prepared by: aiman asyraf 1004jp89035 group 5 4...aiman asyraf 1004jp89035 group 5 4. frequencies...
TRANSCRIPT
Prepared by:
Aiman Asyraf 1004JP89035
Group 5 BC 4
Frequencies
Statistics
sex marital status highest educ
completed
N Valid 439 439 439
Missing 0 0 0
Minimum 1 1 1
Maximum 2 8 6
Frequency Table
sex
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
MALES 185 42.1 42.1 42.1
FEMALES 254 57.9 57.9 100.0
Total 439 100.0 100.0
marital status
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
SINGLE 105 23.9 23.9 23.9
STEADY RELATIONSHIP 37 8.4 8.4 32.3
LIVING WITH PARTNER 37 8.4 8.4 40.8
MARRIED FIRST TIME 189 43.1 43.1 83.8
REMARRIED 30 6.8 6.8 90.7
SEPARATED 10 2.3 2.3 92.9
DIVORCED 24 5.5 5.5 98.4
WIDOWED 7 1.6 1.6 100.0
Total 439 100.0 100.0
The Categorical Data available from the survey are sex (gender),
marital status and education level.
The total number of cases or people who answered the survey is
439.
The variables of sex (gender) were divided into 2 groups, marital
status was divided into 8 groups and education level was divided
into 6 groups.
The total number of males that answered the
survey is 185 and the total number of females
that answered the survey is 254 so there are
more females compared to males that answered
the survey.
The total number of people from the survey who is not
currently in a relationship is 105. The total number of
people from the survey who currently are in a
relationship is 334. Out of the number of people
currently in a relationship, 74 total number of people
have not experienced marriage.
highest educ completed
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
PRIMARY 2 .5 .5 .5
SOME SECONDARY 53 12.1 12.1 12.5
COMPLETED HIGHSCHOOL 85 19.4 19.4 31.9
SOME ADDITIONAL
TRAINING 120 27.3 27.3 59.2
COMPLETED
UNDERGRADUATE 123 28.0 28.0 87.2
POSTGRADUATE
COMPLETED 56 12.8 12.8 100.0
Total 439 100.0 100.0
Bar Chart
12.5% of people who have answered the survey have
still not completed their secondary studies as 2 of them
are in primary while 53 of them are still in secondary.
The other 87.5% of the people can be considered to
have finished their secondary studies are either
undergoing further studies or they have finished their
tertiary studies.
The number of females who answered the survey
is more compared to the males.
The majority of people who answered the survey
are either married for the first time or they are
single.
This could mean that most of the people in the
sample area are still quite young in age.
Most of the people who answered the survey
have moved on from their secondary studies so it
can be safe to say that these people have a good
experience in life and have experience a good
amount of stress in their lives making the results
of the survey more relevant.
Descriptives
Descriptive Statistics
N Range Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Variance Skewness Kurtosis
Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Std. Error Statistic Std. Error
Total life satisfaction 436 30 5 35 22.38 6.770 45.827 -.323 .117 -.450 .233
Total perceived stress 433 34 12 46 26.73 5.848 34.194 .245 .117 .182 .234
Valid N (listwise) 433
In the output presented above, the information we requested for the variable is summarized. For the variable total life satisfaction, we have information from 436 respondents, ranging in level from 5 to 35, with a mean of 22.38 and a standard deviation of 6.770. The skewness is a negative value of -.323 thus the line of the graph is more concentrated to the right side. The kurtosis value of -.450 is negative meaning the kurtosis is platykurtic meaning that it is flat. For the variable total perceived stress, we have information from 433 respondents, ranging in level from 12 to 46, with a mean of 26.73 and a standard deviation of 5.848. The skewness is a positive value of .182 thus the line of the graph is more concentrated to the left. The kurtosis value of,.234 is positive meaning the kurtosis is leptokurtic meaning that it is too tall.
Explore sex
Case Processing Summary
sex Cases
Valid Missing Total
N Percent N Percent N Percent
Total perceived stress MALES 184 99.5% 1 0.5% 185 100.0%
FEMALES 249 98.0% 5 2.0% 254 100.0%
Descriptives
sex Statistic Std. Error
Total perceived stress
MALES
Mean 25.79 .399
95% Confidence Interval for
Mean
Lower Bound 25.00
Upper Bound 26.58
5% Trimmed Mean 25.74
Median 25.00
Variance 29.315
Std. Deviation 5.414
Minimum 13
Maximum 46
Range 33
Interquartile Range 8
Skewness .271 .179
Kurtosis .393 .356
FEMALES
Mean 27.42 .384
95% Confidence Interval for
Mean
Lower Bound 26.66
Upper Bound 28.18
5% Trimmed Mean 27.35
Median 27.00
Variance 36.793
Std. Deviation 6.066
Minimum 12
Maximum 44
Range 32
Interquartile Range 7
Skewness .173 .154
Kurtosis .074 .307
0.5% or 1 male out of the 100% or 185
males involved in the survey did not
answer the question
2.0% or 5 females out of 100% or 254
females involved in the survey did not
answer the question
The average of total perceived stress of male in
the survey is 25.79 with a confidence of 95%
that the real mean would fall between 25.00
and 26.58. The least level of perceived stress
experience is 13 while the most is 46. The
exact middle point of the population with 50%
falling below and 50% above, the median is 25.
