calculation of co2 emission factor for the electricity...
TRANSCRIPT
Time Schedule:
Calculation of CO2 Emission Factor For The
Electricity Generation Systems
Part Item Time(Minutes)
1 The Electricity Generation System in Libya 20
2Tool to calculate the emission factor for an
electricity system 15
3CO2 Emission Factor For The Electricity
Generation Systems in Libya 30
4 Discussion 15
5Movie, shows the damage in electricity
system during Libyan revolution5
Tuesday 29th of May 2012
Doha, Qatar
The Electricity Generation
System in Libya
The Libyan Transitional Government
Ministry of Electricity and Renewable energy
Eng. Mohamed R.Zaroug
Renewable Energy Authority of Libya
Area 1,759,541 km2
Capital Tripoli
Independence 24 December 1951
Population 6,400,000
Population (growth rate) 2%
Age structure 1-14 years (32%)
15-64 years (63%)
Over 65 years ( 5%)
Sex ratio 1.05 Male / Female
Average Age 75 years (Male)
77 years (Female)
GDP(2009) $ 85 billion
Libya
Country resources
Resource Libya’s resources Libya in comparison
GasGas reserves of 10
billions BOE
Fourth largest natural
gas reserves in Africa
OilLargest oil reserves in
Africa
Proven oil reserves of
43 billions BOE with
significant additional
potential
Electricity sector overview
Around 14 main power plants
Total installed capacity 6,300MW
Electricity produced 32.55 TWh
Electricity annual growth rate 8%
Access to the electricity 99%
Electricity Exported 152GWh
Electricity Imported 70GWh
Peak demand 5,760MW
Electricity consumption
per capita 4,651KWh
Transmission system13,706Km(220Kv) & 2,422Km(400Kv)
Source: General electricity company of Libya (GECOL –2010)
Combined cycle
Gas station
Steam station
The Existing Power Plants (6,300 MW)
Source: General electricity company of Libya (GECOL –2010)
Under Construction and Commissioning power plant (4,462 MW)
Combined cycle
Gas station
Steam station
Source: General electricity company of Libya (GECOL –2010)
Evolution of Electricity generation (2000-2010)
MWh
Source: General electricity company of Libya (GECOL)
Electricity Production by Technology (2010)
Steam Turbine(20%)
Source: General electricity company of Libya (GECOL)
Combined Cycle(37%)
Gas Turbine(43%)
Electricity generation by fuel type (2010)
Heavy fuel oil
(20%)
Light fuel oil
(40%)
Natural gas
(40%)
Source: General electricity company of Libya (GECOL)
The contribution of
RE resources in the
national energy
mix is negligible
Electricity consumption per sector (2010)
Residential(36%)
Industrial(14%)
Commercial(14%)
Agriculture(13%)
Others(23%)
Source: General electricity company of Libya (GECOL)
Tripoli 32%
West 20%
Benghazi 15%
Green
Mountain 6%
Alwosta 17%South 9%
Load density during 2000-2007
Evolution of Peak demand (2003-2010)
MW
Monthly Load curve
MW
Month
Maximum Load
Minimum Load
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Forecasted Peak Load During 2009- 2025
MW
89 KM
Lines in Operation
Lines Under Construction
Al-
BeidaBenghazi
North
Hoon
Misurata
Bani Walid
Ghdames
Al-Rowais
Tubrok
Sabha
Abu-Arqub
Al-Tabbah
GMMR
Al-
Khoms
EjdabiaRas
Lanuf
Sirte
Benghazi
West
Alg
eria E
gypt
Bir Al-Usta Milad
Zawia
Al-Sarir
Al-
Gwarsha Benghazi
South
Tripoli South
Sidi BannurT
unis
ia Bumba Gulf
Surman south
MillitahTripoli west
Lines Contracted
Ultra-high voltage (400kv) network
Stations 400kv under constructing
Al-
BeidaBenghazi
North
Hoon
Misurata
Bani Walid
Ghdames
Al-Rowais
Tubrok
Sabha
Abu-Arqub
Al-Tabbah
GMMR
Al-
Khoms
Ejdabi
aRas
Lanuf
SirteBenghazi
West
Alg
eria E
gypt
Bir Al-Usta Milad
Zawia
Al-Sarir
Al-
Gwarsha Benghazi
South
Tripoli South
Sidi BannurT
unis
ia Bumba Gulf
Surman south
MillitahTripoli west
Stations 400kv contracted
400/220kv Substations
Interconnection with Neighboring Countries
Source: General electricity company of Libya (GECOL)
Malta
