Universidad de Córdoba

Department of Physics,Department of Physics,University of Cordoba,University of Cordoba,

Spain.Spain.

Preliminary experimental resultsPreliminary experimental resultson the QL-lamp fedon the QL-lamp fed

by 2.45 GHz microwave powerby 2.45 GHz microwave power

Antonio GameroAntonio Gamero

UNIVERSIDADUNIVERSIDADDEDECÓRDOBACÓRDOBA

- Studies of HF discharges at the University of Cordoba

- HF Discharges as Light Sources. Microwave-fed QL-lamp

Spectroscopic measurements

Radiometric measurements

Surface wave in coaxial structure

Conclusion / Future

Contents

Eindhoven University of Technology (Netherlands)J.J.A.M. van der Mullen

University of Granada (Spain) M. Rubiño, Y. Yebra and M.M. Pérez

LPGIP. Université Paris-Sud (Orsay, France) C. Boisse-Laporte

Group of HF Discharges :Group of HF Discharges :

Dr. Carlos Lao

Dr. M. Carmen Quintero

Dr. Antonio Rodero

Dr. Antonio Sola

Dr. Antonio Gamero

Ph. Students:

Olga Carabaño

Manuel Fernández

José Mª Palomares

Sebastián Rubio

Jesús Torres

Departamento de FísicaDepartamento de Física

UNIVERSIDADUNIVERSIDADDEDECÓRDOBACÓRDOBA

- Surface Wave Discharges (SWDs)- Plasma Torches

- Coaxial Discharges- Spectroscopic Diagnostics

- Excitation Source for Spectrochemical Analysis- Destruction of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

- HF Discharges as Light Sources

UNIVERSIDADUNIVERSIDADDEDECÓRDOBACÓRDOBA Departamento de FísicaDepartamento de Física

Group of HF Discharges :Group of HF Discharges :

POWERGENERATOR

z = 0Surfatron dielectric tubewaveguide

refPPowermeter

incP

gas

manometer

pump

stubs

plasma

SurfaceSurface wave Dischargeswave Discharges

Microwave frequency: 2.45 GHzMicrowave power: up to 200 W (1500 W)Gas: Ar, HePressure: mTorr – 1 atm

Characteristics

Microwave power range: 200-3000 W

Length: 10-12 mm

Diameter: 1 - 2 mm

Gas flow rate range: 0.5-15 L min-1

TIA (Torch á Injection Axiale)

noozle

tuneablecoaxialplunger

gas

flame

WR-340waveguide

z=10-12 mm

f= 2.45 GHz

Microwave Microwave PPlasma lasma PProducedroducedby the Axial Injection Torch (TIA)by the Axial Injection Torch (TIA)

Spectroscopic DiagnosticsSpectroscopic Diagnostics

- Atomic Emission Spectroscopy- Molecular Emission Spectroscopy

Atomic State Distribution Function (ASDF) Departure from LTE

Destruction of Volatile OrganicDestruction of Volatile Organic CompoundCompounds (s (VOCsVOCs)) by using microwave plasmaby using microwave plasma producedproduced

by the Axial Injection Torch (TIA)by the Axial Injection Torch (TIA)

TCE = trichloroethylene

Microwave Generator

Reactor

Gas Chromatograph

Computer

Plasma torch

He0,5% TCE99,5% He

Reactor

Destruction and Removal Efficiency (DRE ) > 99.999 %

HF Discharges as Light Sources.HF Discharges as Light Sources.Microwave-fed QL-lampMicrowave-fed QL-lamp

(low-pressure argon, 2.45 GHz)(low-pressure argon, 2.45 GHz)

Experimental version :

Argon filled pressure: 66, 133 Pa.

Amalgam: Bi/In/Hg in a mass ratio of 68/29/3

The QL-lamp from Philips, at 2.65 MHz (commercialized since 1992)

Acknowledgment to Dr Wim Hellebrekers (Philips Lighting)

Experimental version : Argon filled pressure: 133 Pa.