The average of total perceived stress of female
in the survey is 27.42 with a confidence of 95%
that the real mean would fall between 26.66 to
28.18. The least level of perceived stress
experience is 12 while the most is 44. The
exact middle point of the population with a
50% falling below and 50% above,the median,
is 27
Extreme Values
sex Case Number Value
Total perceived stress
MALES
Highest
1 10 46
2 8 39
3 21 39
4 48 36
5 118 36a
Lowest
1 56 13
2 82 14
3 55 14
4 97 15
5 49 15
FEMALES
Highest
1 19 44
2 9 43
3 14 42
4 18 42
5 22 42
Lowest
1 45 12
2 42 12
3 69 13
4 53 13
5 93 15b
a. Only a partial list of cases with the value 36 are shown in the table of upper extremes.
b. Only a partial list of cases with the value 15 are shown in the table of lower extremes.
Tests of Normality
sex Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.
Total perceived stress MALES .074 184 .015 .987 184 .096
FEMALES .064 249 .015 .992 249 .176
a. Lilliefors Significance Correction
The Shapiro-Wilk test result for Sig. is
greater than 0.05 for both male and
female thus it can be said that data is
normally distributed.
Total perceived stress
Histograms
The total number of males that answered the survey is 184.
The standard deviation for the histogram is 5.414.
The mode for the histogram is 30.
The mean for the histogram is 25.79.
The total number of females that answered the survey is
249.
The standard deviation for the histogram is 6.056
The mode for the histogram is 22.
The mean for the histogram is 27.42.
Normal Q-Q Plots
Normal distribution can be seen without any major
deviations
Normal distribution with deviations from normality at the
top end of the plot
Detrended Normal Q-Q Plots
No major deviation can be seen in the plot thus it is
safe to consider it as a normal distribution.
There are deviations from normality at the top so we
can assume that the distribution is not normal.
Male
Normal distribution without a lot of outliners. Only
one outliner can be seen in the box plot.
Female
Not a normal distribution having outliners at the
bottom indication females with lower than usual
stress and outliners at top indicating females with
high stress.
T-Test
Group Statistics
sex N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Total perceived stress MALES 184 25.79 5.414 .399
FEMALES 249 27.42 6.066 .384
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
Total perceived stress
Equal
variances
assumed
1.936 .165 -2.898 431 .004 -1.634 .564 -2.742 -.526
Equal
variances
not
assumed
-2.948 415.886 .003 -1.634 .554 -2.723 -.544
Hypothesis
Null: No significant difference between total perceived
stress of male and female
Alternate: Significant difference between total
perceived stress of male and female
Variances of both groups are the same or considered equal because the Sig. value is greater than 0.05. Knowing that if we look at the column row of the
table above the Sig.(2-tailed) value is 0.004 which is less than 0.05.It can be concluded that there is a significant difference between male and female.
Thus it can be concluded that we accept our alternate hypothesis and reject our null hypothesis.
Oneway
Descriptives
Total perceived stress
N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum Maximum
Lower Bound Upper Bound
PRIMARY 2 28.00 7.071 5.000 -35.53 91.53 23 33
SOME SECONDARY 51 27.45 6.727 .942 25.56 29.34 17 43
COMPLETED HIGHSCHOOL 84 27.37 6.075 .663 26.05 28.69 12 44
SOME ADDITIONAL
TRAINING 117 26.99 5.328 .493 26.02 27.97 13 41
COMPLETED
UNDERGRADUATE 123 26.02 5.513 .497 25.03 27.00 12 39
POSTGRADUATE
COMPLETED 56 26.07 6.376 .852 24.36 27.78 14 46
Total 433 26.73 5.848 .281 26.18 27.28 12 46
Test of Homogeneity of Variances
Total perceived stress
Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig.
1.758 5 427 .120
ANOVA
Total perceived stress
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 158.983 5 31.797 .929 .462
Within Groups 14612.860 427 34.222
Total 14771.843 432
The people in primary school have the highest mean for total perceived stress while the lowest mean are the people with completed undergraduate.
The Sig. result in the test of homogeneity of variances table is .120 which is greater than 0.05 meaning that the homogeneity of variance is met
From the Anova table we can see that the Sig. result is .462 which is greater than 0.05 meaning that there is no significant difference between the groups. This
statistically shows us that there is no significant change in the mean of total perceived stress based on different level of education.
