english consonants.2(4)

7/30/2019 English Consonants.2(4)

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/S/-/Z/

/S/: fricative, palato-alveolar, voiceless

/Z/: fricative, palato-alveolar, voiced


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/S/-/Z/

Main spellings sh: ship/SIp/ (s)si: Russia

/"rVS@/ c(e, i): precious/"preS@s/,ocean/"@US/

sci: conscious

/"kQS@s/ ti: nation/"eIS/

sugar/SUg@/,sure/SO:/,

machine/m@"Si:/,

Main spellings

s (u): treasure

/"treZ@/,usual/"jU:ZjU@l/

z(u): seizure/"si:Z@/

si: confusion/k@"fju:Z@/

-ge: prestige/pr@s"tIZ/,

beige/"beIZ/


3/21

/h/

/h/: fricative, glottal, voiceless

Main spellings

h: hip/hIp/ wh: who/"hu:/

It is silent in words like: honour/"Q@/, hour /aU@/,and in

untressed syllables like:-ham, Durham/"dVr@m/, vehicle/"vI@kl/

Loss of [h] in weak forms: him/Im/, he /i/


4/21

Affricates

An affricate is simplya sequence of a stop

followed by ahomorganic fricative,Ladefoged (2006:66)

Place of articulation

Palato-alveolar

Voicless tS

voiced dZ


5/21

/tS/-/dZ/

/tS/: affricate, palato-alveolar,voiceless

/dZ/: affricate, palato-alveolar, voiced


6/21

/tS/-/dZ/

Main spellings

ch: chip/tSIp/

tch: match/m{tS/

ture: picture

/"pIktS@/

Main spellings

g(e, i): gin

/dZI/, George/"dZO:dZ/

j: Jordan/"dZO:d@/

dg: badge/b{dZ/ suggest/s@"dZest/,soldier/"s@UldZ@/

It is common in some


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Nasals

Nasal consonants share with the plosives thesame place of articulation. The difference lies inthe fact that with the plosives the air escapesthrough the mouth and with the nasals itescapes through the nose (Brian, M. 2003).

The nasal consonant [N] could never appear ininitial position. It can only be preceded by thevowel sounds [I, e, {, VQ].it is the result of a sequence of thephonemes // and /g/. Ladefoged, (2006)


8/21

/m/-//-/N/

Nasal

Bilabial m

Alveolar

Velar N


9/21

/m/-//-/N/

/m/: nasal, bilabial, voiced

//: nasal, alveolar, voiced

/N/: nasal, velar, voiced


10/21

/m/

Main spellings

m: map/m{p/

mm: mummy/"mVmi/

mb: thumb/TVm/, lamb/l{m/

mn: autumn/"O:tm/


11/21

//

Main spellings

n: nose/@Uz/

kn: knight/aIt/

gn: gnome/@Um/

mn: mnemonic/@"mQIk/ pn: pnuematic/jU"m{tIk/


12/21

/N/

Main spellings

ng: sing/sIN/

n + k: ink/INk/ n + g: English/"INglIS/

Point out that [] in the prefix un- it is normally

pronounced as an alveolar and not as a velar orbilabial: uncut/V"kVt/, unbelievable/%VbI"li:v@bl/.


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Approximants

Articulatory organs produce a narrowingof the vocal tract, but leave enough space

for air to flow without much audibleturbulence.


14/21

Lateral/l/

/l/: lateral, alveolar,voiced

This sound presents two

allophones: Clear [l] in initial, final

or intervocalic position:lip

Oscure [] or velar infinal position or beforeanother consonant: bold,pill


15/21

/l/

Main spellings

l: lip/lIp/

ll: hill/hIl/

Silent l before m:, calm/kA:m/,palm/pA:m/


16/21

/r/

One final characteristic of r is that it isusual for the lips to be slightly rounded;

foreign learners should do this but shouldbe careful not to exaggerate it. If the lip-rounding is too strong the consonant willsound too much like w, which is the sound

that most English children produce untilthey have learned to pronounce r in theadult way. (Gimson, 1989:63)


17/21

/r/

/r/: approximant,post-alveolar, voiced

Main spellings

r: real/rI@l/

rr: lorry/"lQri/

Linking r


18/21

/j/ or yod

/j/: approximant, palatal, voiceless


19/21

/j/

Mainspellings

y: yes/jes/, you/ju:/

ew: few/fju:/

u: music/"mjU:sIk/


20/21

/w/

/w/: approximant, labio-velar, voiced


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/w/

Main spellings

w:

Initial position, war/wO:/ Mid position, sweet/swi:t/, queen/kwi:/, beware/bI"we@/

wh which/wItS/

u is pronounced [w] after q and g in unstressedsyllables: language/l{NgwItS/,tranquil/tr{NkwIl/

english consonants.2(4)

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