wd-efm 1 - engineer troops.pdf

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WAR DEPARTMENT

VOLUME I

ENGINEER TROOPS


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i S.Army 1i102e,. {Nqn gTo

ENGINEER FIELD MANUALVOLUME I

ENGINEER TROOPS

PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OFTHE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS

UNITED STATES

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON: 1932

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. - Price 50 cents

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WAR DEPARTMENT,WASHINGTON, Ju ly 26, 1932.

Engineer Field Manual, Volume I, Engineer Troops, is pub-lished for the information and guidance of all concerned.

[A. G. 062.11 (8-1-31).]

BY ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR:

DOUGLAS MAcARTHUR,General,

Chief of Staff.OFMCIA:

C. H. BRIDGES,Major General,

The Adjutant General.

II


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LIST OF FIELD MANUALS

A MANUAL FOR COMMANDERS OF LARGE UNITS. (M. C. L. U.)

Vol. I. Operations.-A guide for commanders and staffs for tacticaloperations of large units.

II. Adminis t rat ion.-A guide for the administration of large unitsin a theater of operations.

STAFF OFFICERS' FIELD MANUAL. (S. O. F. M.)

Staff principles and functions applicable to the staffs of all units, to-gether with pertinent reference data.

BASIC FIELD MANUALS. (B. F. M.)

Training, administrative, and reference data applicable to more thanone arm, with special reference to the smaller units.

Vol. I. Field Service Pocketbook. (F. S. P.) -The individual.II. Infantry Drill Regulations. (I. D. R.)-Drill , dismounted

ceremonies, and inspections; the infantry pack, display ofequipment, and tent drill.

III. Basio Weapons. (B. W.)-Marksmanship and mechanicaltraining of the rifle, automatic rifle, pistol, machine gun,37-mm. gun, 3-inch trench mortar, bayonet, and grenadeinstruction. Technique of fire (37-mm. gun, 3-inch trenchmortar, and machine gun); musketry and combat practiceof small units, instruments.

IV. Signal Communication. (S. C.)-Signal regulations and tech-nical information needed by officers and enlisted men onsignal communication duty of arms other than the SignalCorps.

V. Transport. (T.)-Equitation, training remounts, use and careof animals and of animal-drawn, pack, motor, and tractortransport.

VI. Administrative Regulations. (A. R.)-Army Regulations es-sential to small units.

VII. Military Law. (M. L.)-The Manual for Courts-Martial, in-cluding the Articles of War; the Rules of Land Warfare,including recent conventions relative to the sick and woundedof armies in the field and to prisoners of war; an epitomeof the legal principles applicable to military forces whenaiding the civil power.

VIII. Operations of Combined Arms (Small Units). (0. C. A.)-Theprinciples, doctrines, and methods governing the tacticalemployment of combined arms with reference to the smallunits.

III


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IV LIST OF FIELD MANUALS

FIELD MANUALS FOR THE ARMS

The manual for each arm contains, primarily, the principles, doctrines,and methods governing the employment of that arm and pertinentreference data.

Infantry Field Manual. (I. F. M.)

Vol. I. Units other than Tanks.II. Tank Units.

Cavalry Field Manual. (C. F. M.)

Field Artillery Field Manual. (F. A. F. M.)

Vol. I. Organization and Drill.II. Taotics and Technique.

Coast Artillery Field Manual. (C. A. F. M.)

Vol. I. Harbor Defense, Railwzay and Tractor-dranin Units.II. Antiaircraft and Artillery Units.

Air Corps Field Manual. (A. C. F. M.)

Engineer Field Manual. (E. F. M.)

Vol. I. Engineer Troops.

II. Military Engineering.

Signal Corps Field Manual. (S. C. F. M.)

Vol. I. Signal Corps Troops.II. Signal Corps Operations.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Para-

Chapter 1. General principles: graphs PagesSection I. Mission, functions, and duties of engineers ...- . ...-3 1-3

II. Relation of engineers to other arms .-. . ............-5 3-5III. Engineer troop units .-......... 6-11 5-7IV. Engineer work -....... - 12-14 7-8

Chapter 2. Engineer troops:Section I. General- 1518 9-17

II. Engineer equipment - -----....--- 19-58 17-30III. Engineer headquarters -..... - - - - - 59-68 31-38IV. Organization and equipment of engineer troop units 69-86 38-110

Chapter 3. Engineer training:Section I. General principles_ .-.....- - 87-91 111-113

II. Scope of training -.-............. _-.. 92-94 113-119Chapter 4. Drills, ceremonies, and inspections:

Section I. General principles ------.........- 95-98 120-125II. Close-order drill ..... -------------------------- 99-112 125-153

III. Extended-order drill -.......- - - - - 113-117 153-154IV. Inspections -............. 118-119 154-159

Chapter 5. Combat principles:Section I. General ....-...... 120-123 160-163

II. Divisional engineers in combat .-... :.. ....24-125 164-177III. Nondivisional engineers in combat .-......... 126-129 178-180

Chapter 6. Engineer operations:Section I. General principles -......... 130-136 181-184

II. Technique -..................... 137-143 185-195III. Security and intelligence.. - 3...... 144-145 195-196IV. Divisional engineers.-. 3.......................46-155 197-221V. Nondivisional engineers -...... .. 156-172 221-245

VI. Engineer service -.......... 173-180 245-250VII. Employment in specific operations-... - 181-187 251-264

Chapter 7. Movements and shelter --------------....----------. 188-189 265-271Chapter 8. Engineer supply:

Section I. Supply agencies .-.......... 190-191 272-277II. Supply, other than engineer, for engineer troops... 192-194 277-278

III. Supply trains -............ 195-200 278-281IV. Supply operations -................. 201-208 282-289V. Supply for other arms ..-.... ........... 209-211 289-291

VI. Map supply ..-........- 212-222 291-293Chapter 9. Engineer specialists -.......... . 223-226 294-295Appendix -------------------------------- - 296-358

Table I. Engineer components of a balanced GHQ force of 54 in-fantry divisions ...-....... .(Facing) 295

II. Characteristics of ponton equipage -.... ------------- 297III. Occupational specialists ....-...- - 298-300IV. Engineer depot stocks .-........... 301-303

V


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VI TABLE OF CONTENTS

Appendix-Continued.Table-Continued. Pages

V. Data used in computing road space ....-........ 303VI. Cargo capacity and loading of vehicles of engineer units. -- 304-313VII. Approximate ship tonnage requirements for all engineer

units .-...........-. 313VIII. Camping and bivouac areas for all engineer troop units .-- 314-315

IX. Railway transportation required to move the personnel, ani-mals, and equipment of all engineer units ..--..--......- 315-316

X. Truck transportation data ------------------------------- 317XI. One day's work capacity of the basic engineer work unit__ 318-321

Ponton bridge data:

Table XII. Heavy ponton battalion -............. - 322-323XIII. Light ponton company -.......... 323-324

Table XIV. Water supply battalion, powers and limitations ...-.. . 324-325Illustrative Order No. 1. Field order for the combat regiment ..- . .........26-327

2. Field order for a combat regiment in rifle combat. 328-3293. Field order for a general service regiment -. . . 330-3324. Field order for an engineer squadron .-..... .333-3345. Field order for a separate battalion ----------- 335-3366. Field order for a railway battalion .-.... . .337-3387. Field order for a water supply battalion .-------- 339-341

8. Engineer paragraph in a division attack order -.-- 3429. Engineer annex to a division field order -.... 343-344

10. Engineer paragraphs in a division administrativeorder ...-........... . 345-347

11. Engineer annex to a division administrative order. 348-34912. Corps engineer field order ..-........ .... 350-35213. Engineer annex to an army administrative order.. 353-35714. Field order for a railway headquarters ..-... 358


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ENGINEER FIELD MANUAL

Volume I

ENGINEER TROOPS

(The matter contained herein supersedes TR 445-15, Mar. 1, 1926, 445-18,

Aug. 1, 1928, and 445-19, Oct. 1, 1929.)

CHAPTER 1

GENERAL PRINCIPLES

ParagraphsSECTION I. Mission, functions, and duties of engineers___ 1- 3

II. Relation of engineersto other arms -------- 4- 5III. Engineer troop units___________---__------------- 6-11

IV. Engineer work ____________________________ 12-14

SECTIoN I

MISSION, FUNCTIONS, AND DUTIES OF ENGINEERS

1. Mission.-The mission of engineers in war is to assist theoperations of the field forces by means of engineering works.

2. Functions.-a. The functions of the engineers in the thea-ter of operations include-

(1) All work of construction and the repair and maintenanceof all structures of every character, except such as are specifi-cally assigned to other arms and services.

(2) Military mining, demolitions, and protective measuresagainst enemy mines.

(3) The operation of railways, portable and fixed electriclight and power systems, water supply systems, and all otherutilities of general service, except such as are specifically as-signed to other arms and services.

(4) The execution of surveying and mapping, including theproduction and distribution of maps.

