tecnologia de cocreto

8/11/2019 Tecnologia de Cocreto

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Introduction

Concrete is currently the most common material used in the construction industry,

however It has been a drawback where the dead load is an important factor. It is too

heavy to be practical , especially in the construction of floor slabs and roofs , as these

will are designed to withstand live loads (people and furniture), these loads are

transmitted to the girders , these columns and finally to the foundation and the ground.

Cellular concrete or aerated with which densities ranging between 200 and 1920 kg /

m3, suitable for fillings, floors, walls, slabs, etc. are achieved; Concrete reinforced with

fibers that help control the classical concrete cracks and increase the tensile strength

and understanding; Structural lightweight concrete that can be used in precast or cast in

situ.

For us the students of this career is basic and essential to approach topics that involve

processes that will take place throughout our working lives.

The concrete technology becomes in one of the selective tools for the world of civil

engineering as it provides greater improvements in safety and structural level.

The concrete is an alloy of materials for the building and it is the base that represent

civil engineering. Now we are going to explain in detail what we call concrete

technology.


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Index

CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

Objectives ... Page 3

Definition ... Page 3

Breakthrough Technologies that improve concrete.. Page 3

Constructive Evolution of Techniques.. Page 4

New Technologies in the concretes... Page 4

Construction procedures.. Page 5

Gathering Materials

Curing

Dosage

Mixing

Posted in molds

Compaction

Transportation

Types of Concrete Technology Page 5

Cellular concrete, aerated concrete (with encapsulated air)

Concrete reinforcing fiber

Structural lightweight concrete

Concrete eco light

Concrete Technology for the Panama Canal Expansion.. Page 7


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Production of concrete and aggregates

Vocabulary .... Page 8

Annexes. Page 10

Conclusion Page 12

References Page 13

CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

Objectives

One of the objectives of the development of the aforementioned technologies is to

achieve greater energy efficiency, and lower consumption of water, minerals and other

non-renewable materials. The way in which technologies are handled concrete

construction, has a significant influence on the durability of the works that are done with

it and the quality broadly subject to the aggressive actions exerted by the environment,especially the surrounding climate and the conditions of their production and operation.

Definition

The concrete is a compound employed in construction consisting essentially of a binder

to which is added: particles or fragments of an aggregate, water and specific additives.

Concrete Technology is the application of additives that modify the properties of

concrete to give it superior to the original mix characteristics. These technologies have

concrete with higher load capacity, greater resistance to chemicals that destroy,

waterproofness, fluidity, setting speed, lightness with the inclusion of air flow without

compromising strength, etc.

Breakthrough Technologies that improve concreteThe ready mix is one of the most versatile materials in the construction industry today.

Great works of architecture such as bridges, tall buildings and dams require the highest


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standards of engineering. With the help of our additives, concrete is able to meet these

standards! New technologies, such as high-strength concrete, pervious concrete, self-

consolidated concrete, and the application of color and texture have increased the

attractiveness of concrete as a building material.

In today's world the production of concrete technologies, have reach a high level of

development of mechanization and automation, being high consumers of energy, water

and other material resources that have a decisive influence on the environment of

action.

The main structural feature of concrete is that it resists very well the compression

forces, but it has good resistance to other stresses (tensile, bending, shear, etc..), For

this reason it is customary to use associated with certain reinforcing steel receiving in

this case the name of reinforced concrete, reinforced concrete or pre-in some places;

behaving very favorably to all the various stresses. When a concrete structure isprojected dimensions of the elements are set, the type of concrete, additives and steel

to be placed depending on the efforts must support and be exposed to environmental

conditions.

Constructive Evolution of Techniques

The evolution of techniques made the analysis and design methods grew increasingly

sophisticated, as they appeared in the construction market new higher strength steels to

breakage.

Concrete technology has seen significant advances; there have been several types of

this material have proven to be ideal for various structural applications

The particular essential industry, housing and infrastructure, is the material most

commonly used in the construction industry.

The technological process is generated in universities. It is focused on improving the

properties of this material by developing concrete aggregates with properties that

exceed the aspects of durability, biodegradability, thermal insulation, optimization of

resources, among others. This leads to the production of mixtures offer advantages to

both the productive sector and society.

New Technologies in the Concretes

The high density or volume weight of conventional concrete it has been inconvenientwhere the dead load is an important factor. It is too heavy to be practical, especially in

the construction of floor slabs and roofs, as these will are designed to withstand live

loads (people and furniture); these loads are transmitted to the girders, these columns

and eventually to the foundation and the ground.


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To correct these undesirable characteristics have been made through the multi-year

research with surprising results. Among them are aerated or cellular concrete, fiber

reinforced concrete (to help control the classical concrete cracks and increase the

tensile strength and understanding) and light structural concrete (which can be used in

precast or cast in site).