Means Plots
People with primary education has the highest mean
of total perceived stress while people with completed
undergraduate education has the lowest mean of
total perceived stress.
Graph
Correlations
Correlations
Total life
satisfaction
Total perceived
stress
Total life satisfaction
Pearson Correlation 1 -.494**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 436 433
Total perceived stress
Pearson Correlation -.494** 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 433 433
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
The correlation coefficient or r is -0.494
Relationship between total life satisfaction and total
perceived stress was investigated using Pearson’s Product
Moment Correlation Coefficient. Preliminary analysis was
performed to ensure no violation of assumptions of
normality, linerarity and homoscedasticity. There was a
moderate, negative correlation between the two
variables.
Since r is less than 0 but more than -1 the relation can be
concluded that if one variable increases the other variable
will decrease.
General Linear Model
Between-Subjects Factors
Value Label N
sex 1 MALES 184
2 FEMALES 249
Descriptive Statistics
sex Mean Std. Deviation N
Total life satisfaction
MALES 21.64 6.530 184
FEMALES 22.88 6.935 249
Total 22.35 6.786 433
Total perceived stress
MALES 25.79 5.414 184
FEMALES 27.42 6.066 249
Total 26.73 5.848 433
Box's Test of Equality of
Covariance Matricesa
Box's M 3.964
F 1.314
df1 3
df2 17040389.113
Sig. .268
Tests the null hypothesis that
the observed covariance
matrices of the dependent
variables are equal across
groups.
a. Design: Intercept + sex
The Sig. result for the box’s test of equality of covariance matrices is .268 which is bigger than .001. Therefore our data does not violate the assumption of homogeneity of variance-covariance matrices.
Multivariate Testsa
Effect Value F Hypothesis df Error df Sig. Partial Eta
Squared
Intercept
Pillai's Trace .984 13597.897b 2.000 430.000 .000 .984
Wilks' Lambda .016 13597.897b 2.000 430.000 .000 .984
Hotelling's Trace 63.246 13597.897b 2.000 430.000 .000 .984
Roy's Largest Root 63.246 13597.897b 2.000 430.000 .000 .984
sex
Pillai's Trace .052 11.897b 2.000 430.000 .000 .052
Wilks' Lambda .948 11.897b 2.000 430.000 .000 .052
Hotelling's Trace .055 11.897b 2.000 430.000 .000 .052
Roy's Largest Root .055 11.897b 2.000 430.000 .000 .052
a. Design: Intercept + sex
b. Exact statistic
Levene's Test of Equality of Error Variancesa
F df1 df2 Sig.
Total life satisfaction .813 1 431 .368
Total perceived stress 1.936 1 431 .165
Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal
across groups.
a. Design: Intercept + sex
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Source Dependent Variable Type III Sum of
Squares
df Mean Square F Sig. Partial Eta
Squared
Corrected Model Total life satisfaction 162.226
a 1 162.226 3.544 .060 .008
Total perceived stress 282.386b 1 282.386 8.400 .004 .019
Intercept Total life satisfaction 209727.621 1 209727.621 4581.315 .000 .914
Total perceived stress 299579.015 1 299579.015 8911.208 .000 .954
sex Total life satisfaction 162.226 1 162.226 3.544 .060 .008
Total perceived stress 282.386 1 282.386 8.400 .004 .019
Error Total life satisfaction 19730.712 431 45.779
Total perceived stress 14489.457 431 33.618
Total Total life satisfaction 236251.000 433
Total perceived stress 324089.000 433
Corrected Total Total life satisfaction 19892.938 432
Total perceived stress 14771.843 432
a. R Squared = .008 (Adjusted R Squared = .006)
b. R Squared = .019 (Adjusted R Squared = .017)
We can see from the
multivariate table that we have
a Sig. value of .000 which is less
than .05 we can conclude that
there is a significant difference
between the groups.
Variables: F=11.89, p-value=.000
Wilk’s Lambda=.95, Partial Eta
Squared=.052
There is no significant difference for sex on total perceived stress as p-
value of .06 is bigger than .05. (F=3.5, p-value=.06)
There is a significant difference for sex on total life satisfaction as p-value
of .004 is smaller than .05 (F=8.4, p-value=.004)
Estimated Marginal Means
sex
Dependent Variable sex Mean Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
Total life satisfaction MALES 21.641 .499 20.661 22.622
FEMALES 22.880 .429 22.037 23.722
Total perceived stress MALES 25.788 .427 24.948 26.628
FEMALES 27.422 .367 26.699 28.144
Females have a greater total life satisfaction than
males based on the difference of total mean
score.
Females have a greater total perceived stress than
males based on the difference of total mean
score.
References
IBM. (2011). IBM SPSS statistics 20 core system user’s guide. Retrieved 11 December 2012 ftp://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/analytics/spss/documentation/statistics/20.0/en/client/Manuals/IBM_SPSS_Statistics_Core_System_Users_Guide.pdf