1


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2 ENGINEER FIELD MANUAL

(5) The procurement, storage, and issue of all materials forconstruction work, for the organization of defense systems, andfor all other operations assigned to the engineer arm, includingall plant, tools, and appliances for such work.

b. The most important function of the Corps of Engineers isthe maintenance, improvement, and construction of routes ofcommunication and movement. This is a continuous operationand employs the major portion of the engineer personnel.

3. Duties.--a. In the zone of the inter ior. -The duties of the

Corps of Engineers in the zone of the interior in both peaceand war include the following:

(1) Training of the engineer personnel for their war duties.(2) Participation in the selection of sites, and the prepara:

tion of plans and estimates for military defenses; constructionand repair of fortifications and their accessories, including shoreinstallations pertaining to submarine mine systems, the instal-lation and maintenance of searchlights and electric power and

lighting systems, installation of fire-control systems, and themaintenance of fire-control systems when structural work isinvolved.

(3) Preparation and reproduction of special military maps,including cooperation with other Government and private map-ping agencies, and reconnoitering and surveying for militarypurposes; distribution of military maps of the United Statesand its possessions; distribution to military personnel of allmaps of the United States and its possessions; photographic andcinematographic work pertaining to terrestrial reconnaissance,terrestrial surveying and map making, map reproduction, andthe technical training of engineer troops.

(4) Development, procurement, storage, and issue of certainclasses of supplies and equipment.

(5) The execution of river and harbor improvements and

such civil works as may be assigned by law or by Executiveorder.b. In the theater of operations.--The duties of the Corps of

Engineers in the theater of operations include among otheractivities the construction, repair, and maintenance of roadsand trails; of bridges and other means for crossing rivers andsimilar obstacles; of shelter for troops and animals, includinghuts, hospital buildings, barracks, stables, and accessory struc-

tures; of storehouses, shop structures, hangars and flyingfields, including, in proper cases, the installation of the neces-


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ENGINEER FIELD MANUAL 3

sary machinery; of wharves, railroads, and light railroads;the provision of water supply, including sterilization in bulk;the provision and installation of baths, disinfectors, dippingvats, and incinerators; the installation of plumbing, sewagedisposal, and heating plants; the installation of machineryfor refrigerating plants, laundries, and other mechanical plants;assistance to other arms in intrenching, and in organizingdefensive lines; the organization and construction of rearlines of defense; the construction of bombproofs, observation

stations, machine-gun emplacements, and other special worksof defense; the execution of special measures for destroyingor overcoming enemy obstacles; the supply of camouflage ma-terial and the supervision and inspection of its use; the prep-aration of signs for the direction of troops, including roadSigns, traffic signs, signs indicating the location of waterpoints and other establishments, and signs safeguardingagainst the use of impure water; the operation of electric

light, gas, and power plants and water supply plants; theoperation of shops for the erection and repair of railroad roll-ing stock, of construction machinery of all kinds, and for themanufacture of special appliances for engineer operations;photographic and cinematographic work pertaining to ter-restrial reconnaissance, and terrestrial surveying; map making,map reproduction, and map supply; the training of engineertroops for all their duties, and the compilation of technical

data and the preparation of training literature on subjectspertaining to any of the operations assigned to the Corps ofEngineers.

SECTION II

RELATION OF ENGINEERS TO OTHER ARMS

4. Unit engineer.-An engineer officer, termed the "unit en-gineer," is provided on the staff of every command to whichengineer troops are assigned. This officer commands all en-gineer troops forming a part of his unit not assigned orattached to subordinate organizations within that unit andis responsible to his unit commander for initiating, recom-mending, and carrying out the necessary engineering workin accordance with -the known desires of that commander.Unit engineers of the several territorial and tactical sub-divisions have the following designations:


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(6) The unit engineer keeps in close touch with the com-manders of the other components of his unit. By so doinghe secures a general idea of the engineer problems of thesecomponents and is able to give first-hand advice and assistancein the solution of these problems.

5. Assistance to other arms and services.-As a generalprinciple, assistance, other than supply of engineer materials,is furnished by the engineers to other arms and services onlywhen the latter can not with their own personnel perform therequired work. Engineer assistance may vary from technicalsupervision only to assumption by the engineers of the entirework.

SECTION III

ENGINEER TROOP UNITS

6. General.-Engineer troop units are organized and equipped

primarily for the execution of engineer work and consist ofengineer headquarters, regiments, battalions, and companies,which are assigned to the major tactical units and to the com-munications zone.

7. Classification.-a. According to place of service, engineersare either divisional or nondivisional. The divisional engineersinclude the combat regiment with the infantry division and thesquadron with the cavalry division, and constitute about one-sixth of the engineer force in the theater of operations. Allother engineer troop units are nondivisional engineers and areemployed normally behind the divisions. They constitute aboutfive-sixths of the engineer force.

b. According to the nature of the work upon which they areemployed, engineers are either general or special. Generalengineer troops execute general engineer work. They includethe combat and general service regiments and the mounted andseparate battalions, and constitute about four-fifths of the engi-neer force. All other engineer troops are special engineertroops, and are organized, equipped, and trained for certainspecial engineer work. They constitute about one-fifth of theengineer force.

8. Assignment.-The proportion of engineers with a bal-anced force operating in an independent theater of operationsremains approximately the same, no matter what may be the


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size of the force. Engineers constitute about one-eighth of thetotal strength of such a force. The engineer strength is dis-tributed among the engineer services of the various echelonsin accordance with the location and the amount of the engineerwork. The normal distribution of the total engineer strengthis about as follows: One-seventh as organic troops of the in-fantry divisions; one-fourth with the corps troops; one-fourthwith the army troops; and the remainder with the troops ofthe communications zone and the general headquarters reserve.If the composition of a force is such that it does not includethe major tactical echelons (corps and army) the necessaryproportion of nondivisional engineers is nevertheless about five-sixths of the engineer strength, the nondivisional engineer unitsbeing assigned as communications zone and general headquar-ters reserve troops. The strength in nondivisional engineertroop units may be decreased when civilian labor is availablefor engineer work in the rear areas. For assignment of engineertroop units with forces of various sizes, see paragraph

18.9. Equipment and armament.--a. Tools and transportationare the primary equipment of engineer troops. As a generalprinciple, the tools and machinery used by engineer troops arestandard commercial items. Hand tools form the basic equip-ment of the various units. Labor-saving mechanical devicesform part of the equipment to as great an extent as practicable,consistent with mobility and the transportation available, and

are normally used behind the front-line divisions.b. The amount and kinds of transportation assigned to an

engineer unit are based upon the needs of the unit for executingengineer work. An engineer unit requires the use of all itstransportation in inspection, reconnaissance, transportation ofmaterial and plant, and the operation of road machinery andother mechanical appliances.

c. Engineer troop units are armed for their own protection,

for guard purposes, and for emergency use in combat as rifle-men. The principal weapon is the rifle.

10. Training.-All engineer soldiers are given basic militarytraining. Engineer troop units are trained for coordinated ac-tion in engineer work and combat. The principal training isin the performance of engineer work. Combat training coversthe employment of the engineers in combat as riflemen in theirnormal working organizations.


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11. Employment.-a. Engineer troops are normally employedupon engineer work. Units are assigned tasks suited to theirequipment and strength and are employed in such a manner asto preserve the organizational integrity of the units and of theircomponent elements.

b. The engineer needs of the troops preclude the employmentof the engineers in rifle combat except in emergencies and forshort periods of time. Their organization and strength are notsuitable for a long-sustained effort and employment in rifle com-bat necessitates the abandonment of their primary missionwhich is engineer work.

SECTION IV

ENGINEER WORK

12. Time factor.-The primary requisite for all engineerwork is that it be completed in time to meet the needs of thetroops. This is accomplished by estimating requirements andpreparing plans well in advance; by commencing workpromptly; by arranging material supply so as to keep troopsemployed continuously; by following previously prepareddesigns and construction methods; by utilizing standard ma-terials; by employing the engineer troop units in the organ-izational subdivisions in which they are trained to operate;by exploiting local resources; by utilizing improvised methodsand materials when necessary; and by adapting existing struc-tures rather than constructing new ones.

13. Character.-Military engineering work is characterizedby types of design and construction that meet the bare ne-cessities of the situation. Time limitations and economy ofmen and materials demand a rigid exclusion of many featuresdeemed essential in civil practice. Appearance is disregarded,factors of safety are reduced, and the degree of permanencyof the construction is limited by the probable duration of itsuse. Typical designs of engineering work suitable for militaryoperations, general principles involved in the various classesof work and methods of construction and improvisation areincluded in Volume II, Military Engineering.

