Total estimated compensation per PAP, Birr

1 Rahma Bahta 2.00 2.00 100.0% 3,000 20,000 23,000

2 Suleiman Seid 2.00 2.00 100.0% 3,000 20,000 23,000

3 Asiya Ibrahim 2.00 2.00 100.0% 3,000 20,000 23,000

4 Atalu Mamu 2 2 100.0% 3,000 20,000 23,000

5 Yalgay G/Tensay 2 2 100.0% 3,000 20,000 23,000

6 Tilay Teshger 2 2 100.0% 3,000 20,000 23,000

7 Atalu Yayinrat 2 2 100.0% 3,000 20,000 23,000

8 Medina Yebiyo 2 2 100.0% 3,000 20,000 23,000

9 Sheka Kadir Abreha

2 2 100.0% 3,000

20,000 23,000

10 Abreha Baryeu 2 2 100.0% 3,000 20,000 23,000

11 Shewitey Tikure 2 2 100.0% 3,000 20,000 23,000

12 Beyan A/Kerim 2 2 100.0% 3,000 20,000 23,000

13 Jenesu Mekonnen

2 2 100.0% 3,000

20,000 23,000

14 Tenat Alemshet 2 2 100.0% 3,000 20,000 23,000

15 Atsede Feleke 2 1 30.0% 3,000 6,000 9,000

16 Kassa Zelelew Melese

5 5 100.0% 3,000

50,000 53,000

17 Gebre Mekonnen 5 4 88.0% 3,000 44,000 47,000

18 Tsige Abreha 5 2 40.0% 3,000 18,000 21,000

19 Belay Chekole 5 3 64.0% 3,000 32,000 35,000

20 Asmare Belay 5 2 36.0% 3,000 18,000 21,000

21 Zewdu Belay 2 2 100.0% 3,000 20,000 23,000

No.

Name

Total land area (ha)

Affected by the project

(ha)

% of land

taken by the project

estimated one-off payment to cover admin and fertiliser costs for a new land plot if more than 20% of the land plot is taken, Birr 3,000 if more

than 20% is taken

fixed compensation rate for crops = 10,000

Birr/ha

Total estimated compensation per PAP, Birr

22 Medhin Chekole 5 4 86.0% 3,000 43,000 46,000

23 Alemu Zelelew 5 5 100.0% 3,000 50,000 53,000

24 Beidu Zelelew 5 5 100.0% 3,000 50,000 53,000

25 Alemaw Gebre 4 4 100.0% 3,000 37,000 40,000

26 Chekole Haftu 5 1 12.0% 0 6,000 6,000

27 Zeray Gebre 3 2 70.0% 3,000 21,000 24,000

28 Getachew Mekonnen

25 7.3 29.2% progressing signing a contract, 3,000 73,000 76,000

29 Zelelew Melese 26.3 21.5 81.7% progressing signing a contract, 3,000 215,000 218,000

30 Atalay Gebru 80 52.4 65.5% signed contract, 3,000 524,000 527,000

31 Shemuye Andom 20 9.6 48.0% signed contract, 3,000 96,000 99,000

32 Tsegay Kahsay 21 0.055 0.3% 0 550 550

33 Semret Tsegay 2 0.48 24.0% 3,000 4,800 7,800

34 Meressa Nega 2 0.7 35.0% 3,000 7,000 10,000

35 Tsega Zegeye 2 0.18 9.0% 0 1,800 1,800

36 Birhan 5 0.4 8.0% 0 4,000 4,000

37 Emebet Abebaw 2.5 2.5 100.0% 3,000 25,000 28,000

38 Amsalu Bahta 2 2 100.0% 3,000 20,000 23,000

39 Aboy W/Abzegi 2 0.03 1.5% 0 300 300

40 Nay Mengesti 1.755 1.755 100.0% 3,000 17,550 20,550

TOTAL 269.95 171.2

1,769,000

Estimated 27 vulnerable PAPs our of total 40 PAPs, each is entitled to Birr 5,000 one-off payment 135,000

Grand-total 1,904,000



Appendix B QUESTIONNAIRE

resettlement action plan...esia and rap carried during october 2020 was initiated to integrate the...

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