The composition of the mass of concrete has a great importance in the cohesion of the

components. Their study is to determine the optimal mix of different aggregates

available so that the resulting is as compact as possible and wrap it with the right

amount of cement and water to obtain a material qualities are necessary for the

construction of a work or part of it .

The efforts for sustainable development and environmental preservation are necessary

to balance the economic, social and environmental impacts of the ever growing human

population. Of course, the concrete industry is no exception. Although concrete contains

a reasonable amount of cement and this is not one of the largest supplies of energy

intensity, is responsible for a considerable production of greenhouse gases.

The growing concern of intensive exploitation of natural aggregates made of lightweightsynthetic aggregate environmental waste from a new structural viable source of

aggregate material. The uses of lightweight structural concrete grade significantly

reduce the load on a structure and allow the handling of larger units of pre-molded.

Construction Procedures


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Quality control during preparation and processing of concrete in order to obtain a

homogeneous mixture as possible is important.

Collection Materials: Both fine and coarse aggregate must be parked in stacks of low

altitude in order to avoid segregation that produces gravity to cause the heavier

grains tend to sink to the bottom of the stack, thereby undermines the particle size

aggregate.

Transportation: segregation of the mixture should be avoided in the journey from the

place of its production to its placement in the molds. Should be avoided, too,

evaporation so that it becomes the minimum as a means of preventing the onset of

the sets.

Dosage: It is important to check that it meets the specified dosage and, if necessary,

correct the deviations found for the resulting concrete meets the provisions of sizing

calculations,

Mixing: The mixing time should be kept at least 60 seconds to ensure that the cementpaste coat perfectly all aggregates and not exceed 90 seconds or so, to avoid

segregation by centrifugation.

Posted in molds: You should take care that the placement of the laundry in the forms,

not heights over five feet free for the purpose of avoiding segregation of materials by

gravity fall exceeded.

Compaction: Compaction, both either manually through the use of steel rods as

mechanical vibrators through, must be done without touching the armor and the

forms and always in the period in which the concrete is in a state of fresh mixture

before to start the hardens because in the latter case, this may destroy the binding

properties of the material.Curing: Curing of concrete should be protecting structures on its surface through wet

bags, polyethylene, straw, damp earth, etc.

Types of Concrete Technology


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Cellular concrete, aerated concrete (with encapsulated air)

It's been several decades since they were created lightweight concrete (cellular) to

reduce costs, simplify or improve the quality of buildings. However, Mexico has not

been, so far, fertile land for development. The country has no culture of new

materials.

Composition and characteristics

The cellular concrete also known as aerated concrete, is created including a

multitude of micro bubbles in a mixture of cement sand and other silica materials.

This is accomplished by mixing the Chemical Agent skimmer with water and foam

generating dilution, usually with compressed air.

The aerated concrete is recommended for:

a) The warm climate. The particular cell is in the group of lightweight materials and

also prevents heat penetration inside the house.;b) Cold weather. It is ideal for low temperatures where thermal materials should be

used to promote the accumulation of heat inside preventing cooling.

c) it is used especially in those regions where the climate is temperate, semi-or cold

extremes in winter and summer. Its use in these climates has been an example of

adequacy of housing environment.

Particular cell types

The types of cellular cements are pure cell Cement,

Concrete Mobile sandblasting, concrete cell with lightweight aggregates, concrete

cell with expansive aggregates, Mobile Concrete amended

Physical properties of cellular concrete.

The most outstanding feature is the foam concrete density, however their thermal,

acoustic properties, workability, etc., generate large benefits in the construction

industry. Its feasibility design allows great comfort to those who use and benefit from

it.


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Concrete reinforcing fiber

Concrete with fibers appropriate for large areas that tend to fracture length precisely

for its walls, slabs, flooring and industrial flooring.

As mentioned, the addition of fibers of various kinds and types to cellular concrete

can reduce the unfavorable contraction.

Within the world of concrete with fibers, the largest barrier that currently exists is the

lack of understanding of contractors, owners or officers of regulations about thevalue, performance and recording of the fibers.

Structural lightweight concrete

It is a hydraulic mix concrete for use in construction projects where the required

volume of a light weight structural strength.

The high density cellular concrete mixed with sand is increasingly used as a

structural building element.

Uses and applications

Elements of low structural requirements such as: Divisions for all types of buildings.

Layers leveling floors or slabs.

Lighten dead loads in structures.

Housing construction in series or monolithic type.

Prefabricated structural components for decorative or craft uses.

Protection of structures against fire.


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Items that are not subject to chemical and / or severe environmental attacks.

Advantage

Uniform quality, guaranteed by the dosage of controlled materials.

Improved ease of placement, in relation to traditional concrete mixtures.

Decreased staffing required for concrete placement.

Flow capacity without segregated, both horizontally and vertically, minimizing

vibration in eliminating placement.