14. Distribution.-The bulk of the engineer work is foundbehind the area occupied by the front-line divisions and isexecuted by the engineers of the corps, the army, and the com-


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CHAPTER 2

ENGINEER TROOPS

ParagraphsSECTIoN I. General -______________------------------- 15-18

II. Engineer equipment _-----------__-------_ 19-58III. Engineer headquarters -______.---------- __ _ 59-68IV. Engineer troop units----------------------- 69-86

SECTION I

GENERAL

ParagraphClassification___--_--__________________I______------------. 15Characteristics -______ _______ ________________--____ ------- 16Organizational balance ----------- __--_-_- ___---------------- 17Assignm ent _--- - -- -- -- -- -- ---_-_-_-_-_ --- --- ---- 18

15. Classification.-Engineer troops are of three classes:General, special, and headquarters. Most of the engineeringwork in the theater of operations can be met by units organizedand trained for general engineer work, including a few special-ists to meet special requirements as they arise. As far aspracticable, only general engineer troops are assigned to tacti-cal units in the forward areas. However, in the theater ofoperations, duties .of a technical nature arise with such fre-quency and of such extent as to warrant the provision of unitsfor special work. These units are generally assigned to the

tactical echelons higher than the division and are employedwherever circumstances may require. Engineer headquarterssections are provided for tactical and area commands higherthan the division and for railway and other special engineeroperations,

a. General engineer troops may be classified as follows:Divisional, including combat regiments and squadrons, andnondivisional, including general service regiments and separate

battalions. 9


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b. Special engineer troops may be classified as follows:Camouflage units; ponton bridge units, including heavy pon-

ton battalions, light ponton companies, heavy bridge trainsand light bridge trains; mapping units, and GHQ and armytopographic battalions; railway units, including railway bat-talions and railway-shop companies; and supply units, includ-ing water supply battalions, dump truck companies, depot com-panies, and shop companies.

c. Engineer headquarters sections may be classified asfollows: General, such as corps, army, GHQ, and communi-cations zone engineer headquarters, which control the opera-tions of all classes of engineer troops; and special, such asrailway headquarters, which control the operations of groupsof special units.

16. Characteristics.-a. Combat regiment.-This unit exe-cutes the engineer work in the infantry division. Theofficers are mounted. The majority of the men are dis-

mounted. The basic work unit is the 4-squad operating sec-tion of the platoon. There are 12 such units in the regiment,6 in each battalion. The equipment consists largely of handtools for pioneer work. Equipment and supplies are carriedfor general work to be done for and by the other divisionaltroops. The transportation includes packs, wagons, and mo-tors. Each platoon has a tool wagon. The primary weapon isthe rifle. There are two automatic rifles per platoon. The

unit is trained to take part in combat as riflemen in emer-gencies. It is self-sustaining and has sufficient headquarterspersonnel to permit the attachment of engineer battalions,companies, and detachments. It has sufficient officers andenlisted specialists to permit the execution of a number ofsemidetached missions in the divisional area. The battalionis merely an inspection and command unit. The regimentwith its equipment has the same mobility as the division.

Division engineer headquarters is included in the regimentalheadquarters organization. In motorized divisions animaltransportation is replaced by motors, light tractors, andtrailers.

b. Squadrons-This unit executes the engineer work in thecavalry division. It is motorized except for one mounted troop.The work unit is the 4-squad operating section of the platoon.There are 6 such units in the squadron. The equipment is simi-


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lar to that of the combat regiment but with much less divisionalequipment. Each platoon has transportation for its tools, eitherpack or truck. The primary weapon is the rifle. Each letteredtroop has machine rifles. The unit is trained to take part incombat as riflemen, and in emergencies may be so employed.Division engineer headquarters is included in the squadronheadquarters organization.

a. General service regiment.-This unit executes general engi-neer work. Most of the officers and men are dismounted. Thebasic work unit is the 4-squad operating section of the platoon.There are 18 such units in the regiment, 9 in each battalion.The equipment is similar to that of the combat regiment exceptthat there are tools for a wider variety of work. The regimentalequipment includes construction machinery. The transportationincludes wagons and motors. Each platoon has a tool wagon.By reason of its greater strength, larger number and varietyof occupational specialists, additional tools and machinery, and

longer time in an area, the general service regiment is capableof executing more extensive and more permanent work thanthe combat regiment. The primary weapon is the rifle. Theunit is trained as riflemen for its own security, interior guard,and for use in combat in emergencies. It is self-sustaining, andits headquarters organization permits it to operate in an areaand to direct the operations of attached battalions, companies,and detachments. The battalion, as in the combat regiment, ismerely a command and inspection unit. The regiment has suffi-cient transportation to carry its normal equipment on themarch. Equipment for special work is usually issued fromdepots for the work in prospect and generally remains uponthe work when the regiment moves. The regiment may bemotorized, in which case motors and light tractors and trailersreplace the animal transportation.

d. Sepaerate battalion.-This unit executes general engineerwork. The basic work unit is the 4-squad operating section ofthe platoon. There are 24 such units in the battalion (6 in Ceach company, 3 in each platoon). The equipment is similar to [that of the general service regiment except that the headquar- tters equipment does not include construction machinery. Thetransportation is all motor. Each platoon has a tool truck. Theofficers are capable of planning and executing any class of

general engineer work. It has a smaller percentage of officers,,

95773--32-2


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smaller overhead, less transportation, and fewer occupationalspecialists than the general service regiment. With the ad-dition of special equipment and a few occupational specialists,it can execute the same class of work as the general serviceregiment. The primary weapon is the rifle. It is trainedas riflemen for its own protection and for interior guard andpolice, and may be employed in combat in emergencies. Itis self-sustaining and capable of executing engineer work inan area, including the direction of the operations of attachedcompanies and detachments. The battalion has

sufficient trans-portation to carry its normal equipment on the march. Specialequipment issued to the battalion usually remains in the areaor on the work when the battalion moves.

e. Ponton bridge units.-These units transport and carefor the equipage for constructing ponton bridges. The ac-tual construction of ponton bridges is usually the function ofgeneral engineer troops. Ponton bridge units are trained in

the use of the equipage, can instruct and train troops in theconstruction of the bridge, may be utilized as bridge guards,may dismantle the bridge, and, when the time factor is notan important item, may construct the bridge. The primaryweapon is the rifle. The units are trained as riflemen fortheir own protection and for guard and police.

(1) Heavy ponton battalion.-This unit is equipped with theheavy wooden ponton that will ferry an infantry rifle platoon

and permit constructien of a bridge that will pass the 23-tontank. The bridge equipage may be animal or tractor drawn.All men are mounted on the vehicles. The smallest completebridge unit is the bridge platoon which carries equipage for abridge 208 feet long. There are 4 such units in the battalion,2 in each company.

(2) Light ponton oomnpany.-This unit is equipped with thelight metal ponton that will ferry an infantry rifle section andpermit the construction of a bridge that will take the normaldivision loads. The bridge equipage may be animal, motor, ortractor drawn. All men are mounted on the vehicles. Thesmallest complete bridge unit is the bridge platoon which car-ries equipage for a bridge 224 feet long. There are 3 suchunits in the company.

(3) Special bridge uni ts . - In some operations it may be ad-visable to organize special bridge units to carry portable bridges


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other than of the floating type, such as trestle or girder bridges.These units will usually be motorized and include machinery toassist in rapid erection.

f. Map uni t s . -Map units execute surveying, mapping, mapreproduction, and printing. The officers and men are dis-mounted. The transportation consists of motor vehicles. Thepersonnel consists almost entirely of occupational specialists.

(1) Army topographic battalion.-This battalion has the pri-mary function of rapidly producing maps for the army. Itmakes use of every available mapping method, including aerialphotographic surveying, ground surveying, and the compilationof existing data. In war of movement it is normally requiredto furnish guide maps of advanced terrain, based largely uponaerial photographs, in time to be used by the most advancedtroops of the army and by the staffs in planning the operationsof these advanced elements. It includes a portable map repro-duction plant and units for control, surveying, topography, anddrafting. It includes a large number of topographers, andtopographical draftsmen skilled in reading aerial photographs.It is provided with motor transportation to carry its equipmentand to carry on its surveying operations.

(2) GHQ topographic battalion.-This unit is similar to thearmy battalion, except that its primary function is map re-production and printing, and that its. reproduction plant con-

tains heavier machinery and has lessi mobility. Its surveyingunits have the same mobility as in the army battalion. Thereproduction plant operates as the base plant for the GHQforce.

g. Railway units.-Railway units operate and maintain stand-ard gauge military railway. They may be assigned to the op-eration and maintenance of light railways. Railway construc-tion is a function of general engineer troops.

(1) Railavay battalion.-This unit is capable of operating andmaintaining a railway division of from 50 to 100 miles. Mostof its personnel is drawn from the railways of the zone of th einterior. It operates in accordance with civil railroad practiceand includes a company for train operation, a company formaintenance of way, and a company for light shop operations.It is equipped with railway tools and machinery and railwaycars for the transportation and storage of this equipment. Lo-

comotives and rolling stock are assigned by the director generalof military railways.


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(2) Railway shop company.-This unit handles the heavy

shopping of several railway battalions. Its shop equipment isnot mobile. It is probable that a battalion organization willbe developed to replace the present railway shop company.

h. Supply uli ts .-Supply units execute supply functions underthe control of unit engineers.

