-emission and non co2-effects in aviation

Green aviation fuels

A way to reduce CO2-emission and non CO2-effects in aviation

Dr. Thorsten Jänisch

Institute of Combustion Technology

June 24th 2021

> DLR - Institute of Combustion Technology > Dr. Thorsten Jänisch • 24.06.2021DLR.de • Chart 2

DLR at a glance

• Research institution

• Space Administration

• Project Management Agency


Locations and employees

More than 9000 employees work in 54 institutes and

facilities at 30 sites across Germany.

International offices in Brussels, Paris, Tokyo and

Washington D.C.

Research

• Aviation

• Space

• Transport

• Energy

• Digitalization

• Security

Hydrogen utilization in aviation - Hot topic


Cover: The National Hydrogen Strategy of the German governmentCover: BDLI - White paper - Zero Emission Aviation

Source: Clean Sky, https://www.cleansky.eu/

Drop-In• Completely compatible with

existing infrastructure• Max. 50 % SAF blend permitted

(ASTM 7566)

• Max. 40% CO2-emission reduction

• Reduced pollutant emission

• 100% SAF (ASTM D7566 not certified – fully compatible)

• Not permitted up to date

• 80 - 100 % CO2-emission reduction

Near Drop-In • Existing infrastructure with

minor changes

• Optimized SAF (production, combustion)

• 100 % CO2-emission reduction

• Low pollutant emission

Non Drop-In• Larger infrastructure changes

necessary

• Zero emission of CO2, soot and PM

> DLR - Institute of Combustion Technology > Dr. Thorsten Jänisch • 24.06.2021DLR.de • Folie 5

Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF)

Drop-In vs. Near Drop-In vs. Non Drop-In

Now ≈2030 ≈2050


1940‘s 1970‘s 1990‘s 2010‘s

crude-base

Drop-in fuels:

• Fully compatible with current transport, storage, and

aircraft systems (including legacy engines).

• Max 50 vol% SAF blended with Jet A-1

SAF

Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF)

Drop-In Fuels


DLR Fuel Design

contrail cirrus over northern Atlantic

Credits: DLR

System

Performance

& Emissions

Physical &

Chemical

Properties

Combustion

Processes

Fuel

Formulation

Fuel

Design

Data Base Measurement

Diagnostics Experiments

Generic Spray Burner

High Pressure Rig 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

co

nc

en

trati

on

(w

t%)

C number

Shell GTL

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

co

ncen

trati

on

(w

t%)

C number

Sasol GTL-2

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

n-alkane

iso-alkane

cyclo-alkane

co

ncen

trati

on

(w

t%)

C number

Sasol IPK

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Co

nc

en

tra

tio

n [

wt%

]

C number

n-alkane

alkene

alcohol

iso-alkane

FT light

Ineratec

Distillation Curve

0 20 40 60 80 100

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

FT light

FT crude

Jet-A

Tem

pe

ratu

re [

°C]

Recovery [%]

FBP max

IBP max

Plug Flow Reactor

Soot Precursors

800 900 1000 11000

1

2

3

4

xi [1

0-6]

T [K]

C10

H8, = 0.8

FT Light

Jet A-1

n-decane

800 900 1000 11000

1

2

3

4

xi [

10

-5]

T [K]

C6H

6, = 0.8

FT Light

Jet A-1

n-decane

benzene


ECLIF - II/ND-MAX Measurement Campaign

DLR internal demonstration project with partners (e. g. NASA)

• Demonstration project on DLR fuel design process

• Using sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) to reduce CO2 emissions from a LCA perspective: Roundtable on

Sustainable Biomaterials (RSB) report shows HEFA biofuel used in ECLIF-II yields > 60% reduction in CO2

emissions w/r fossil Jet A-1.

• Designing the composition to reduce non-CO2 effects: Designer fuel based on 30% HEFA (SAF2), leads to

greater reductions in soot emissions and ice crystal concentrations than the 49%-51% blend (SAF1).

Source: D. Sauer, DLR, 2018.

49% HEFA 30% HEFA

Soot Emissions

The NASA DC8 research aircraft probing contrails from the DLR 320 burning sustainable aviation fuel blends.

Quelle: DLR


• Fuel Logistics.

ECLIF-I. 118 ton from Sasol, 2 conventional Jet A-1, 3 SSJF, 1 FSJF

ECLIF-II. 163 ton from BP, 2 conventional Jet A-1, SAF1(49% HEFA + 51%

Jet A-1), and SAF2 (30% HEFA + 70% Jet A-1).

• First ground and in-flight emissions measurements with a Fully Synthetic

Jet Fuel (Sasol’s FSJF).

Study showed:

• Reduction in soot emissions with low aromatic fuels.

• Reduction in SOx with lower sulfur content.

• Ice particles measurements show a definite correlation with soot

emissions characteristics.

• First experimental validation of impact of soot particle size on contrail

characteristic (radiative properties).

ECLIF – Results from Measurement Campaign

DLR internal demonstration project with partners (NASA)


DLR prescreening

Fuel prescreening process prior costly certification procedure

Source: Rumizen, Mark (FAA): SAF Qualification Process

Work-up of FT-Crude in P2X-Projekt


1.) HC

2.) HT

3.) Dist.

FT-Oil

Contains

• Alcohols

• Alkenes

• Low i-alkane content

• Too broad C-distribution

FT: Fischer-Tropsch; HC: Hydrocracking

HT: Hydrotreatment; Dist.: Distillation

FT-HC-HT-Oil-Distillate

Contains

• No alcohols

• No alkenes

• High i-alkane contents (≈ 40 %)

• C-distribution in target range

• Flash point > 38°C

• Freezing point: < -40 °C

• Cycloalkanes from impurities in distillation column

Funded by:

Mission


Overall, we aim at optimizing the fuels for needs of all stakeholder: fuel producers, aircraft & engine performance,

airports & consumers (general aviation, airlines, …)

Next actions:

• Implementation of PTL plants in the vicinity of airports to initiate the scale-up of SAF production capacity.

• Continue exploration of the design space to find the optimum configuration of process components and

parameters that maximize the yield of FT-SAF conform jet fuel in the most economic way. Specifically

considering:

- Maximizing mitigating of aviation's impact on climate change (CO2 and non-CO2 impacts)

- Supporting activities for future developments of 100 % SAF specifications, that consider aspects of

synthetic fuel production as well as synthetic fuel use in aircraft/gas turbines

Dr. Thorsten Jänisch

German Aerospace Center (DLR)

Institute of Combustion Technology

phone: +49 711 6862-8336

E-Mail: [email protected]

Contact

The NASA DC8 research aircraft probing contrails from the DLR 320 burning sustainable aviation fuel blends.

Quelle: DLR


mailto:[email protected]

-emission and non co2-effects in aviation

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