Concrete eco light

In recent years, many applications have been developed

for lightweight concrete can be prestressed as batteries, pilings and structures afloat. A

concrete of this type particularly well prestressing has disadvantages compared toconventional concrete.

The main application of these cellular concretes is in ceiling tiles using metal structures

such as decking shuttering slab-steel or the like.

Lightweight concrete has been particularly useful in multi-level structures where minimal

camber and location for the columns required is limited and very high bridges where the

dead load of the superstructure requires excessively large columns and abutments to

resist seismic forces.

Advantages

The plant can be mobile and get up on site to avoid transportation costs and

save time.

One plant can produce ecol light concrete needed to build a house up

material.


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This material not only reduces costs but avoids wasting, than in conventional

construction techniques is at least ten percent.

Cellular concrete eco light is resistant to impact and compression.

Concrete Technology for the Panama Canal Expansion

In this mega-project, located in the harsh and demanding conditions of the rural

environment of the Panama Canal, production, mix designs, placement and finishing of

concrete have been one of the most important aspects. According to the builders, this

important work will consume more concrete than any other structure in the world.

Pouring concrete for the construction of the locks began in late June 2011 on the

Atlantic side and early July of the same year in the Pacific. To avoid surface defects that

require future repairs, has paid special attention to areas that receive direct contact ofseawater.

Production of concrete and aggregates

To build the new locks, the project has its own industrial parks (one in each sector) that

are used for the production of aggregates and concrete preparation. For dispensing

concrete mixtures, extracted rock excavation area in the Pacific, known as basalt, used

in aggregate and sand is used. To transport the material is disposed of two barges,

each with 7,000 tons capacity, which made two trips per day. Water for production is

taking Gatun Lake to the Atlantic and the Pacific Miraflores Lake.

Concrete mixes being used will be exposed to extreme conditions. Thus were created,

and adjusting, while the respective assays and models conditions that will face the

structure are made, resulting in four types of concrete mixtures. One is the structural

marine concrete. This type of concrete was designed to withstand the force of

compression and contraction from good durability and low permeability. It is especially


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used for parts of the locks that will be in contact with water and areas of high flow as it

tunnels that go under the camera, niche gates and the lower chambers.

Concrete is also highly resistant to abrasion, which as well as its name implies, is

designed to withstand marine particles that may affect friction.

The leveling concrete was used in the foundation of the dam core Atlantic and massive

concrete was encapsulated in the large marine structural concrete shell. This is to reach

60 cm thick on the walls of the locks.

This extraordinary piece of engineering, which took into account social and

environmental aspects to achieve full potential of its geographical position and become

the Logistics Center of America, reached its first million cubic meters of concrete in

March this year. There will also be used more than 4.7 million cubic meters of concrete

one is completed in 2015.

Vocabulary

1) Additives


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The additives improve the properties of concrete: setting time, viscosity, porosity,

mechanical strength, etc. There are different types of additives: accelerators, retarders,

plasticizers, flow, air-entraining agents, antifreeze, waterproof and curatives.

2) Cal

Lime is a binder obtained from calcination of limestone. It can be divided into two

categories, depending on whether is achieved by exposure to carbon dioxide (slaked

lime) or water (hydraulic lime).

3) Cementitious

Called "cement additives", these minerals are used in varying proportions during the last

phase of the cement production process. The additives make it possible to obtain a

range of cements with different properties.

4) CementCement is a hydraulic bonding agent is made by heating and grinding a mixture of

limestone and clay. Most of the cement clinker produced with additives normally used in

powder form. The Forge cement when mixed with water. Combined with sand and

aggregates becomes mortar or concrete, both with the hardness of the stone.

5) Ductility

Ductility refers to the ability of each material to stretch or bend without breaking.

Materials that do not have this attribute are called fragile.

6) FormworkThe formwork is a temporary mold into which the liquid concrete to be removed once

the concrete has set pour. The formwork should be sturdy enough to withstand the

weight and / or the pressure of wet concrete without changes in its initial form.

7) Concrete

Concrete is very strong in compression material, but it is less tensile and flexural

strength. By contrast, the steel is very flexible due to their high strength. Reinforced

concrete is a combination of the various properties of the steel and the concrete to

produce a material with a high compressive strength and flexural strength.

8) Self-Compacting Concrete

Self-compacting is special and highly fluid concrete which set in place only by gravity

and therefore require no vibration. They are designed for use in tight formwork.


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9) Concrete Leveling

The self-leveling concrete self-compacting is a variant that has a particular composition

formulated and dosed to ensure that the material is spread smoothly.

10) Bituminous Concrete

Bituminous concrete are made of gravel, sand, other fillers and bitumen (a byproduct of

petroleum) and act as binders. Normally used as wearing course on the roads.