(1) Water supply battalioa.-This is primarily a motorizedunit for transporting water. The officers and men ride uponthe vehicles. It is equipped to pump, purify, and transportwater, and has medical personnel to pass upon the qualityof the water. The basic water transportation unit is the tanktruck section of 9 trucks (each truck of 500-gallon capacity).There are 15 such units in a battalion, 5 in each company. Thebasic purification unit is the purification section (1 purifEcationtruck and 5 men). There are 12 such units in the battalion.

(2) Dump truck company.-This is primarily a unit fortransporting road metal. The basic transportation unit is thedump truck section of nine 2-ton dump trucks. There are 5 suchunits in the company. The officers and men ride on the vehicles.Exclusive of dump trucks, the equipment is that necessary forthe maintenance of the unit in the field.

(3) Depot company.--This unit operates depots and supplypoints. It is a dismounted unit with motor transportation forits interior supply and for reconnaissance. Its organic equip-ment is that necessary for the operation of its various depotdetachments. Its depot stock is supplied by railway, wagons,or truck, and can not be moved by the company transportation.The basic work unit is the depot section of about 30 men. Thereare 4 such sections in the company. The company may formthe nucleus of large depots, or depot sections or detachmentstherefrom may assist in the operation of supply points in allareas, and may be attached to divisions.

(4) Shop company.-Thisunit executes general shop workexcept for railways and camouflage. It is a dismounted unit.

Transportation is provided for reconnaissance and for interiorsupply of the unit. It has some portable equipment, but usuallyoperates at one location for some time or takes over the opera-tion of established shop utilities. It may form the nucleusfor the operation of a large central shop.

i. Camouflage units.-Camouflage units are primarily for in-

spection, training, and camouflage manufacturing. Their per-


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sonnel consists almost entirely of skilled mechanics andspecialists.

(1) Army camouflage battalion.-This unit is primarily forcamouflage inspection, discipline, and training in the armyarea. Small detachments from this unit may be dispersedthrough a large area,'or the unit may operate from a centralpoint. The basic working unit is the platoon (1 officer and10 men). There are 16 such units in the battalion (4 ineach company), permitting the assignment of one to each area

equivalent to that of a division. A limited amount of manu-facture and supply is provided for by the headquarters. Theequipment consists largely of special camouflage kits carriedby the individual camoufleurs. Camouflage work is executedby general engineer troops and by the troops of all arms. Thecamouflage platoons assist by executing special work and bydemonstration and instruction.

(2) GHQ camouflage battal ion.-This is primarily a manu-

facturing unit. It includes personnel for camouflage inspectionand training in the area behind the armies and for depot work.Its equipment is similar to that of the army camouflage bat-talion, except that its factory equipment is not as mobile. Itforms the nucleus for the organization of large camouflagefactories and depots.

j. Engineer headquarters sections.-The engineer headquar-ters section provides the personnel and special engineer equip-

ment for the office of the unit engineer and his staff and makesup the engineer section of the staff of the commanding general ofthe unit. Engineer headquarters sections are provided for thecorps, army, communications zone and its sections, general head-quarters reserve, and general headquarters.

k. Special engineer headquarters.-The railway headquarterscontrols the operations of several railway battalions and shopcompanies. Similar headquarters may be organized to formthe command group for other special operations.

1. Medical detachments, bands, and chaplains.-Each engi-neer regiment and each battalion which is not part of a regi-ment has a medical detachment consisting of medical and dentalpersonnel. Veterinary personnel is included in the medicaldetachments of regiments and battalions having animal-drawntransportation. Each engineer regiment has a band. A chap-lain is assigned to each regiment.


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17. Organizational balance.-In the preparation of engineerTables of Organization and Tables of Basic Allowances, acertain balance has been maintained among the factors ofpersonnel, functions, weights, and mobilities. In makingchanges in these tables to meet the requirements of specifictheaters of operations, it is necessary to recognize and pre-serve this balance. Tools have been provided in sufficientnumbers to permit all the available personnel to do the workrequired. The weight of tools has been kept within the cargo

capacity of the assigned vehicles. The vehicles are drawn byanimals or tractors which are also used on the work. Thevehicles move at the rate of marching troops and remain withthe work units. When changes are proposed in the tool equip-ment, it is necessary to determine whether the weight of addedtools does not exceed the cargo capacity of the vehicles, andwhether there are men in the organization to use the tools.Similarly, proposals to change from animal to mechanical trans-

port must envisage the provision of tractors to replace theanimals on work, and, to preserve the principle of not separatingthe engineers from their tools, must look to the provision oftransport for the men as well as for their equipment.

18. Assignment.-a. Definition of a GHQ force.-A GHQforce is a force that includes all of the troops that operate inan independent theater of operations under the immediatecommand of the commanding general, GHQ, or expeditionaryforce, and consists o f -

(1) Infantry divisions.(2) Corps headquarters and corps troops.(3) Army headquarters, army troops, and cavalry divisions.(4) Communications zone' headquarters and communications

zone troops.(5) General headquarters reserve troops.(6) General headquarters.b. Engineer needs in a GHQ force.-If a GHQ force operating

in an independent theater of operations comprises only one in-fantry division without supporting troops, the engineering needsof the rear areas will require so many working details that thepower of the division will be greatly reduced. The engineercombat regiment with such a:GIIQ force, even with additionalequipment, is insufficient to perform the necessary engineer

work and line troops must therefore be diverted to engineer


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tasks with consequent detriment to the combatant strength ofthe force. A GHQ force which is so constituted tha t its divi-sional troops are available a t all t imes for combat use may becalled a balanced force. Table I shows the requirement inengineer troops for a balanced GHQ force of 54 divisions, or6 field armies. In general, it may be stated that the strengthof the engineer component of a balanced GHQ force of a lessernumber of divisions is in proportion; thus, the engineer strengthfor a balanced force of 9 divisions is 9/54 or 1/6 of tha t for 54divisions.

SECTION II

ENGINEER EQUIPMENTParagraph

General principles _______________________________.___--__ 19Individual equipment-----.-_________----------------------- 20Officers' equipment--________________________________ __-__- 21

Enlisted men's equipment __________--_-------------------- 22Supplementary engineer equipment - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 23Blacksmith tools --------- ________---_---_---------------- 24Blue print and ammonia print equipment--------------------- 25Carpenter equipment, platoon set _____________------------- 26Carpenter and wheelwright equipment (quartermaster issue)___--- 27Cobbler equipment (quartermaster'issue) _____-- __-- _--------- 28Demolition equipment, platoon set ___________ __------------ 29Drafting and duplicating equipment-_______----------- ------- 30Regimental drafting equipment-- -l_________________----_--_- 31

Duplicator equipment --------- __--------------------------- 32Duplicating machine (quartermaster issue)-------------------- 33Portable electric lighting equipment - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 34Map-enlarging equipment .______________5Footbridge equipment -_____________________--__---_--_----- 36Horseshoer equipment (quartermaster issue) - - - - - - - ---------- 37Illuminating equipment --___________________-_____________ 38Intrenching equipment -- _ ___-_.--------------------- ---- 39Lithographic equipment____ __------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 40Truck crane unit - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 41Pack equipment ____.- __________________________________ 42Photographic equipment_--------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 43Pioneer equipment, platoon set __-----_-------_------- ------ 44Pipe-fitting equipment - _______________________------------- 45Ponton bridge equipagee_________________________---- 46Reference library -_______________________________________ 47Saddler equipment (quartermaster issue)__-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - .- 8Sign painting equipment--__________________-.----------__ 49Sketching outfit -- _----_----------------------.--.......50Stereoscopes ---- _____----------------------------------- 51


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ParagraphRegimental surveying equipment -- _--__-__-___._-__--______ 52

Telephone equipment ______--- _ __________--_____--_ ______ 53Tinsmith equipment_--_____--- _____--______________ 54Transportation --__---____--- ___..__--____________________ 55Water supply equipment -- _---------__-----------------____ 56Water purification unit ------------------------------------ 57Other supplementary equipments------------ ---- ._-_.___ 8

19. General principles.-a. Detailed lists of the items ofengineer equipment furnished to engineer troops are containedin Tables of Basic Allowances. The brief descriptions of theequipment of engineer units contained in the subsequent para-graphs of this section give information useful in the fieldand essential to an understanding of the sections of thismanual dealing with the organization, armament, equipment,and operation of the various classes of engineer troop units.

b. For convenience of issue, engineer tools have been assem-bled into sets suitable for the execution of different classes

of work by a work unit of the usual size. These sets includethe essential tools required for the usual types of work, insufficient quantity to equip all of the men.

c. The basic sets are those issued to the combat regiment.Many of the basic sets are issued to all classes of engineertroops. In addition to the basic sets, engineer equipment in-cludes what is termed " supplementary equipment." The lattersupplements the basic sets in order to give the proper number

of tools for the strength of the unit and to enable the executionof a wider variety of work. In many cases the issue of abasic set, or multiples thereof, would not meet the require-ments of a unit as it would give many tools that are notneeded and could not be used and would unduly increase theload carried by the vehicles. The use of supplementary setsin connection with one or more basic sets permits the issue ofa properly balanced equipment within the allowable weight.

d. In general the items of engineer equipment are standardarticles obtainable in the commercial market. Tools whichhave several uses are preferred to those that can be employedon only one class of work. Since the organic engineer equip-ment must be portable, it consists mostly of hand tools, butmechanical appliances are made available to replace handtools where practicable and they frequently form part of theequipment of regiments and battalions and special units.

e. Engineer equipment sets comprise a small amount ofmiscellaneous materials in addition to the tools.