The total CO2 Emissions in Libya is around 60.7 million tCO2e
(55% due to oil ، 45% due to N.G)
Industry(33%)
Others(7%)
Transportation(20%)
Power sector(40%)
Environment key figures:
Source: Libyan energy data profile- September- 2007
Registered CDM projects
(Not yet)
Libya and (UNFCCC & KP)
Libya is a Non-Annex I country
under (UNFCCC)
Ratification of the UNFCCC
1999
Ratification of the Kyoto
protocol 2006
Establishment of designated
national authority(DNA) 2010
CO2 Emissions in Libya
60 Mt (around 40% comes form
power sector)-(2006)
Emissions share of world total
0.2%
CO2 emissions per km Sq
31 tones
CO2 emissions per capita
10 tones
CO2 emissions per MWh
0.87 tons (2010)
Environmental key figures
Tuesday 29th of May 2012
Doha, Qatar
Eng. Mohamed R.Zaroug
Renewable Energy Authority of Libya
Tool to calculate the emission factor for
an electricity system
The Libyan Transitional Government
Ministry of Electricity and Renewable energy
The CO2 emission factor is the amount of CO2 emissions
associated with each unit of electricity produced and (expressed in
kg of CO2 per KWh or tons per MWh).
Electricity can be generated from a different primary energy
sources, two-thirds of the world’s electricity comes from burning of
fossil fuels.
The combustion of fossil fuels release CO2 and other greenhouse
gases (GHG) to the atmosphere.
The amount of emissions varies from one fuel type to another (coal,
oil or natural gas) and they are calculated using the emission factors.
General concepts
“ Tool to calculate the emission factor for an electricity system ”
which approved by UNFCCC Executive Board.
In this methodology the CO2 emission factor is determined by
calculating the Combined Margin emission factor (CM) of the
electricity system.
The CM is the result of a weighted average of two emission factors;
the Operating margin (OM) and the Build Margin (BM) of the
electricity system. The tool
provides
procedures to
determine
all parameters
About the Methodology
The CM emission factor for an electricity system is
calculated using the following steps:
Step 1 – Identify the relevant electricity systems.
Step 2 – Choose whether to include off-grid power plants.
Step 3 – Select a method to determine the operating margin.
Step 4 – Calculate the operating margin emission factor.
Step 5 – Identify the group of power plants to be the build margin
Step 6 – Calculate the build margin emission factor.
Step 7 – Calculate the combined margin emission factor.
Step 2 – Choose whether to include off-grid power plants.
According to the tool one of the following two options can
be chosen:
Option I: Only grid power plants are included in the
....................calculation.
Option II: Both grid power plants and off-grid power
....................plants are included in the calculation.
Step 1 – Identify the relevant electricity systems.
The following four options are listed in the tool to
calculate the OM emission factor:
Simple OM.
Simple adjusted OM.
Dispatch data analysis OM.
Average OM.
Step 3 – Select a method to determine the Operating
…………Margin (OM)
The simple OM emission factor is calculated as the
generation-weighted average CO2 emissions (kg of CO2 per
KWh or tons per MWh) of all generating power plants serving
the system not including low-cost/must-run power plants.
The simple operating margin (OM) Method can only be used
if low-cost/must-run resources (hydro, wind, solar and nuclear)
constitute less than 50% of total grid generation.
The Simple Operating Margin (OM) Method
There are two options to calculate the simple OM
emission factor :
Option A : Based on the net electricity generation and
………………… a CO2 emission factor for each power unit.
Option B : Based on the total net electricity generation of all
………………..power plants serving the system and fuel types
……………….and total fuel consumption.