11) Prestressed Concrete

The steel reinforcements give the concrete a great tensile strength, this being the

principle applied to the concrete. However, the strength of the steel is sometimes not

enough to ensure the safety of a structure. In this case, be employed specific

techniques, consisting of tensioning the web (like a spring) to compress the concretestill unloaded before being placed into service.

12) Fiber reinforced concrete

It is a concrete which is added to the fibers, they may be of different types

(polypropylene, metal, fiberglass, carbon, etc.). Such fibers create a reinforced mesh

improves the strength and resistance to cracking of the concrete.

13) Concrete reinforced with high strength fibers

Fiber reinforced high strength concrete is an innovative construction material. By adding

metal fibers, is multiplied by six resistance compared with standard concrete, and itsdurability is increased.

14) Portland

The name "Portland" comes from a peninsula of Great Britain. The gray stone this area

has a composition and appearance similar to that of cement. Portland cement is the

generic name given to basic hydraulic cements and high efficiency.

15) Plaster

Gypsum is a construction material that is produced by baking the gypsum ore in an

oven, and subsequently grinding it. It can be used as a paste or in the form of

prefabricated panels. It has several important properties: acoustic and thermal

insulation, fire resistance, etc.


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Annexes

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

The American Federation of Ready Mixed Concrete - FIHP , an organizationthat brings together associations , institutes and companies from 20 countries

of the region, in order to promote the proper use of concrete, sustainable

buildings that use this item and competitiveness of the sector in general, jointly

organized the "International Conference on Concrete Technology " . The event

was attended by guest speakers FIHP of Argentina , Brazil, Colombia , Mexico ,


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Panama and Peru , in addition to outstanding members of its Board of Directors

.

Issues such as the development of architecture in particular, sustainability and

competitiveness of concrete pavements, safety in construction, material

technological innovation and expansion project of the Panama Canal were

presented.

It had an attendance of 100 participants, consisting of specialists in item

construction professionals in search of constantly updated with technological

advances in the international scene.

Conclusion

To terminate the written work; we must conclude that the innovations in

concrete technology are of great importance for humanity; since

improving every day but the composion, physical properties and

endurance of concrete we are well advanced in the world of construction.

Besides that the concrete too important to what relates to construction;

ie; all the surrounding buildings have not particular; us as future

engineers also have to consider what are the trends of the best types of

concrete in the market; so to ensure our projects.

after sharing this information with every one of you we can conclude that

handle this type of information is essential to us in improving national

and global engineering, besides this is the main compound used in civilengineering. also highlights the importance of knowing the materials that

compose the concrete.


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References

http://www.revistavirtualpro.com/main/index

http://www.centroamerica.basfcc.com/es/productos/concreto_premezclado

/Pages/default.aspx

http://www.revistavirtualpro.com/ediciones/cemento_y_concreto_concreto

___aspectos_varios-2012-02-01_19

http://civilgeeks.com/category/tecnologia-del-concreto-2/
http://www.revistavirtualpro.com/main/indexhttp://www.revistavirtualpro.com/main/indexhttp://www.centroamerica.basfcc.com/es/productos/concreto_premezclado/Pages/default.aspxhttp://www.centroamerica.basfcc.com/es/productos/concreto_premezclado/Pages/default.aspxhttp://www.centroamerica.basfcc.com/es/productos/concreto_premezclado/Pages/default.aspxhttp://www.centroamerica.basfcc.com/es/productos/concreto_premezclado/Pages/default.aspxhttp://www.centroamerica.basfcc.com/es/productos/concreto_premezclado/Pages/default.aspxhttp://www.revistavirtualpro.com/ediciones/cemento_y_concreto_concreto___aspectos_varios-2012-02-01_19http://www.revistavirtualpro.com/ediciones/cemento_y_concreto_concreto___aspectos_varios-2012-02-01_19http://www.revistavirtualpro.com/ediciones/cemento_y_concreto_concreto___aspectos_varios-2012-02-01_19http://www.revistavirtualpro.com/ediciones/cemento_y_concreto_concreto___aspectos_varios-2012-02-01_19http://www.revistavirtualpro.com/ediciones/cemento_y_concreto_concreto___aspectos_varios-2012-02-01_19http://civilgeeks.com/category/tecnologia-del-concreto-2/http://civilgeeks.com/category/tecnologia-del-concreto-2/http://civilgeeks.com/category/tecnologia-del-concreto-2/http://www.revistavirtualpro.com/ediciones/cemento_y_concreto_concreto___aspectos_varios-2012-02-01_19http://www.revistavirtualpro.com/ediciones/cemento_y_concreto_concreto___aspectos_varios-2012-02-01_19http://www.centroamerica.basfcc.com/es/productos/concreto_premezclado/Pages/default.aspxhttp://www.centroamerica.basfcc.com/es/productos/concreto_premezclado/Pages/default.aspxhttp://www.revistavirtualpro.com/main/index


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