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f. Sets of tools that can be used upon engineer work arealso issued by supply arms and services other than the engi-neers. Quartermaster tool sets in particular are used to aug-ment the engineer equipment of engineer troop units.

20. Individual equipment.-Individual equipment includesclothing, camping and messing equipment, weapons, and specialarticles for professional use. Riding equipment is provided formounted personnel.

21. Officers' equipment.-For a list of authorized and op-tional individual equipment for officers and warrant officers, seeTables of Basic Allowances for Engineers.

22. Enlisted men's equipment.-Equipment of engineer dis-mounted enlisted men is in general as for infantry, omittingsuch items as intrenching equipment, grenade dischargers, etc.Mounted engineers enlisted men are equipped in general as forcavalry, omitting such items as sabers, etc. For a list of au-thorized individual equipment for engineer enlisted men, see

Tables of Basic Allowances for Engineers.23. Supplementary engineer equipment.-a. For the combatregiment.-(1) Company set A (tools to supplement the pla-toon equipment primarily for road work) includes 3 blocks(2 double, 1 snatch); 4 each of the following: Road brooms,stone forks, hoes, pick-mattocks, rakes, square-point shovel,road tampers; 1 drag scraper, and 2 wheelbarrows. Weight,483 pounds.

(2) The components of Com/pany set B (general engineersupplies) vary with the situation. The standard set includesabout 739 pounds of sandbags, driftbolts, machine bolts, nails,rope, barbed wire, and steel wire.

(3) The regimental set includes about 4,300 pounds of roadtools and miscellaneous engineer supplies for issue to bat-talions and may vary with the situation. The standard setincludes 2 plows, 6 drag scrapers, demolition supplies, includ-ing 1,000 pounds of TNT, drift and machine bolts, nails, andsteel.

b. For the general service regiment.-The items comprisingthe supplementary equipment set for the general service regi-ment have not yet been approved. This set, when authorized,will include a supply of road, railway, and general constructiontools adequate to supplement the other unit equipment so thatthe command may be efficiently employed on the usual tasks.Provision for transportation of the supplementary set has been


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made in the unit transportation. The set will be divided intoplatoon, company, and regimental components.

o. For the separate battal ion.-The provisions of b aboveapply also to the separate battalion.

d. For the squadron.-This set is similar to that in the com-bat regiment, but includes less than half as many tools or sup-plies. It is issued entirely to headquarters and service troopand is made available to the lettered troops as the necessitytherefor arises.

e. For other engineer units.-Sets of supplementary equip-ment are provided for certain other engineer units where basicsets are not suitable for their organization and employment.These supplementary equipments are described elsewhere inconnection with the organization, armament, and equipment ofthe several organizations.

24. Blacksmith tools.-This is the standard issue quarter-master set supplemented by engineer tools and supplies. It fur-nishes specialist equipment adequate for the operation of 2blacksmiths and 2 helpers, includes horseshoer's tools and asupply of steel for general repair work. Weight of tools, 566pounds; of supplies, 200 pounds.

25. Blue print and ammonia print equipment.-The princi-pal items of this equipment are a printing frame, 24 by 30inches, a supply of sensitized paper and an ammonia gas tube.With this equipment ordinary blue prints, brown prints, andblue line prints may be made. Using the ammonia gas tube,prints on special paper can be developed giving a reddish de-sign on a white background. The ammonia process is standardin general engineer troop units. This equipment is used inmaking reproductions of drawings, charts, diagrams, and mapswhere large numbers of prints are not required. Weight about230 pounds.

26. Carpenter equipment, platoon set.-The carpenter chestcontains a complete set of tools suitable for a skilled carpenter,together with extra saws, hammers, and hatchets. This equip-ment, when combined with the pioneer equipment, is sufficientto equip 4 squads employed upon carpenter work. Total weightabout 160 pounds.

27. Carpenter and wheelwright equipment (quartermasterissue).-This is specialist equipment used by a company car-penter for general company work. Weight 150 pounds.


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28. Cobbler equipment (quartermaster issue).-This is a

chest containing hand tools and supplies for shoe repairs.Weight 136 pounds.29. Demolition equipment, platoon set.-a. This set consists

of 100 pounds of explosives (TNT) with the necessary acces-sories for detonation by time and electric fuses. Tools used inplacing the charges are contained in the pioneer and carpentersets. Total weight about 235 pounds.

b. The principal items are cap box; match box; crimper; cir-

cuit detector; cordeau drills; magneto exploder; pliers; reel;cordeau slitters; 1,000 feet of firing wire, electric caps; nonelec-tric caps, detonating cord; explosive; time fuse; instantaneousfuse; 50 fuse lighters; matches;. friction tape; twine; anddetonating cord unions.

c. The above supply of explosives will permit of any of thefollowing: Cut 100 steel rails; cut ten 20-inch trees with ex-ternal charges, or thirty-two 20-inch trees with internal

charges; destroy 1 abutment of an ordinary highway bridge;disable 4 wooden highway bridges; disable 2 steel bridges; ordisable 1 concrete highway bridge. It is not sufficient to de-stroy a railroad bed at a culvert or to make an effective craterin a first-class highway unless conditions are exceptionallyfavorable in each case.

30. Drafting and duplicating equipment.-A combined draft-ing and duplicator set suitable for two draftsmen. The

duplicator uses a 9 by 14 inch gelatine film. Colors may beused in printing. The chest is designed to serve as a draftingtable. The set consists of 1 chest; drawing board 16 by 22inches; steel eraser; 12 duplicator films 9 by 14 inches; filmholder; drawing instruments; map measurer; protractor; 2scales, architect and engineer; erasing shield; 2 triangles;T-square; and expendable items, including erasers, pencils,pens, inks, paper, and tracing cloth. Weight 76 pounds.

31. Regimental drafting equipment.-Equipment used bythe map section of unit headquarters for drafting of maps,plans, and estimates. It is a complete set of office instru-ments and supplies for 2 draftsmen. The equipment is car-ried in 2 chests and a crate. The crate contains the 2 draw-ing boards (106 pounds). Chest A contains instruments andmiscellaneous drafting supplies (78.4 pounds). Chest B con-tains a pantograph;, T-squares, tin tubes, paper, and cloth(196.2 pounds). Total weight 381 pounds.


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32. Duplicator equipment.-A gelatine film duplicating set(19Y2 by 232 inches), for work in 1 to 5 colors using copyingpencil, duplicating ink, or typewriter duplicating ribbons.Weight 135 pounds.

33. Duplicating machine (quartermaster issue).-This is amimeograph outfit with stationery and supplies. Weight 160pounds.

34. Portable electric-lighting equipment.-This is a port-able electric lighting set for headquarters in the field. It in-

cludes a 5-k.w. power unit with accessories and fixtures toinstall and maintain about 100 lights. The generator setweighs about 800 pounds. For field service, such equipmentand supplies as may be necessary for installation and opera-tion are carried in one truck, including the generator set unit,reels and reel stand with wire and connections thereon, andsuch lamps and accessories as may be desirable for the opera-tions in view. The outfit can be set up and put into operation

in one-half hour. One man is needed for operation; 3 menfor normal field wiring. Weight 2,070 pounds.

35. Map-enlarging equipment.-This is a photographic mapenlarging or reducing outfit, using 5 by 7 inch negatives, andenlarging up to 20 inches square. Illumination is furnishedby a 500-watt electric lamp. It can be used for reproducingmaps in limited quantities. The prints are made on bromidepaper, which is not very suitable for maps. The set includes

the camera with lamp, four 50-yard rolls of bromide paper,and a supply of chemicals and equipment for developing andfixing. Weight about 300 pounds.

36. Footbridge equipment.-a. Kapok type.-Portable kapokraft footbridge equipage for use in crossing foot troops, con-sisting of forty-four 12-foot kapok rafts with accessories.Carried usually in 4 trucks. The rafts are fastened end toend on shore and the entire bridge launched at one operation.Weight about 11,800 pounds.

b. Lampert type.-The Lampert type footbridge is a portablefloating footbridge in which the buoyant supports are smallcanvas pontoons. One unit will furnish a bridge 285 feet inlength, and can be carried in two li,2-ton trucks, in three escortwagons, or in one 3-ton truck. The canvas pontons are assem-bled on shore, launched, connected with the walkway, and thebridge anchored in about 35 minutes. Weight 4,500 pounds.