The Simple Operating Margin (OM) Method
The main data required to calculate the simple Operating
Margin include:
The Simple Operating Margin (OM) Method
Data Data unit Description
FCi,m,y t, m3Amount of fossil fuel type i consumed by
power unit m in year y
N.C.VHFO GJ/t Net calorific value of HFO
N.C.VLFO GJ/t Net calorific value of LFO
N.C.VNG GJ/m3 Net calorific value of NG
EFCO2,HFO tCO2/GJ CO2 emission factor of HFO
EFCO2,LFO tCO2/GJ CO2 emission factor of LFO
EFCO2,NG tCO2/GJ CO2 emission factor of NG
EGm,y MWhNet electricity generated and delivered to the
grid by power plant m in year y
Step 4 – Calculate the operating margin emission factor
Where:
EFgrid,OMsimple,y = Simple operating margin CO2 emission factor in year y (tCO2/MWh)
FCi,y = Amount of fossil fuel type i consumed in the project electricity system in year y (mass or volume unit)
NCVi,y = Net Calorific value of fossil fuel type i in year y (GJ/mass or volume unit)
EFCO2,i,y = CO2 emission factor of fossil fuel type i in year y (GJ/mass or volume unit)
EGy = Net electricity generated and delivered to the grid by all power sources serving the system, not
including low cost / must run power plants / units, in year y (MWh)
i = All fossil fuel types combusted in power sources in the project electricity system in year y
y = Either the three most recent years for which data is available
The sample group consists of either:
The five power plants that have been built most recently, or
The power plants capacity additions in the electricity
system that comprise 20% of the system generation (in MWh)
and that have been built most recently.
Step 5 - Identify the group of power plants to be the
………….Build Margin
The Build Margin emission factor (BM) is calculated as the
generation - weighted average emission factor (tCO2/MWh)
of the sample of Build Margin power plants.
Step 6 – Calculate the Build Margin emission factor
Where:
EFgrid,BM,y = Build Margin CO2 emission factor in year y (tCO2/MWh)
EGm,y = Net quantity of electricity generated and delivered to the grid by
power unit m in year y (MWh)
EFEL,m,y = CO2 emission factor of power unit m in year y (tCO2/MWh)
m = Power units included in the build margin
y = Most recent historical year for which electricity generation data is available
Step 7 – Calculate the Combined Margin CO2 emission factor
The Combined Margin emission factor is calculated as follows:
Where:
EFgrid,BM,y = Build Margin CO2 emission factor in year y (tCO2/MWh)
EFgrid,OM,y = Operating Margin CO2 emission factor in year y (tCO2/MWh)
WOM = Weighting of Operating Margin emissions factor (%)
WBM = Weighting of Build Margin emissions factor (%)
Tuesday 29th of May 2012
Doha, Qatar
Eng. Mohamed R.Zaroug
Renewable Energy Authority of Libya
CO2 Emission Factor For The Electricity
Generation Systems in Libya
The Libyan Transitional Government
Ministry of Electricity and Renewable energy
The Goal of This Study
This study aims to calculate the CO2
emission factor of the Libyan power
system according to (Tool to calculate
the emission factor for an electricity
system) which approved by UNFCCC
Why we need to calculate the CO2 emission factor for
the electricity system?
To compare the CO2 emission factor of
The Libyan electricity system with The
emission factors of the other countries
1
To calculate the amount of CO2 emitted
by the electricity system in Libya2
To calculate the emission reduction of
CDM projects in renewable energy
and power sector
3
The Methodology will be used…
Tool to calculate the emission factor for an electricity
.....system (Version 02.2.1, 29 September 2011)
The emission factor is calculated as a Combined Margin
....(CM) emission factor , which consists of the Operating
....Margin (OM; 3 year weighted average) emission factor
....and Build Margin (BM) factor for the Libyan National
....Electricity Grid.
The CM emission factor for an electricity system is
calculated via the following steps:
Step 1 – Identify the relevant electricity systems.
Step 2 – Choose whether to include off-grid power plants.
Step 3 – Select a method to determine the operating margin.
Step 4 – Calculate the operating margin emission factor.
Step 5 – Identify the group of power units to be included in the build margin
Step 6 – Calculate the build margin emission factor.
Step 7 – Calculate the combined margin emission factor.
