definiciones foneticas

8/8/2019 definiciones foneticas

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PHONETICS GLOSSARY

English Word Transcription Spanish word Meaning

Accent Acento The way a person

speaks, withdifferences inthe sounds thatcan show theplace a personcomes from, ortheir socialclass.

Acousticphonetics

Fonéticaacústica

The study of thephysicalproperties of

speech sounds.Affricate Africada Type of

consonantconsisting of astop consonantfollowed by africative; forexample, theinitial soundsof child and

joy. Also calledaffricative.Affricateconsonantsare /t / and/d /.

Allophone Alófono A different formof the samesound orphoneme.

Alveolar Alveolar Consonantpronuncied usingthe blade of thetongue close tothe alveolarridge. InEnglish,alveolarconsonantsare/t/,/d/,/n/,/s/,

/z/ y /l/.



Alveolar

ridge

Anatomy

phonetics ridgebehind teeth: ahard ridge inthe mouthimmediatelybehind the rootsof the teeth.

Amplitude ofvibration

Amplitud devibración

The maximumdisplacement ofa vibratingparticle from

its position ofrest.

Articulatoryphonetics

Fonéticaarticulatoria

The study of theway the vocalorgans are usedto producespeech sounds.

Assimilation Asimilación Change of asound in speechso that itbecomes

identical withor similar to aneighbouringsound.

Auditoryphonetics

Fonéticaauditiva

The study of theway peopleperceive speechsounds.

Back vowel Vocalposterior

Vowel which isproduced in theback of the

tongue. Backvowels are[ ],[ ],[ ],[ ],[ ],[ ],[ ] and[ ].



Bilabial Bilabial Consonantpronounced usingboth lips,by

bringing bothlips intocontact witheach other or byrounding them.Englishbilabials are/p/, /b/ and/m/.

Centralvowel

Vocal central Vowel pronouncedin the central

position of thetongue. Centralvowels are [ ],[ ], [ ] and[ ].

Close (orhigh) vowel

Vocal cerrada A vocal, orsometimes awhispered, soundmodified byresonance in theoral passage,

the peculiarresonance ineach case givingto each severalvowel itsdistinctivecharacter orquality as asound ofspeech.Closevowels are [i],

[ ], [ ], [ ],[ ] and [u].

Close-midvowel

Vocalsemicerrada

Vowel situatedbetween closevowels and open-mid vowels.Close-mid vowelsare [e], [ ],[ ]and [ ].



Consonant Consonante Sound formed bystopping the airflowing through

the mouth. Thetwenty twoconsonanticphonemes inEnglish are:/p,b,,f,v,t,d,k,g,s,z, , , , ,,m, n,l,r,h/.

Dental Dental /Interdental

Consonant thatis formed byplacing the

tongue againstthe back of thetop front teeth.

Diphtong Diptongo Vowels where twovowel qualitiescan beperceived.

Disyllabic Bisílaba A word composedof twosyllables.

Elision Elisión Languageomission ofelement of word:the omission ofa vowel,consonant, orsyllable whilepronouncing orwritingsomething,sometimes as a

naturalshortening.

Fallingintonation

Entonacióndescendente

Intonationproduced instatements, whquestions,question tagsand commands.The intonationfalls along thesentence.



Flap Articulation ofconsonantsconsisting of

making a singletap be thetongue tipagainst thealveolar ridge,as in somepronunciationsof /r/ or /d/.

Formant(spectrum)

Formante(espectro)

Any of severalfrequencyregions of

relatively greatintensity in asound spectrum,which togetherdetermine thecharacteristicquality of avowel sound.

Frequency Frecuencia The number ofoccurrences

within a giventime period.Sound frequencyis measured incycles persecond.

Frequencyrange

The point wherevowel sounds areat their mostdistinctive andcharacteristic

pitch.Fricative Fricativa A consonant

produced by theforcing ofbreath through aconstrictedpassage. Alsocalled spirant.In English,fricative

consonantsare: /f/, /v/, /



/, / /,/s/, /z/,

/ / and / /.

Front vowel Vocalanterior

Vowel producedin the frontside of thetongue.

Glottis Glotis The openingbetween thevocal chords atthe upper partof the larynx.

Grapheme Grafema All of the

letters andlettercombinationsthat represent aphoneme.

Hard palate Paladar duro The front sideof the palate.