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ENGINEER FIELD 3MANUAL 23

37. Horseshoer equipment (quartermaster issue).-Horse-shoer's tools are included in the blacksmith's

set. The horse-shoer's set carried by the horseshoer on the march consists ofa roll containing hammer, nippers, knife, rasp, and pincerstaken from the blacksmith's set.

38. Illuminating equipment.-Lanterns for use in headquar-ters or drafting room. The set consists of a box containingtwo gasoline pressure lanterns, with accessories. Weight 70pounds.

39. Intrenching equipment.-a. Infantry division.-H a n dtools and materials for infantry and other divisional troopsfor intrenching and general engineer work. Each set includes26 axes, 26 saws, 125 pick-mattocks, 250 shovels, burlap sand-bags, nails, tracing tape, and similar items. Weight of one set,2,977 pounds. Six sets are issued to each divisional engineerregiment and are carried in 6 escort wagons. Each wagon loadpermits the employment of men at one time upon all of the

following operations: Digging, 48 squads; cutting and clearing,14 squads; a total of 62 squads, or approximately one infantrybattalion. Total weight, 6 sets, 17,862 pounds.

b. Cavalry division.-The intrenching equipment carried bythe engineer squadron for use in the cavalry division consistsof hand tools and materials for intrenching and general engi-neer work. Each set includes 13 axes, 13 saws, 65 pick-mat-tocks, 130 shovels, 500 burlap sandbags, and nails, tracingtape, and similar items. The weight of one set is about 1,754pounds. Four sets are issued to each engineer squadron andare carried in 4 escort wagons. Each wagon load permitsthe simultaneous employment of the men of about one squadronon digging, cutting, and clearing. Total weight, 4 sets, 7,016pounds.

40. Lithographic equipment.-A hand-operated lithographicpress with necessary accessories and supply for field work.Lithographic methods are being greatly simplified commer-cially, and future developments of the field equipment will re-sult eventually in the substitution of a press operating on theoffset principle in place of the present press of flatbed type.The principal items are 20 zinc plates, 17 by 28,4 inches; litho-graphic drawing instruments; 4 colors of ink; lithographicchemicals and accessories; map and transfer paper. Theequipment is packed in 4 chests. Chest A contains the press withcheesecloth and absorbent cotton (380 pounds). Chest B con-


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tains instruments, plates, and paper (311.6 pounds). Chest C

contains inks, chemicals, and containers (244.7 pounds). ChestD contains oil stove, kerosene, and turpentine (156 pounds).Total weight of equipment and supplies, 1,093 pounds.

41. Truck-crane unit .-This unit consists of a truck cranewith a Y2 -yard clamshell bucket and a /2 -yard drag line bucketfor general use as a piece of construction plant. The crane ismounted on the 5'/2-ton truck with a 180-inch wheel base. Thecrane has a full circle (360 ) swing with a winch head on each

side of the frame. It has a 24-foot boom with an 8-foot baseextension, and for hoisting, swinging and winching is operatedby a separate gasoline engine. At a 10-foot radius the boomhas a lifting capacity of 17,000 pounds which reduces to 3,400pounds at a 32-foot radius. The truck is equipped with acrawler attachment for use in moving over soft ground. Byimprovising leads this equipment can be used to drive pilesup to 30 feet in length with a drop hammer. The gross weight

of the unit including the buckets is 38,700 pounds.42. Pack equipment.-a. Combat regiment.--The standard

engineer pack loads consist of 5 packs, numbered 1 to 5, re-spectively. Each engineer load is carried in 2 pack boxes, oneof which rides on each side of the pack animal. The weighton the pack animal is approximately as follows:

Pounds

Pack saddle-------------------------------- 75Pack boxes -------------------------------- 75Tools and supplies ___-_____________________ 125

To ta l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . . 75

(1) Pack No. 1 is primarily a carpenter and bridge repairpack, but also includes harness maker and horseshoer equip-ment. The carpenter tools will equip one squad and includeauger bits in sizes from %/ o 1 inch by eighths, a ratchet brace,chisels, stone drills, hammers, hatchets, crosscut saws, steelsquare, 50-foot tape and about 50 pounds of supplies including16d and 60d nails, driftbolts, chalk and pencils. The harnessmaker equipment is a small set for field repairs, and contains4 pounds of tools and materials. The horseshoer's set is a fieldkit for one man and contains 10 pounds of tools and 13 poundsof materials.


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(2) Pack No. 2 is a demolition pack. It contains equipmentfor both electrical and time fuse firing including a ship auger,pinch bar, cold chisel, detonating cord, cap crimper, cordeaudrill, cordeau slitter, knife, magneto exploder, side-cuttingpliers and 500 feet of firing wire on a reel; and material fordemolitions including 90 pounds of explosives (TNT), blastingcaps, detonating cord, blasting fuse, fuse lighters, matches,twine and detonating cord unions.

(3) Paok No. 3 is a demolition pack and is exactly like packNo. 2 in all respects.

(4) Pack No. 4 is a pioneer pack, containing axes, sledges,mining picks, and. mining shovels. It will equip 3 squads fordigging and 1 squad for cutting and clearing.

(5) Pack No. 5 is a pioneer pack containing rope, blocks(single, double, and snatch), hatchets, machetes, and crosscutsaws. It will equip 1 squad for rigging and 2 squads forcutting and clearing.

(6) Pack saddles.-The 5 standard engineer packs and anygeneral cargo packs are carried on cargo type Phillips packsaddle equipment issued by the Quartermaster Corps. Thisequipment includes the saddle with two cinchas, bridle withhalter, breast collar, breeching, and a mohair pad.

b. Squadron.-The engineer pack loads of the engineer squad-ron consists of 5 pack loads of the same general character asthose of the combat regiment described in a above, except thatthe weight of the equipment is reduced by the elimination oftools so that the gross load on the pack animal does not exceed200 pounds. This reduction in weight has been found neces-sary in order to give the engineer pack animals the same mobil-ity as the cavalry division. The engineer pack loads and anygeneral cargo loads with the squadron are carried on the cav-alry type Phillips pack saddle equipment issued by the Quarter-master Corps. This equipment includes the saddle with twocinchas, bridle with halter, breast collar, breeching, and amohair pad. The weight on the individual pack animal isapproximately as follows:

PoundsPack saddle ------ _______------------------ 75Pack boxes (or other containers)------------ 35Tools and supplies -_________________------_ 80

Total--_______----------------------------- 190


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43. Photographic equipment.-a. The regimental set com-prises a 3A Graflex camera and developing and printing outfit.It consists of a chest in which the principal items are camera,printing frames, dark room light, developing tank, trays, devel-oping chemicals, 3'A by 52 inch films, and developing paper.Weight 150 pounds.

b. The company set comprises a.3A autographic kodak, withtripod, instruction manual, negative album, notebook, and 24rolls of 3%4 by 52 inch films of 6 exposures each. The above isequipment solely for making exposures. Additional equipmentis required for developing the negatives and printing the pic-tures. Weight 9 pounds.

44. Pioneer equipment, platoon set.-This consists largelyof hand tools for cutting, digging, rigging, and general pioneerwork, and a supply of rope and nails. It permits the equipmentof the men for the more important classes of group work asfollows: 4 squads with shovels, 2 squads with picks, 2 squadswith axes and adzes, 2 squads with brush cutting tools, 2 squadswith rock breaking tools, 1 squad with wire cutters, and /2squad with saws. The equipment is used principally upon road,bridge, and field fortification work. Some of it may be used forcarpenter and demolition work.

a. The principal items are 2 adzes; 13 axes; 3 pinch bars;2 wrecking bars; 2 double blocks; 1 snatch block; 1 log chain;1 pair climbers; 5 tool containers (3 axe boxes, 1 tool grinder

box, and 1 pioneer chest) ; 2 come-alongs; 3 wire cutters; 8 stonedrills (three 18-inch, three 30-inch, and two 48-inch) ; 1 miningdrill; 1 hacksaw frame; 1 tool grinder; 2 mason's hammers;3 napping hammers; 2 brush hooks; 2 screw jacks; 4 machetes;2 pick-mattocks; 2 mauls; 1 oiler; 2 peavies; 2 drifting picks;14 railroad picks; 6 pliers; 2 crosscut saws, 2-man; 24 D-han-dled shovels; 8 long-handled shovels; 4 sledges; 1 miner'sspoon; 1 saw tool; 1 trowel; 2 steel wedges; and 6 wrenches

(monkey, one 8-inch, two 12-inch, and one 18-inch; and pipe,two 18-inch). Weight about 905 pounds.b. The supplies include 12 hacksaw blades; 40 driftbolts; 1

gross lumber crayons; 22 spare handles (1 adze, 6 axe, 3 ham-mer, 8 pick, and 4 sledge); 10 pounds of marline; 135 poundsof nails (fifty 60d, twenty-five 30d, fifty 10d, and ten 8d); 1pint lard oil; 250 feet 1-inch rope; 200 feet %-inch rope; 360feet of /-inch rope; and 3 rolls of tracing tape. Weight about

380 pounds. Total weight about 1,285 pounds.


