Completing the Revolution, Chapter 8 Establishing the Government George Washington, 1789 Inaugurated as first President New York City Washingtons inauguration at Federal Hall, New York City The Republican Court George Washington: Mr. President Vice-President John Adams Importance of Presidential pomp and circumstance Thomas Jefferson: lone democrat in the administration The First Congress James Madison, author of the Constitution Bill of Rights Judiciary Act of 1789 Hamiltonian Economics: The National Debt Alexander Hamilton Secretary of Treasury Report on Public Credit (1790) Foreign debt paid promptly and fully Domestic debtgovernment issue securities to debtholders that pay 4% interest Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, Hamiltonian Economics: The Bank and the Excise Tax Bank of the United States Handle government revenue and disbursements Privately owned and controlled Carbon copy of Bank of England Taxes Excise taxes: alcohol, tea, coffee, etal. Whiskey tax to set precedent of federal government imposing and collecting internal tax The Rise of Opposition Madison led congressional opposition to Hamiltons proposals Jefferson joins Madisons opposition Compromise reached: In exchange for accepting Hamiltons proposals on the debt, the permanent capital of the United States would be located on the Potomac River Jefferson versus Hamilton Jefferson and strict constructionism Hamilton and loose constructionism Federalists Pierre Charles LEnfants plan for Washingto n, D.C. The City of Magnificent Distances as it appeared in the early 19th century (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved The Republic in a World at War, French Revolution erupts France is at war with Austria and Prussia France declares war on Britain and kill its king A war between French republicanism and British-led reaction Ends in French defeat, 1815 Americans and the French Revolution Americans sympathetic to French Revolution Jeffersonian Republicanism Grateful for French help in American revolution Washington declares American neutrality U.S. commerce and financial health depended on good relations with Great Britain Jefferson and Madison lead French sympathizers Citizen Gent Citizen Edmond Charles Gent British Orders in Council French ignored neutrality of the U.S. British engaged in overt and covert acts of war Citizen Edmond Charles Gent Western Troubles Shawnee attack frontier settlers Mad Anthony Wayne and the Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794) Whiskey Rebellion George Washington orders militia troops against Whiskey Rebellion Securing the West, The Jay Treaty Jays Treaty British agree to abandon forts on U.S. soil U.S. grants Britain Most-Favored-Nation trading status Nothing said of impressment or other British violations New England and port cities for it South opposed Pinckney Treaty Thomas Pinckney Favorable Florida border Americans can use Mississippi River and port of New Orleans Washingtons Farewell Set 2-term limit Secured U.S. control of West Farewell address warnings entangling alliances factions Democratic Republicans The Election of 1796 John Adams, Federalist candidate Thomas Jefferson, Democratic Republican candidate John Adams won Presidency Thomas Jefferson won Vice- Presidency John Adams, second President of the United States Troubles with France, France breaks off relations because of Jays Treaty XYZ Affair France vs. U.S. in the Caribbean The Crisis at Home, Federal property tax Alien and Sedition Acts William Duane of the Philadelphia Aurora Matthew Lyon Virginia and Kentucky Resolves The Politicians and the Army Federalists implemented request that Congress create standing army Adams becomes suspicious of Hamilton and High Federalists Adams negotiates peace with France The Election of 1800 Many believe Federalist using war with France to impose their rule and destroy opposition Alien and Sedition Acts Federalist military buildup Crushing of Fries Rebellion Democratic-Republicans--Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr Federalists: John Adams and Charles C. Pinckney Result: Jefferson and Burr tie Congress chooses Jefferson Presidential Election, 1800 Portrait of Thomas Jefferson (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved The Jeffersonians in Power: The Republican Program Plea for unity, we are all Republicans, we are all Federalists Jeffersons wise and frugal government Simplified social tone of administration Cleansing the Government Reduced size and expense of government Substantial cuts in military Jefferson dismantled repressive apparatus of Federalist state Reduced government expenditures and debt The Jeffersonians and the Courts Jefferson distrusted Federalists controlled Judiciary John Marshall Judiciary Act of 1801 and the midnight judges The Impeachments of Pickering and Chase John Randolph John Pickering Samuel Chase Justice Marshalls court Marbury v. Madison (1801) William Marbury judicial review Burrs trial for treason Burr kills Hamilton in a duel Burrs conspiracy and trial Marshall acquits Burr John Marshall, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Louisiana Purchase of Louisiana Territory from France, 1803 New Orleans Dilemma for Jefferson: he had no constitutional power to buy the territory, but offer could not be refused Jefferson easily reelected in 1804 Louisiana Purchase The Republic and the Napoleonic Wars, Napoleon Bonaparte declared war on Great Britain, 1803 11-year war dominated national politics of the United States Americans wanted neutrality The Dilemmas of Neutrality Britains Essex Decision (1805) Congress retaliates with Non-importation Act Napoleons Berlin and Milan Decrees Trouble on the High Seas Impressment and naval seizures 6000 Americans impressed by British Chesapeake Affair Embargo Embargo Act (1807) peaceable coercion Embargo hurt American commerce , exports dropped from $108 million to $22 million Unemployment in port cities James Madison, elected President, 1808 Federalists gain ground in some states Federalist cartoon denouncing the embargo The Road to War Non-Intercourse Act (1809) Macons Bill No. 2 (1810) The War Hawk Congress, Democratic Republicans divided War Hawks Henry Clay John C. Calhoun Madison sends list of grievances against Britain Close vote, but war declared against Britain House Speaker Henry Clay was a leader of the War Hawks in 1812 War Hawks and the War of 1812 War Hawks declared war to defend: Sovereignty Western territory Maritime rights of United States Invasion of Canada The battle between the U.S.S. Constitution and the H.M.S. Guerriere in August 1812 The War with Canada, Detroit William Hull Isaac Brock Queenston Heights Canada saved Tecumsehs Last Stand Red Stick Creeks Fort Mims Massacre Put-in-Bay (1813) Oliver Hazard Perry Battle of the Thames (1813) Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814) War of 1812 Oliver Hazard Perry at the Battle of Put-in-Bay, September 1813 (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved Tecumsehs death at the Battle of the Thames, 1813 The British Offensive, 1814 British burn Washington D.C. Francis Scott Key Star Spangled Banner British offensive in Great Lakes stalls Andrew Jackson Battle of New Orleans (1815) Gives U.S. national pride and a national hero British troops burn the U.S. Capitol, 1814 A romanticized depiction of the Battle of New Orleans, January 1815 The Hartford Convention New Englanders felt victimized by Democratic Republican trade policies New England congressmen had voted against going to war British continue to trade with New England Talk of Federalist New England secession Federalists called Hartford Convention, 1814 Hartford Convention demands drowned out by end of war and New Orleans victory The Treaty of Ghent British defeat Napoleon War reached a stalemate By 1814, both sides withdrew their demands to end the war U.S.- Canadian border remained as it was in 1812