Homograph Homógrafa One of two ormore words thathave the same

spelling butdiffer inorigin, meaning,and sometimespronunciation,such as fair

(pleasing inappearance) andfair (market).

Homophone Homófona One of two or

more words, suchas night andknight, that arepronounced thesame but differin meaning,origin, andsometimesspelling.

Intensity Intensidad The magnitude ofsound.

Intonation Entonación The use of pitch



in speech tocreate contrastand variation.

Labio-dental Labio-dental Consonantarticulated withthe lower lipand upper teeth.Labio-dentalconsonats are/f/ and /v/.

Larynx Laringe The expandedupper end of thewindpipe or

trachea,connected withthe hyoid boneor cartilage. Itcontains thevocal cords,which producethe voice bytheirvibrations,whenthey are

stretched and acurrent of airpasses betweenthem. The larynxis connected tothe pharynx bythe glottis.

Lateral Lateral Consonantproduced bymaking a partialclosure bye the

blade of thetongue againstthe alveolarridge, in such away that the airstream is ableto flow aroundthe sides of thetongue. Thelateralconsonant is

/l/.



Liaison Liaison Pronunciation ofthe usuallysilent finalconsonant of aword whenfollowed by aword beginningwith a vowel.

Lip Labios Either of twofleshy foldsthat surround

the opening ofthe mouth.

Minimal pair Par mínimo Words differingin just onesound, a pair ofwords or otherlinguisticexpressions thatare the sameexcept for onesound, for

example, “bit”and “pit”.

Monophthong(pure vowel)

Vocal pura Vowel with asingle perceivedauditoryquality, made bya movement ofthe tonguetowards oneposition in themouth.

Monosyllabic Monosílaba A word which hasonly a syllable.

Mouth Boca The organconsidered asthe speechlanguage. Itconsists oflips, teeth,alveolus,palate, velumand tongue.



Nasal Nasal Consonantarticulated bylowering thesoft palate sothat airresonates in thenasal cavitiesand passes outthe nose, as inthepronunciation of

theconsonants/m/, /n/ and/ /.

Neightboursounds

Contextolingüístico

The sounds thatare next to adifferent one.

Nose Nariz The organ thatcooperates withmouth in breathand

pronunciation.It makespossible thepronunciation ofnasalconsonants.

Occlusion Oclusión ocierre

Closure at somepoint in thevocal tract thatblocks the flowof air in the

production of anoral or nasalstop.

Open (orlow) vowel

Vocal abierta Vowel producedat the front ofthe mouth, inthe lowest pointthat istheoreticallypossible for thebody of the

tongue to reach.They are [a],



[ ], [ ] and[ ].

Opening Apertura Articulated withthe tongue in alow position, asthe vowel / / infar .

Open-midvowel

Vocalsemiabierta

Vowel situatedbetween close-mid vowels andopen vowels.Open-mid vowels

are [ ], [ ],[ ] and [ ].Palatal Palatal Consonant which

is pronuncied byraising thefront of thetongue close tothe hadrdpalate, as in/j/.

Palato-

alveolar

Palato-

alveolar

Consonant

pronuncied byusing the blade(and sometimesthe tip) of thetongue towarddsthe roof of themouth, as in theconsonants / /,/ /, / / and/ /.

Phoneme Fonema The smallest

meaningful soundin a language.The Englishphonemes arerepresented inthe PhoneticAlphabet.

Phoneticalphabet

System ofletters andsymbols that areused torepresent the



individualsounds of alanguage.

Pharynx Faringe The passage tothe stomach andlungs; in thefront part ofthe neck belowthe chin andabove the collarbone.

Phonetics Fonética The study of thesound systems of

languages, andof the generalpropertiesdisplayed bythese systems.It only studiesthe contrasts insound (the

phonemes) whichmake differencesof meaning

within language.Phonology Fonología The science or

doctrine of theelementarysounds utteredby the humanvoice in speech,including thevariousdistinctions,modificationsand combinationsof tones.

Plosive Oclusiva Of, relating to,or being aspeech soundproduced bycomplete closureof the oralpassage andsubsequent

releaseaccompanied by a



burst of air, asin the sound /p/in pit or /d/ indog.

Polysyllabic Polisílaba A word which hasmore than twosyllables.

Post-alveolar

Post-alveolar Consonantpronuncied byusing the tonguetip close tojust behind thealveolar ridge,as in /r/.

Rate Tiempo/Cantidad Interval inwhich sounds areproduced.