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45. Pipe-fitting equipment.-This equipment is for special.work at water points and for miscellaneous construction andrepairs. The set consists of chest containing pipe cutter, hack-saw frame with 12 blades; ball pein hammer; oiler; slip jointpliers; burring reamer; rule; 4 lag screws; 2 sets of stocks anddies (Y4 to 1 inch, and 11/4 to 2 inch); pipe vise; 2 pipewrenches; 2 extra sets of dies; 1 pound of white lead; and 1gallon of lard oil. Weight 100 pounds.

46. Ponton-bridge equipage.-Ponton equipage is of two

standard types:The light equipage, M1926 (aluminum pon-

tons), to accompany infantry or cavalry divisions for theconstruction of floating bridges capable of carrying divisionalloads; and the heavy equipage, M1924 (wooden pontons), forthe construction of bridges capable of carrying all army loads.Pending the issue of these types to the service, M1869 equip-age both heavy and light will be used as limited standard fortraining purposes. The heavy equipage, M1869, can be modi-

fied so as to have the same characteristics as the light equipage,M1926, and when so modified may be issued in lieu thereof tolight ponton companies. The "unit " of ponton-bridge equipageis the'amount transported by one bridge platoon. The charac-teristics of the two standard types are shown in Table II.

47. Reference library.-a. Companly.-This is a small engi-neer reference library consisting of an architect handbook, acivil engineer handbook, and an electrical engineer handbook.

Weight 9 pounds.b. Regimental .-This library consists of a pressed steel book

box containing 18 standard engineering handbooks coveringbuilding construction, automotive engineering, chemistry andphysics, civil, mechanical, and electrical engineering, engineer-ing forumulas, explosives, railways, waterworks, power plants,and surveying. A dictionary and a book of reference tablesare also included. Weight 33 pounds.

48. Saddler equipment (quartermaster issue).-This is achest containing the tools necessary for saddle and leatherwork. Weight 61 pounds.

49. Sign-painting equipment.-Equipment sufficient for onesign painter and several helpers. Includes paint brushes, sten-cils for 5, 3, and 1y2 inch letters, an assortment of coloredpaints, and a limited supply of tin sheets for use as signboards.The brushes and stencils are carried in a chest. The paints

are carried in a crate. Total weight 200 pounds.95773_32 3


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50. Sketching outfit.-This set is contained in a convenientchest with a handle. It includes a small sketching board witha demountable tripod, a clinometer for measuring verticalangles, and a triangular alidade. It is used as a plane tablefor topographical sketching, and for any field purpose requiringd small drawing board. The chest also contains a prismaticcompass, a pace tally, and a supply of paper, celluloid sheets,and pencils. Total weight 23 pounds.

51. Stereoscopes.-The stereoscope is a folding lorgnette ster-

eoscope for use in reading aerial photographs. Weight y2pound.52. Regimental surveying equipment.-The principal items

are: Plane table, level, transit, stadia and level rods, tapes andreconnaissance instruments, including aneroid barometers, anodometer, a hand locator level, and a pocket sextant. Weight250 pounds.

53. Telephone equipment.-This set, issued by the Signal

Corps, contains the following principal items: Reel cart,2 switchboards, 5 telephones, and 1 mile of outpost wire withtools and accessories for installation.

54. Tinsmith equipment.-A set suitable for a tinner andone helper for special work. It consists of 2 soldering cop-pers; snips; blow torch; Y2 pound of soldering paste; and5 pounds of half-and-half solder. Weight 32 pounds.

55. Transportation.-a. Engineer transportation can be di-

vided into two general classes:(1) That required for the proper execution of engineer

work and necessary to engineers as technical troops.(2) That which is common to troop units of all arms and

services.b. Under the first group may be found:(1) Riding animals; necessary for engineer reconnaissance,

the control and inspection of engineer work, and for emer-

gency use with carriers to transport material.(2) Draft animals; required to draw the engineer vehicles

carrying tools, to draw these same engineer vehicles whencarrying engineer construction material, and to draw appli-ances such as plows and scrapers.

(3) Pack animals; to transport tools and material forworking parties in difficult country,


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(4) Tractors; required to draw the engineer vehicles carry-ing tools, to draw these same engineer vehicles when carrying

engineer construction material, and to operate appliancesand machinery such as plows and scrapers.

(5) Vehicles, such as motor cycles and cross-country andcommercial motor cars; for engineer reconnaissance, messen-ger work, extended inspections, and transport of small itemsof equipment.

(6) Vehicles, such as trailers, wagons, and trucks; to carryengineer equipment on the march and engineer material when

the equipment is placed upon the work after the march iscompleted.

(7) Vehicles, such as dump and tank wagons, trailers, andtrucks; normally assigned for supply use only, carrying roadmaterial, gas, or water.

(8) Special vehicles and trailers, such as ponton wagons,machine shop trucks, purification units, crushers, rollers,scrapers, sprinkling wagons, and other mobile work units orspecial vehicles designed to carry special loads.

c. Under the second group may be found the escort wagonsand trucks of the field train carrying rations and baggageand organizational equipment common to all arms, and certainvehicles of the combat train, such as rolling kitchens, springwagons, and water carts and tanks.

d. Transportation of the first class must be with the engineerunit at all times. It is as much a part of the engineer unit asthe machine gun is of the machine-gun company. Without thistransportation, engineers cease to be engineers. On the marchthe cargo carriers are used to transport equipment and baggageonly, but when the movement ends and engineer work begins,this transportation begins to perform its real function. Engi-neer work can not go on without material and the major func-tion of the engineer vehicle is to transport this material.

e. Transportation of the second class does not have to bewith the engineer unit throughout the entire day. Engineeroperations, however, frequently require these vehicles and theirdraft for use on engineer work.

f. The nature of engineer operations in the theater of.opera-tions is such that as a general rule organizations are distributedover rather extensive areas in basic working parties. This


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requires grouping tools and material into a number of smallsets so as to make each unit as self-supporting in its work as

possible. Although a combat regiment could carry all of itsplatoon equipment in four 3-ton trucks attached to the head-quarters and service company, such an arrangement would in-crease the time required for starting engineer work. The plan ofassigning tools and transport to each platoon is more practicablefrom an operating point of view.

56. Water-supply equipment.--a. For combat regiments.-Equipment for providing water points for a division. The prin-cipal items are a portable centrifugal pumping set, 5 hand liftand force pumps, 21/a-inch suction and 2-inch discharge hose,three 20 by 20 foot canvas basins, and 12 water sterilizingbags. Weight 2,950 pounds.

b. For general service regi4nents.-Two sets of the unit setdescribed in a above are issued to general service regiments.

57. Water-purification unit . -This unit is mounted on a31/2-ton cargo truck. It consists of a pump, a sand filter, achlorinating device, and a laboratory for testing water. Thepumping unit consists of a centrifugal pump which has a ratedcapacity of 100 gallons per minute against a 75-foot head whenoperating at 1,150 r.p.m. The actual delivery of water fromthe purification unit for a run of several hours averages 70gallons per minute (4,200 gallons per hour) against a 75-foothead.

58. Other supplementary equipments.-Numerous othersupplementary and special engineer equipments are carried inengineer depots for issue to troops engaged upon variousclasses of engineer work. Included in this category are roadconstruction machinery and tools, including road rollers, trac-tors, water wagons, road brooms, road graders, wheelbarrows,road tampers, etc.; general construction equipment, includ-ing portable power saws, bench vises, illuminating equipment,

and general carpenter's tools; quarry equipment, includingrock crushers, rock drills, explosives, etc.; shop equipment, in-cluding machines for various metal and wood working andfoundry operations; water supply equipment; railroad con--struction equipment; lumbering equipment; and numerous in-dividual items of construction plant, including concrete mixers,compressors, engines, derricks, pile drivers, pumps, etc.


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SECTION III

ENGINEER HEADQUARTERSParagraph

General . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ._ __ __--_ 59Typical organization _-_______---- ______---_________-------- GOEquipment _____-------- ____--_______________-____---------- 61General headquarters ____-___------- _______________-------- 62Communications zone_______.. ________________-________------- 63Army ___________________________________________ 64Corps ---------------------------------------__------_--__ _65

Division ______..--- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

66GHQ reserve -------------- __ __ .__ - - - - - - - -- - - - -- - - - -- - - -- - - - - 67Group of armies_ ___-- ______--_---------------- -- _ _-------- 68

59. Genera l . -Engineer headquarters are established for eachechelon of the field force, including general headquarters, com-munications zone, the group of armies, the armies, corps, anddivisions. These headquarters are essentially sections of thestaffs of the military commanders, and, in general, perform staff

duties. The organization of each engineer headquarters con-forms in general to the organization of the engineer head-quarters of the next higher unit, in so far as that scheme oforganization is applicable, so as to facilitate the transaction ofbusiness between them.

