TASK 1: STUDY THE GIVE CASES AND IDENTIFY BEHAVIOURS WHICH ARE NOT DESIRABLE. WHAT ACTIONS WOULD YOU

TAKE?

Case 1: A pupil kicks another pupil after seeing this on the playground.As a teacher, what action would you take?

Method: Reinforcement • Reinforcement is the act of following a response with a

reinforcer.• A reinforcer is a stimulus (encouraging activity) that increases

the frequency or occurrence of a response it follows. • There are 2 types of reinforcement:-• Positive reinforcement • Negative reinforcement

Positive reinforcement• Positive reinforcement is the encouragement of a desired

response (behaviour) by a pleasant stimulus.

• It increases the probability of the reoccurrence of the same response to the same situation.

Negative reinforcement• Negative reinforcement is the discouragement of an

undesired response (behaviour) by an unpleasant stimulus.

• It decreases the probability of the reoccurrence of the same response to the same situation.

Punishment • Punishment is used to erase undesirable behaviours by

presenting a distressing stimulus when the behaviour occurs.

• Can be classified into 2 types:-• Positive punishment• Negative punishment

Types of punishment • Positive punishment• An undesirable stimulus is received after a behaviour occurs.

• Negative punishment• A desirable stimulus is lost or removed after a behaviour occurs.

Action taken• The pupil who kicks another pupil will be given negative

reinforcement.• For example: • He/She was not allowed to play at the playground for a week. • However, if the negative reinforcement fails to avoid the

undesirable behaviour, the pupil will be punished.• Negative punishment: if he/she fails to behave good at the

playground, he/she will not be given recess hour.

Case 2 : A group of pupils enter the classroom noisily and walk around the classroom.

You want the pupils to enter the classroom, sit down and wait quietly.

Method 1: Behavior contract

• The behavior contract is a written agreement about how the individual will behave.

• It will indicate the appropriate consequence if the student neglect to behave according to the contract and it also states the positive reinforcement to be used for successful compliance.

Examples: • Student Name:

_________________________Date:_________________________Room:_________________________

I, , will enter the classroom quietly without making

any noise, sit down and wait quietly for the teacher to enter the classroom.

Method 2: Consequences

1. Consequences:• occur immediately after a behavior, • may be positive or negative, • expected or unexpected, • immediate or long-term, • material or symbolic (grade),

2. Consequences occur after the desired behavior occurs, then either positive or negative reinforcement may be given.

Examples

• Provide instruction with simple and clear directions.

• Gain student’s full attention before giving instructions.

• Provide one instruction at a time - do not provide too many different instructions.

• Monitor compliance - provide time limits.

• Provide appropriate consequences for compliance.

Group Consequences

• Provide a set of behavior rules or expectations• Determine the interval of time for the contingency - the

longer the interval, the more valuable the reward• Provide a menu of choices to avoid satiation• Determine criterion for reinforcement

Individual Consequences

• Surprise Tokens: delivered at times that are not predictable by students

• Rewards(Random Drawing): students place their name on a piece of paper and place into a jar when they comply to rules, at the end of the day, conduct a drawing for prizes

CASE 3: A PUPIL CONSISTENTLY ANSWERS WITHOUT RAISING HIS HANDYOU WANT THE STUDENT TO RAISE HIS HAND BEFORE ANSWERING THE QUESTION

METHOD 1: EXTINCTION• Extinction is a procedure in which the reinforcement that has

been maintaining or increasing an inappropriate behavior is withheld entirely.

• A common practice of the extinction procedure is ignoring behavior that is reinforced by attention.

• Identifying behavioral reinforces and removing them can decrease a behavior.

• An undesired behavior without reinforcement can diminish until it no longer occurs.

Extinction through accustomizing

• When a person receives a stimulus and experiences the conditioned response a number of times, then the intensity of the emotion they feel may well become dulled with familiarity

Extinction through extreme experience• A strange thing that happens sometimes is that a behavior

may become extinct not through ignoring the triggers that cause it, but actually exacerbating it to the extreme.

Guidelines to Follow:

• ~ Briefly remove all attention from the student

• ~ Refuse to argue, scold or talk

• ~ Turn your head to avoid eye contact

• ~ Do not show anger in your manner or gestures

• ~ Act absorbed in some other activity

• ~ Be sure that the behavior does not allow him a material reinforcer

• ~ Give lots of attention and reinforcement when the inappropriate behavior stops

REFERENCES• http://www.afcec.org/tipsforteachers/tips_c3.html• http://changingminds.org/explanations/behaviors/

conditioning/extinction.htm• http://www.parentsunitedtogether.com/page41.html