Name of Power Plant
Power Source
Number of Units
Capacity in MW
Commissioning date
Kohmes Thermal 8 1,080.0 1982, 1995
Tripoli West Thermal 6 500.0 1976, 1980
Dernah Thermal 3 139.6 1985
Tobruk Thermal 5 229.0 1985
Abu Kammash
Thermal 6 90.0 1982
Tripoli South Thermal 5 500.0 1994
Zwitina Thermal 4 200.0 1994
Kufra Thermal 2 50.0 1982
West (Rowis) Thermal 4 624.0 2005, 2006
Zawia Thermal 9 1,440.0 2000, 2005, 2007
Benghazi North Thermal 6 915.0 1995, 2002, 2007
Musrata Steel Thermal 6 510.0 1990
Sreer Thermal 5 75.0 1990
Step 1 – Identify the relevant electricity systems
In Libya, all power
plants are connected
to the Libyan National
Electricity Grid ,
The power plants
interconnected to the
grid are shown in this
table.
Step 2 – Choose whether to include off-grid power plants
According to the tool one of the following two options can be
chosen:
Option I: Only grid power plants are included in the calculation.
Option II: Both grid power plants and off-grid power plants are
..................included in the calculation.In this study,
Option I was
chosen
Step 3 – Select a method to determine the Operating Margin(OM)
The following four options are listed in the tool to calculate
the OM emission factor:
Simple OM.
Simple adjusted OM.
Dispatch data analysis OM.
Average OM.
The simple OM method is
only applicable for projects in
supply systems, where low-
cost/must-run resources
constitute less than 50 % of
total grid generation in
average of the five most
recent years
The Libyan National
Electricity Grid falls
into this category
,Therefore the Simple
OM method can be
used
There are two options to calculate the simple OM emission factor :
Option A : Based on the net electricity generation and
…………………...a CO2 emission factor for each power unit.
Option B : Based on the total net electricity generation of all
…………………...power plants serving the system and the fuel types
…………………..and total fuel consumption.
Option B was chosen
due to the fact that not
all necessary data
(e.g. net electricity
generation) for Option A
was available for all
power units in all years
The Simple Operating Margin (OM) Method
The main data required to calculate the simple Operating
Margin include:
The Simple Operating Margin (OM) Method
Data Data unit Description Source of Data Value
FCi,m,y t, m3
Amount of fossil fuel type i
consumed by power unit m in
year yGECOL*
N.C.VHFO GJ/t Net calorific value of HFO GECOL 43.542
N.C.VLFO GJ/t Net calorific value of LFO GECOL 44.849
N.C.VNG GJ/m3 Net calorific value of NG GECOL 0.0427
EFCO2,HFO tCO2/GJ CO2 emission factor of HFO IPCC** 2006 0.0755
EFCO2,LFO tCO2/GJ CO2 emission factor of LFO IPCC 2006 0.0711
EFCO2,NG tCO2/GJ CO2 emission factor of NG IPCC 2006 0.0543
EGm,y MWhNet electricity generated and
delivered to the grid by power
plant m in year y
GECOL
* GECOL- General electric company of Libya
** IPCC- Intergovernmental panel on climate change
Step 4 – Calculate the operating margin emission factor
Where:
EFgrid,OM simple,y = Simple operating margin CO2 emission factor in year y (tCO2/MWh)
FCi,y = Amount of fossil fuel type i consumed in the project electricity system in year y (mass or volume unit)
NCVi,y = Net Calorific value of fossil fuel type i in year y (GJ/mass or volume unit)
EFCO2,i,y = CO2 emission factor of fossil fuel type i in year y (GJ/mass or volume unit)
EGy = Net electricity generated and delivered to the grid by all power sources serving the system, not
including low cost / must run power plants / units, in year y (MWh)
i = All fossil fuel types combusted in power sources in the project electricity system in year y
y = Either the three most recent years for which data is available
NCVi,y According to the data of GECOL the net calorific value (NCV) of
heavy fuel oil (HFO), light fuel oil (LFO) and natural gas were the same
for the years 2007 – 2009.