Amalgam: Bi/In/Hg in a mass ratio of 68/29/3

Experimental Set-up

mercury amalgam

cavity

microwave antenna

auxiliary amalgam

QL-lamp at 2.45 GHZ

Measure point:

4 mm from the inner tube

45 mm below the antenna end

MonochromatorPhotomultiplier

CCD Camera

Entrance slit

Optic fibreQL-lamp

Ribbon lamp

COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

Microwave generator Microtron 200 Mark 3 (Electron Medical Supplies)

Monochromator THR-1000 (Jobin-Ivon) 1200 grooves/mm grating

Fotomultiplier Hamamatsu R636

QL-lamp Experimental version. Argon filled pressure: 133 Pa. Amalgam: Bi/In/Hg in a mass ratio of 68/29/3

Tungsten Ribbon Lamp 28/G/UV (Polaron Engineering Ltd.)

Spectroscopic Experimental Set-up

100000 105000 110000 115000 1200007,0

7,5

8,0

8,5

9,0

9,5

5p - 4s

4p - 4s

Texc

= 10709 K = 0.923 eV

y = -5.836·10-5·x + 14.787r = 0.895

lo

g(I·

/gk·A

ki)

Ek (cm-1)

Ar

60000 65000 70000 75000 800007,0

7,5

8,0

8,5

9,0

9,5

Texc

= 9714 K = 0.837 eV

y = -6.434·10-5·x + 12.947r = 0.824

log(

I·/g

k·Aki)

Ek (cm-1)

Hg

Atomic State Distribution Function

effective quantum number

0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,77,0

7,5

8,0

8,5

9,0

9,5

y = -3.82·x + 9.95r = 0.894

log(

I·/g

k·Aki)

log(p)

Ar

0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,77,0

7,5

8,0

8,5

9,0

9,5

lo

g(I·

/gk·A

ki)

y = -4.14·x + 10.11r = 0.841

log (p)

Hg

Atomic State Distribution Function

- Excitation Saturation Balance (ESB) x 5

ionisation processes neglected x = 5

Radiometric Experimental Set-up

COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

Microwave generator Microtron 200 Mark 3 (Electron Medical Supplies)

Spectroradiometer

QL-lamp Comercial version. Argon filled pressure: 133 Pa. Amalgam: Bi/In/Hg in a mass ratio of 68/29/3

Results

LampRadiance

(Wat/strd·m2)Luminance

(Cd/m2)x, y, z

Color Temperature

DominantWavelength

PurityEfficacy(Lm/W)

RelativeFlux

RF 80 W 177,2 63.6200.4138, 0.3926,

0.19373336 583,0 46,04% 75.00 100%

µW 20 W 13,52 5.1040.4463, 0.4198,

0.13392973 582,0 62,78% 24.05 7,58%

µW 40 W 21,79 8.1620.4415, 0.4156,

0.14293017 582,1 60,25% 19.25 12,25%

µW 60 W 25,37 9.4580.4402, 0.4145,

0.14533030 582,2 59,59% 14.87 14,29%

µW 90 W 28,63 10.5500.4387, 0.4123,

0.14903037 582,4 58,24% 11.06 16,29%

□ RF (80 W)■ μW (90 W)■ μW (60 W)■ μW (40 W)■ μW (20 W)

Results

400 500 600 700 800

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400S

pec

tral

rad

ian

ce (

wat

t/sr

·m )2

(nm)

20 W 40 W 60 W 90 W

Results

400 500 600 700 800

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Sp

ectr

al r

adia

nce

(w

att/

sr·m

2 )

(nm)

W (40 W) RF (80 W)

Results

Results

LampRadiance

(Wat/strd·m2)Luminance

(Cd/m2)x, y, z

Color Temperature

DominantWavelength

PurityEfficacy(Lm/W)

RelativeFlux

RF 80 W 177,2 63.6200.4138, 0.3926,

0.19373336 583,0 46,04% 75.00 100%

µW 20 W 13,52 5.1040.4463, 0.4198,

0.13392973 582,0 62,78% 24.05 7,58%

µW 40 W 21,79 8.1620.4415, 0.4156,

0.14293017 582,1 60,25% 19.25 12,25%

µW 60 W 25,37 9.4580.4402, 0.4145,

0.14533030 582,2 59,59% 14.87 14,29%

µW 90 W 28,63 10.5500.4387, 0.4123,

0.14903037 582,4 58,24% 11.06 16,29%

Dielectric Tubes

Inner Conductor

Discharge

Coaxial DischargeCoaxial Discharge

SurfaceSurface Wave DischargesWave DischargesCoaxial Coaxial structurestructure

Plasma p

Air = 1

Metallicguide

Antenna

Dielectric tube v = 3.8

Antenna R0 = 1.5 mm

Inner tube R1 = 4.25 mm R2 = 5.00 mm

Outer tube R3 = 11.50 mm R4 = 12.25 mm

Guide R5 = 40.00 mm

Surface Wave Propagation

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 120,0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