Receivedpronunciation

Pronunciaciónrecibida

The way StandardEnglish isspoken; withoutregionalvariations.Standard Englishand RP arewidely used in

the media and bypublic figures,so it hasprestige statusand is regardedby many as themost desirableform of thelanguage.

Retroflex Sound pronounced

using the tonguetip curled backto well behindthe alveolarridge. For someaccents, thepronunciation of/r/ is this way.

Rhythm Ritmo The pattern ofsound thatcharacterizes a

language,dialect, or



accent.

Risingintonation

Entonaciónascendente

Intonation inYes/No questionsand in shortpauses, thatconsists instarting lowerand finishingwith a louderintonation.

Roll or

Trill

Sound made by

vibrating vocalorgans: a soundor consonantmade by twovocal organsvibratingrapidly againsteach other, forexample, the tipof the tonguevibrating

against theridge behind thefront teeth.

Segmentalphoneme

Fonemasegmental

Phoneme that canbe isolated,such as vowels,consonants,diphtongs,triphtongs andsemivowels.

Semi-vowel Semivocal A vocal sound

with shortduration whichslides quicklytowards anothervowel that isthe centre ofthe syllable.

Soft palate(velum)

Paladarblando (velodel paladar)

The back side ofthe palate.

Spectrograph Espectrógrafo A machine usedto measure thefrequency of the



sounds.

Speech Habla The faculty ofutteringarticulatesounds or words;the faculty ofexpressingthoughts bywords orarticulatesounds; the

power ofspeaking.

StandardEnglish

Inglésestándar

The variety ofEnglish that isheld to be'correct' in thesense that itshows none ofthe regional orother variationsthat are

considered bysome to beungrammatical,or non-standardEnglish.

Stress Acento Phoneticsemphasis onsyllable: theemphasis placedon a particularsound orsyllable bypronouncing itmore loudly orforcefully thanthosesurrounding itin the same wordor phrase.

Strong form Forma fuerte Form that isused when theword is said inisolation orwhen is being



emphasized.

Suprasegmentalphoneme

Fonemasuprasegmental

Phoneme thatcannot beisolated,such asrhythm, stressand intonation.

Syllable Sílaba A unit of spokenlanguageconsisting of asingleuninterruptedsound formed bya vowel,diphthong, orsyllabicconsonant alone,or by any ofthese soundspreceded,followed, orsurrounded byone or moreconsonants./Oneor more lettersor phoneticsymbols writtenor printed toapproximate aspoken syllable.

Timbre Timbre In auditivephonetics, thecharacteristicthat helps us to

recognize thequality of asound.

Tone Tono The quality of aperson´s voice

Tongue Lengua The movablefleshy organattached to thebottom of theinside of themouth of humans

and mostanimals, used



for speech.Transcription Transcripción A phonetic

representationof speech usingspecial symbols.

Triphthong Triptongo Vowels in whichthree vowelqualities can beperceived.

Uvula Úvula A small fleshyV-shapedextension of thesoft palate thathangs above thetongue at theentrance to the

throat.Velar Velar Consonant spoken

with the back ofthe tongue closeto, or incontact with,the soft palate(velum). Velarconsonantsare /k/, /g/ and/ /.

Vocal chords Cuerdasvocales

Throat membranesthat producesounds: a pairof fibroussheets of tissuethat span thecavity of thevoice box(larynx) andproduce sounds

by vibrating.Muscles tightenthe cords,narrowing thegap betweenthem, and as airis expelled fromthe lungs theyvibrate.



Voicedconsonant

Consonantesonora Consonant

pronounced withvibration ofvocal chords, by

passing airacross them tocreate audiblevibrations, asthe sound /s/ inthe word his.

Voicelessconsonant

Consonantesorda

Consonantpronouncedwithoutvibration ofvocal cords,

without passingair across thevocal cords andcreating audiblevibrations, asin the /s/ soundin the word“hiss”.

Vowel Vocal Soundarticulated witha relatively

openconfiguration ofthe vocal tract:no part of themouth is closed,and none of thevocal organscomoe so closetogether that wecan hear thesound of the air

passing betwenenthem. Englishvowelsare / /, / /,/e/, / /,/ /, / /, / /,/ /,/ /, / / and/ /.



Weak form Forma débil Forms which arenormal inconnectedspeech:

peripheralvowels arereplaced bythose of a morecentral quality,and omeconsonants maybe elided.

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