HFO LFO Natural Gas
NCV 43.5427 GJ/t 44.8490 GJ/t 0.0427 GJ/m³
EFCO2,I,y Since no emission factor for fossil fuel types were
available, IPCC default values at the lower limit of uncertainty at a 95
% confidence interval were used to be conservative:
HFO LFO Natural Gas
Emission factor 0.0755 t/GJ 0.0711 t/GJ 0.0543 t/GJ
The net electricity generated and delivered to the grid, and the total fuel
consumption as well as electricity imports for the years 2007 – 2009:
Electricity Generation Unit 2007 2008 2009
Net Electricity Generation MWh 23,266,536 27,248,375 28,658,298
Electricity Imports MWh 77,000 69,000 175,035
Electricity Generation incl. Imports MWh 23,343,536 27,317,375 28,833,333
Fuel Consumption Unit 2007 2008 2009
HFO t 1,559,221 1,810,845 2,034,885
LFO t 2,765,683 3,100,797 3,472,813
Natural Gas 1,000 m³ 3,457,007 3,306,573 3,052,576
The tables below shows the calculation of the (3-year
generation-weighted average) simple OM emission factor of the
Libyan National Electricity Grid for the years (2007 – 2009):
2007Fuel
ConsumptionNCV
Fuel
Consumption
Emission
Factor of Fuel
CO2
Emissions
t, Nm³ GJ/t, GJ/Nm³ GJ tCO2/GJ tCO2
A B C=A*B D E=C*D
HFO 1,559,221 43.5427 67,892,723 0.0755 5,125,901
LFO 2,765,683 44.8490 124,038,121 0.0711 8,819,110
Natural gas 3,457,007,109 0.0427 147,545,890 0.0543 8,011,742
2008Fuel
ConsumptionNCV
Fuel
Consumption
Emission
Factor of Fuel
CO2
Emissions
t, Nm³ GJ/t, GJ/Nm³ GJ tCO2/GJ tCO2
A B C=A*B D E=C*D
HFO 1,810,845 43.5427 78,849,117 0.0755 5,953,108
LFO 3,100,797 44.8490 139,067,650 0.0711 9,887,710
Natural gas 3,306,572,886 0.0427 141,125,322 0.0543 7,663,105
2009Fuel
ConsumptionNCV
Fuel
Consumption
Emission
Factor of Fuel
CO2
Emissions
t, Nm³ GJ/t, GJ/Nm³ GJ tCO2/GJ tCO2
A B C=A*B D E=C*D
HFO 2,034,885 43.5427 88,604,428 0.0755 6,689,634
LFO 3,472,813 44.8490 155,752,196 0.0711 11,073,981
Natural gas 3,052,576,196 0.0427 130,284,682 0.0543 7,074,458
Unit 2007 2008 2009
Total CO2 Emissions tCO2 21,956,753 23,503,923 24,838,074
Total Generation incl. Imports MWh 23,266,536 27,248,375 28,833,333
Weighted Electricity Generation 0.2932 0.3434 0.3634
CO2 Emission Factor tCO2/MWh 0.9437 0.8626 0.8614
Simple Operating Margin CO2 Emission
Factor (EFgrid,OMsimple,2007-09)tCO2/MWh 0.8843
Step 5 - Identify the group of power plants to be the
Build Margin
The following table shows the chosen sample group of power units
used to calculate the BM. It consists of a set of seven power units that
have been built most recently. This group was chosen, as it comprises
more than 20 % of the annual generation .
Name of Power Plant Commissioning date
West Mountain unit (4) 2006
West Mountain unit (3) 2006
West Mountain unit (1) 2005
West Mountain unit (2) 2005
Zawia unit (5) 2005
Zawia unit (6) 2005
North Benghazi unit (4) 2002
Step 6 – Calculate the Build Margin emission factor
Where:
EFgrid,BM,y = Build margin CO2 emission factor in year y (tCO2/MWh)
EGm,y = Net quantity of electricity generated and delivered to the grid by
power unit m in year y (MWh)
EFEL,m,y = CO2 emission factor of power unit m in year y (tCO2/MWh)
m = Power units included in the build margin
y = Most recent historical year for which electricity generation data is available
EFgrid,BM,2009 = 5,100,546 tCO2 / 6,039,493 MWh = 0.8445 tCO2/MWh
Name of
Power Plant
Com.