pe

·a

mode I

mode II

_____1/1 + v

- Radially uniform plasma

-

Two solutions

Azimuthally symmetric modes

Er , Ez , H

Radial profile of the electric fieldMode I

n e

- Outside Er > Ez

- Inside Er < Ez

Minimum electric field exists going to the internal tube with the ne

- Ein < Eext

Radial profile of the electric fieldMode II

n e

- Outside Er > Ez

- Inside Er < Ez

Minimum electric field exists going to the external tube with the ne

- Ein ~ Eext

Conclusions / FutureConclusions / Future

- It has been possible to produce a stable microwave QL-lamp at 2.45 GHz at the pressure of 1 Torr.

- The microwave coupler must be improved in order to optimise the power absorbed by the plasma and so the efficiency of the lamp.

- The relative importance of the both possible modes of the surface wave must be experimentally investigated under different experimental conditions.

- The propagation of the surface wave in coaxial structure must be solved for different geometric dimension and for plasmas radially no uniform, looking for the best conditions of operation.

- New experimental measurements must be made under these new conditions.

Universidad de Córdoba

Department of Physics,Department of Physics,University of Cordoba,University of Cordoba,

Spain.Spain.

Thank you for your attentionThank you for your attention

Antonio GameroAntonio Gamero

(nm) Ek (cm-1) gk Akj (108 s-1) Transition

415.85 117184 5 0.0145 5p 4s

419.07 116999 5 0.00254 5p 4s

419.83 117563 1 0.0276 5p 4s

420.06 116943 7 0.0103 5p 4s

425.93 118871 1 0.0415 5p 4s

427.21 117151 3 0.0084 5p 4s

430.01 116999 3 0.00394 5p 4s

433.35 118469 5 0.0060 5p 4s

696.54 107496 3 0.067 4p 4s

706.72 107290 5 0.0395 4p 4s

727.29 107496 3 0.0200 4p 4s

738.39 107290 5 0.087 4p 4s

750.38 108723 1 0.472 4p 4s

751.46 107054 1 0.430 4p 4s

763.51 106238 5 0.274 4p 4s

772.42 107496 3 0.127 4p 4s

794.81 107132 3 0.196 4p 4s

800.61 106238 5 0.0468 4p 4s

801.47 105617 5 0.096 4p 4s

810.36 106087 3 0.277 4p 4s

811.53 105463 7 0.366 4p 4s

826.45 107496 3 0.168 4p 4s

840.82 107290 5 0.244 4p 4s

842.46 105617 5 0.233 4p 4s

852.14 107132 3 0.147 4p 4s

Lines measured

(nm) Ek (cm-1) gk Akj (108 s-1) Transition

404,65 62350 3 0.21 7s 6p

407,78 63928 1 0.040 7s 6p

410,80 78404 1 0.030 9s 6p

433,92 77108 5 0.0288 7d 6p

435,83 62350 3 0.557 7s 6p

491,60 74405 1 0.058 8s 6p

546,07 62350 3 0.487 7s 6p

576,95 71396 5 0.236 6d 6p

690,75 76824 5 0.028  8p 7s

Hg lines

Ar lines

““Radiometric (and spectroscopic) measurements on a low-pressure argon Radiometric (and spectroscopic) measurements on a low-pressure argon QL-lampQL-lamp fed by fed by2.45 GHz microwaves”2.45 GHz microwaves”

byby

O. Carabaño, M. Fernández, A. Gamero and A. Sola, University of Cordoba (Spain)M Rubiño, Y. Yebra and M.M. Pérez, University of Granada (Spain) J.J.A.M. van der Mullen, University of Eindhoven (Netherlands)

COST ACTION 529 COST ACTION 529

“Efficient Lighting for the 21th century”

Meeting in Granada (Spain), Meeting in Granada (Spain), September 22-23, 2005September 22-23, 2005

Workshop “Radiometric, photometric Workshop “Radiometric, photometric and color measurements of light and color measurements of light

sources and applications”sources and applications”