5 co2 emission & control.pdf

7/21/2019 5 CO2 Emission & Control.pdf

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CO2EMISSION & CONTROL

Dr. K C Vora

Dy Director & Head, ARAI Academy, ARAI


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What is greenhouse effect?

The Greenhouse Effect is an extremely

vital process where INFRARED (IR) rays

from the sun come into the Earth

atmosphere.

The atmosphere then traps these rays

after they have come in (like the glass

in a greenhouse) keeping the Earth

warm.

CO2 (carbon dioxide), NO(nitrous oxide)

and CH4(methane) are destroying the

atmosphere, causing more INFRARED

(IR) rays to reflect on Earth.


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3

The Greenhouse Effect The Greenhouse Effect causes Global Warming. It generates an

increase of 1 or more Celsius degrees in a period of 100-200 years.Over the course of a single century, an increase of even 0.4degrees Celsius would be significant.

According to global warming, increasing temperatures are theresult of a strengthening greenhouse effect caused primarily byman-made increases in carbon dioxide & other greenhouse gases.

Greenhouse gases caughtin the atmosphere,

primarily CO2, increase

the retention of heat that

has been radiated by theearth. Thus global

temperatures increase.


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Greenhouse Effect & Global Warming

Having more infrared rays reflected on Earthmakes the Earth warmer.

As temperatures on Earth rise, so does the

ocean water level and the ice caps begin tomelt.

The worst possible problem would be mass

flooding in low lying areas of the Earth

including many islands in the ocean whichwould basically disappear.


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Ozone Layer The ozone layer is part of the

atmosphere of the Earth. Like

most natural things it depends on

a healthy balance of chemicals so

that it can maintain the

protection from the sun which it

has always given before.

Unfortunately the balance of the

ozone layer has been upset by

man-made chemicals called CFCsthat are robbing the atmosphere

of ozone gas which makes up the

ozone.


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EFFECTS ON CLIMATE CHANGE

Transport a significant contributor:

More than 30% of CO2

Growing evidence that carbon soot also a

significant contributor:

absorbs sun and heat

diesel a major source

Transport contribution likely to grow with rapid

motorization.

Source: Health Effects Institute


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Air Quality Concerns : India India is the 6thlargest and 2ndfastest growing

emitter of Green House Gases (GHGs)

Source: USEPA

in 106kg/year/1ox1ogrid

Annual Black Carbon Emissions


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SECTORIAL COMPARISON OF COST/EFFICIENCY

(EUROPE, UE 15)


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CO2EMISSION

A look At Per Capita Consumption


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TRENDS IN CO2EMISSIONSFrom Energy use in the Leading Automotive Markets (World), 2002


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KEY TO EARLIER SLIDE Size of the bubble is determined by the total CO2 emissions from

energy use in different sectors of the respective nations. The bigger

the size of the bubble, the greater the CO2 emisions from a country.

Includes the CO2 emissions from energy use in different sectors and

the trasportation sector is one of the major constituents of this

segment for the year 2002. Motor vehicle penetration is per 1,000 people for the year 2002.

Percent share refers to the individual share of a country in the total

global demand for motor vehicels in 2002.

The transportation sector accounts for 30% of CO2 emissions in the

industrialized economics of the OECD (Organization for Economic

Cooperation & Development) and about 20% worldwide.

Source : OECD, IMF and Frost & Sull ivan


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GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION


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Agreement with EU and ACEA on Fleet Average

140

120

185

165

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016

ACEA

140 g/km in 2008

25 % reduction f rom 1995

Target in 2003

165-170 g/km- M1 Vehicles

Target in 2012

120 g/km

ACEA Fleet Average till 1995


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RECENT CARBON CONTENT INITIATIVES(WORLD), 2005-15

Country /

Region

Initiatives

EU Voluntary commitment from the automotive industry to reduce CO2emissions in passenger cars by 25.0 percent relative to 1995 levelsby 2008.

Emission rates are expected to be brought down to a level of 140 gCO2/ km traveled (or 39 mpg)

Depending on early progress, ACEA (European Automobile

Manufactures Association) may extend the target to 120 g CO2 / km(or 46 mpg) by 2012

Japan Fuel economy improvements in passenger cars to the extent of 23.0% relative to 1995 levels by 2010

Specific targets vary with vehicle weight but extend to 125 g CO2 /km (or 44 mpg)

Canada The government has proposed a target for improving vehicle fueleffic iency by 25.0 % by 2010

Australia Voluntary commitment to improve fuel economy by 18.0 % by 2010

UnitedStates(California)

California Air Resources Board (CARB) intends to bring down theGHG emissions from the light-duty vehicle fleet by 17.0% in 2020and by 25.0% in 2030


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CO2 Reduction Time Table & Target ACEA Agreement signed with EC in 1998 for CO2targets.

2003 Intermediate target range 165 ~ 170 g/km

2008 target 140 g/km 2012 target 120 g/km

JAMA Agreement with EC


2009 target 140 g/km

2015 target 125 g/km

KAMA Agreement with EC


2009 target 140 g/km.

New Target Proposed in 2007 in European Parliament

Year 2015 125 g/km

Year 2020 95 g/km

Year 2025 70 g/km


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CO2 Global Review

Europe & Japan continue to lead the world with the moststringent passenger vehicle GHG & FE standards.

Japan standards are expected to lead to the lowest fleet averageGHG emissions in the world (125g CO2 /km by 2015).

California passenger vehicle regulations are expected to achievethe greatest overall reduction in GHG emission in the world.

U.S. passenger vehicle standards continue to lag behind othernations but could move ahead of Canada, Australia, South Korea,

& California by 2020 with passage of U.S. senate bill.

South Korea is the only nation in the world with standard in placethat is expected to have rising GHG emissions from passengervehicles.

CO E i i V/ E i T


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CO2 Emission V/s Engine Types


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POTENTIAL FOR REDUCING GHGsFrom Vehicles Technology / Biofuels / Mobility

CO EMISSIONS


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CO2EMISSIONSConventional & Alternative Technology


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Generation

33%

Transmission

94%

Plug-to-Wheels

76%

Refining

82%

Transmission

98%

Pump-to-Wheels

16%

23%

13%

31%

80%

31% 76% = 23%

Well-to-Tank Tank-to-Wheels

80% 16% = 13%Source: http://www.nesea.org

Well to Wheel Comparison


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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Conventional ICE

Advanced Gasoline ICE

Advanced Diesel

Gasoline Hybrid

Diesel Hybrid

Fuel Cell (Gasoline)

Fuel Cell (H2 from Natural Resources)

Fuel Cell (H2 from Renewable Resources)

100

70

55

48

40

55

48

3

WELL TO WHEEL CARBON EMISSIONS


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DEVELOPMENT OF LOW CARBONTECHNOLOGIES

(WORLD), 2005-15

N d f I t t d A h


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Need for an Integrated Approach

Involving All Stakeholders


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NEED FOR PUBLIC i.e. FISCAL EFFORTS


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LOOKING AHEAD:

TRENDS AND POSSIBILITIES FOR CONTROL

In reducing the health effects from vehicle emissions,

one fact is clear:

Even if the emissions from each vehicle and its

fuel are reduced, the use of vehicles will increase,

vehicles will age and need maintenance..

This can offset, in whole or in part, the pollutionreductions and health benefits if careful

planning is not done.


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