60. Typical organization.--The typical organization of anengineer headquarters follows in general the organization ofthe staffs of tactical commanders as prescribed in the Staff

Officers' Field Manual. The staff of the unit engineer consistsof two groups-one group having duties of a general functionalcharacter and the other having duties pertaining to administra-tive and technical matters. Each officer of the general groupdeals with one or more of the following matters: Personnel,information, operations, training, and supply. Each officer ofthe administrative and technical group deals with one or moreof the following matters: Administration, finance, railways,

roads and bridges, water supply, camouflage, depots, quarries,construction, fortification, topography and map reproduction,and shops. The number of sections of the technical group isdiminished or increased according to circumstances. The dutiesof the unit engineer and his staff are as follows:

a. The unit engineer is responsible for carrying out withinthe area over which his unit commander has jurisdiction all ofthe duties with which the Corps of Engineers is charged, except


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brary of engineering literature and photographs; compilestechnical data on the geographical and geological character ofthe area including water and forest resources and the characterof the soil and rocks; compiles data on the technical opera-tions of engineer troops; supervises the distribution of mapsthroughout the unit; and makes recommendations for initiat-ing surveys and mapping activities.

e. The operations offier makes recommendations to the unitengineer concerning the allocation of engineer troops to lowerechelons; drafts

the operations orders to be issued by the unitengineer to troops under his command; coordinates and draftsthe plans and orders for engineer reconnaissance; drafts theengineer paragraphs of and engineer annexes to orders to beissued by the commander upon whbse staff the unit engineerserves; makes arrangements for engineer troop movements;and drafts reports to be made to the commander as to thecurrent engineer situation.

f. The supply officer makes studies of the engineer supplysituation in the unit area and makes reports to the unit engi-neer as to the sufficiency and accessibility thereof to usingtroops. He plans the forward displacement of engineer de-pots as the troops advance and arranges for the conservationof stocks relinquished by lower echelons. He controls trans-portation and coordinates with the operations officer the allo-cation of transportation to subordinate units for engineer work.

He examines requisitions, designating depots to make issues,and abstracting to higher supply echelons those items to besupplied by depots not controlled by his unit. He makes studiesof demands for engineer supplies from the various elements ofthe command and recommends the establishment of credits tothe end that supply will be equitable and prompt.

g. The t r a i i n g offioer devises policies for the conduct ofengineer training activities, including schools for officers andenlisted men of engineers and for the teaching of field engi-neering to troops of other arms and services.

h. The railway officer keeps record of the condition, main-tenance, and operation of all railways, both narrow and stand-ard gauge, within the unit area, and makes recommendationto the unit engineer concerning the allocation of rolling stockand locomotives and the construction of new lines. He exer-cises general supervision over the operation of the railwaysand of railway shops; maintains 'liaison with civilian staffs


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who are expert in the technical nomenclature of engineer itemsof every class and who edit the requisitions sent to highersupply echelons for stocks to be placed in depots in the unitarea. He studies the labor situation at the various depots andrecommends the allocation or transfer of depot troops so as topermit efficient and satisfactory depot operation.

o. The fortification. officer is not always necessary but maybe provided on the higher engineer staffs to look out for thegeneral question of defense if circumstances warrant. Hemakes studies of the terrain with a view to its strengtheningfor defensive purposes and makes plans for the fortification ofrearward areas. He also keeps situation maps and chartsshowing the state of the defensive works which are occupied bythe unit.

p. The shop o/flcer passes upon work orders for major manu-facturing to be done in shops operated or controlled by theunit engineer. He recommends the allocation of troops toshops in the area and sees that products of the shops are turnedover to the designated consumers or storage places.

q. The enlisted personnel of the unit engineer's office includesclerks, draftsmen, map reproduction technicians, technical en-gineering specialists, messengers, orderlies, and chauffeurs.Those above the grade of corporal, and cooks are armed withthe pistol. Corporals and privates (except cooks) are armedwith rifles.

61. Equipment.-The equipment of an engineer headquarterssection includes drafting equipment, map reproduction equip-ment, office equipment, photographic equipment, and portableelectric-lighting sets for illuminating the unit headquarters.Transportation includes motor cars, cross-country cars andmotor cycles with side cars for use in engineer reconnaissance,visits of inspection, and messenger service.

62. General headquarters.-a. The chief engineer of the fieldforce is the unit engineer of general headquarters and, as such,is responsible for initiating and carrying on in the entire the-ater of operations the duties with which the Corps of Engineersis charged.

(1) He formulates the general plan for the engineer opera-tions in the theater of operations, and he deduces from itthe general requirements as to engineer personnel, troop equip-ment, materials, and supplies.


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(2) He submits recommendations as to the allocation ofengineer personnel, troop equipment, materials, and suppliesbetween the several armies and the communications zone.

(3) He commands all engineer troops not allocated to th earmies or to the communications zone.

(4) He is director of railways for the theater of operations.b. The organization shown in Tables of Organization is to be

regarded as a nucleus for initial operations to be expanded orreduced to fit conditions. It includes the chief engineer and his

deputy engineer, a group of staff officers with general functionsas described in paragraph 60, and such number of technicalstaff sections described in paragraph 60 as the circumstancesof the war make desirable.

63. Communications zone.-a. E n g i n e e r communicationszone.- (1) An officer of the Corps of Engineers is detailed asengineer, communications zone, for every theater of operations.His duties include the procurement, storage, and issue of engi-

neer supplies; the construction, including detailed plans, in-volved in all projects of the communications zone except tele-phone and telegraph lines; the operation of such public utilitiesas may be placed under military control or as may be con-structed for military use. He is director of railways for thecommunications zone, and controls through military and civilianpersonnel under his command the operation and maintenanceof all railways committed to the commanding general, com-

munications zone. In his function as director of railways forthe communications zone he is under the technical control ofthe chief engineer, who is a director of railways for the entiretheater of operations.

(2) The duties of the engineer section of the headquartersof the communications zone are similar to those outlined abovefor the engineer section of general headquarters. The organi-zation and personnel are similar to that of the engineer section

of any headquarters.(3) If the theater of operations is of any considerable magni-tude, the functions of the commanding general of the communi-cations zone and the various members of his staff will usuallybe so extensive as to necessitate the division of the area behindthe armies into a number of communications zone sections desig-nated by number, area, or location, each section under a com-manding general with a staff of his own.


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b. Section engineer.--(1) An officer of the Corps of Engineersis detailed as section engineer for each section of the communi-cations zone. The section engineer is a member of the staffof the commanding general of the section. He is responsiblefor carrying out in his section the various duties and activitieswith which the Corps of Engineers is charged, except such asare not committed to the commanding general of his section.

(2) The organization of the engineer section headquartersis not fixed, but varies accbrding to the nature of the militarysituation and the character and location of the theater of oper-ations. The organization shown in Tables of Organizationis, therefore, to be considered as a nucleus to be expanded orreduced to fit conditions.

64. Army. -a . An officer of the Corps of Engineers is de-tailed as army engineer for each army in the field. He is re-sponsible for carrying out in the army area the various dutiesand activities with which the Corps of Engineers is chargedexcept such as may have been turned over to the communica-tions zone or otherwise exempted from the control of the armycommander.

b. The army engineer headquarters includes a group of en-gineer staff officers with general functions and a group withtechnical staff functions, as described in paragraph 60. Thegeneral group usually consists of four officers; namely, per-sonnel officer, intelligence officer, operations and training officer,

and supply officer. The technical group may include any orall of the officers listed in paragraph 60.65. Corps.-a. An officer of the Corps of Engineers is detailed

as corps engineer with each army corps. He is responsiblefor carrying out in the corps area the various duties and activi-ties with which the Corps of Engineers is charged, exceptsuch as are carried out by army engineer troops or otherwiseexempted from the control of the corps commander.

b. The corps engineer headquarters includes a group of en-gineer staff officers with general functions and a group withtechnical functions as described in paragraph 60. The gen-eral group usually consists of 3 officers; namely, the executiveofficer, who combines the duties of executive, personnel, opera-tions, and training officer, as described in paragraph 60; in-formation officer; and supply officer. The technical group in-cludes a camouflage officer and general engineering officer.

This staff exercises supervision over the engineer operations


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in the corps. On account of the small size of this staff, it ispossible for each officer to be familiar with practically allphases of the engineer operations of the corps in addition tothe special aspects for which his office is particularly provided.

66. Division.-a. The commanding officer of the engineercombat regiment with an infantry division or the engineersquadron with a cavalry division is the division engineer. Thedivision engineer is responsible for carrying out within thedivision area the various duties and activities with which theCorps of Engineers is charged, except such as are carried outby corps engineer troops or otherwise exempted from the con-trol of the division commander.

b. The division engineer maintains at or near division head-quarters a division engineer section consisting of an officer anda few enlisted men. This personnel is provided for in the or-ganization of the division engineer unit (combat regiment orsquadron). The function of the engineer section at divisionheadquarters is to maintain liaison between the divisional head-quarters and the divisional engineer troop unit, and to assistin the preparation of the engineer features of the division plansand orders.

67. GHQ reserve.-A unit engineer is in