date
Net Generation
in 2009
Accum. Share in
Net Generation
Emission
Factor of Fuel
CO2
Emissions
MWh % tCO2/MWh tCO2
West Mountain 3 2006 880,244 3.07% 0.8093 712,380
West Mountain 4 2006 862,399 6.08% 0.8026 692,137
West Mountain 1 2005 749,931 8.70% 0.7510 563,230
West Mountain 2 2005 848,763 11.66% 0.7735 656,558
Zawia 5 2005 852,151 14.63% 1.0303 877,962
Zawia 6 2005 704,807 17.09% 1.0764 758,655
North Benghazi 4 2002 1,141,198 21.07% 0.7357 839,623
Total 6,039,493 5,100,546
Step 7 – Calculate the Combined margin CO2 emission factor
The Combined Margin emissions factor is calculated as follows:
Where:
EFgrid,BM,y = Build Margin CO2 emission factor in year y (tCO2/MWh)
EFgrid,OM,y = Operating Margin CO2 emission factor in year y (tCO2/MWh)
WOM = Weighting of Operating Margin emissions factor (%)
WBM = Weighting of Build Margin emissions factor (%)
EFgrid,CM,2009 = 0.8843 tCO2/MWh × 0.75 + 0.8445 tCO2/MWh × 0.25
= 0.8744 tCO2/MWh
Using emission factors which calculated above for the Operating
Margin(OM) and Build Margin(BM). And according to the tool, the
Combined Margin emission factor is calculated using the default
OM: BM weighting of 75% : 25% as:
Country (2007) t CO2 / MWh Country (2007) t CO2 / MWh
1 Canada 0.205 21 World 0.507
2 USA 0.549 22 Africa 0.627
3 Japan 0.450 23 Middle East 0.678
4 Korea 0.455 24 Morocco 0.712
5 Austria 0.202 25 Algeria 0.597
6 Belgium 0.253 26 Tunisia 0.557
7 Finland 0.230 27 Egypt 0.450
8 France 0.090 28 Jordan 0.588
9 Germany 0.427 29 Lebanon 0.638
10 Greece 0.749 30 Syria 0.606
11 Italy 0.388 31 Iraq 0.811
12 Norway 0.007 32 Kuwait 0.645
13 Poland 0.668 33 Saudi Arabia 0.736
14 Spain 0.390 34 Bahrain 0.847
14 Sweden 0.040 35 Qatar 0.623
16 Switzerland 0.023 36 UAE 0.831
17 Botswana 1.852 37 Oman 0.861
18 South Africa 0.845 38 Yemen 0.679
19 China 0.758 39 Iran 0.536
20 India 0.928 40 Argentina 0.352
Comparison between the CO2 emission factor for the electricity
system in different countries
Source – International Energy Agency (IEA)
The CO2
emission factor
for electricity
system in Libya
is
(0.87 tCO2/MWh)
In general, there are several options to limit the CO2
emissions from electricity generation include:
Increasing the use of renewable energy.
Use fuels with lower CO2 emission per KWh produced.
Increase the efficiency of both electricity production and
end-use
The emission of CO2 per kWh electricity produced varies
among countries and depends on the mix of energy sources
used to produce electricity.
The statistics of International Energy Agency (IEA) for year
2007 show that, the average of CO2 emission factor for
electricity systems in the world is (0.507tCO2/MWh), Africa
(0.627tCO2/MWh) and Middle East around
(0.678tCO2/MWh).
Conclusion and recommendations
The CO2 emission factor for electricity generation system
in Libya is (0.87 tCO2/MWh).
Based on the CO2 emission factor for electricity system
which calculated in this study, The CO2 emitted by
electricity system in Libya in 2009 is around (24 Million
tCO2).
The results of this study can be used to calculate the
CO2 emission reductions of CDM projects in renewable
and power sector.
Conclusion and recommendations
It is necessary to establish a database for all units of
power plants in Libya in order to facilitate the access to
required data.
Since the data of electricity generation is changing yearly,
that is why it is recommended to update this study
every year.
Conclusion and recommendations