What are scientific skills?Skills associated with the process of investigation in science.

Includes the science process skills and manipulative skills.

What are the Malaysian science process skills? (Basic & Integrated)Observing ClassifyingMeasuring and using numbersInferring PredictingCommunicatingUsing time-space relationshipsInterpreting dataDefining operationallyControlling variablesHypothesising Experimenting

Intervention lessons

How to develop process skills?Teacher demonstrations with enabling questions

Help sheetsPlanning and doing the investigations/experiments themselves.

Steps to be a good experimenterCarrying out Processing, Analysing, and Interpreting Evaluation Communicating Getting started Planning and designing

MAKING INFERENCES

You are making inferences when you are .

Using information from observations to make reasonable early conclusions.

2. Making various possible interpretations from single observation.

3. Able to identify the limitations of inferences.

Testing the accuracy of inferences through additional observations.

4. Testing the accuracy of inferences through additional observations.

5. Using inferences as a tool to determine the appropriate additional observations.

To plan actions or to make a choice.2. To analyse the cause and effect of decisionsWhy do we need to infer?

Observe the situations or circumstances.State the reason why the situation or circumstances happens .Give reasons to your statement(s).Check if the reasons given are based on opinions or observations from the situations. If based on opinions, state why.

How do we infer?

What is meant by making inferences?Making inferences is a process of making early conclusions by relating previous experiences with immediate observations.

Integrated Science Process SkillUSING SPACE AND TIME RELATIONSHIPS

Description of physical environment including: shapes, time, direction and spatial arrangement, motion and speed.

Integrated Science Process SkillWhich shape has two lines or axes of symmetry?

Integrated Science Process SkillHow long does it take you to count to 25, counting as fast as you can?

Integrated Science Process SkillWhat is the frequency of the traffic?

Integrated Science Process SkillRoll a ball across the floor to a wall. How fast can you roll it? How slow can you roll it ?

Integrated Science Process SkillYou are sitting in a boat sailing along at 10 km/h. You are facing in the same direction as the boat is moving. Are you moving? Are you moving with respect to the boat?

Integrated Science Process SkillMeasure and compare the distances taken by 2 objects in a fixed unit of time

Integrated Science Process SkillIdentify changes in form or with the passing of timeUSING SPACE AND TIME RELATIONSHIPS:

Integrated Science Process SkillDEFINING OPERATIONALLY

Integrated Science Process SkillDefine: A termA conceptVariablesBased on experience

Integrated Science Process SkillExample:Define an insectAn insect has 3 pairs of legs

Integrated Science Process Skill Interpreting by describing what is DONE and OBSERVED

Integrated Science Process SkillHow was each variable operationally defined?Amount of exercise was measured by counting the number of kilometers a person rodePulse rate was measured by counting the number of heartbeats felt at the wrist following exercise.

Integrated Science Process SkillAlternativelyAmount of exercise - number of kneebends each student didAmount of exercise having the students run in place for designated periods of time.

Integrated Science Process SkillInterpreting Data (Mentafsir Maklumat)A process of giving rational explanations about objects, events or patterns from informations

Integrated Science Process SkillData or informations collected are in various formsPicturesTablesGraphsCharts

Integrated Science Process SkillMAKING HYPOTHESESHypotheses are predictions about the relationship between variables

Integrated Science Process SkillWhen do you construct hypothesis?Before any investigation or experiment is conducted

The hypothesis provides guidance to an investigation about what data to collect

Integrated Science Process SkillProblem: What factors determine the rate at which an object falls through airPossible variables:Volume of objectSurface area of objectLength of fallWeight of object

Integrated Science Process SkillCONTROLLING VARIABLES

Integrated Science Process SkillExample:The time it takes to run a kilometer depends on the amount of exercise a person gets.

Variables: time to run a kilometer amount of exercise

Integrated Science Process SkillA variable is something that can vary or changeManipulated variable Responding variable Constant/fixed variable

Integrated Science Process SkillEXPERIMENTINGPlanning experiments to test hypotheses using the following procedure:Identify the problemIdentify the variables involved and select those to manipulate and those to hold constantFormulating hypothesesExperimenting

Integrated Science Process Skill

Thank U

Using the inferences , we can determine what action should be taken ( throw away / keep )Based on the decision made , what are the effects ?( Unable to cook / stomach-ache )