Shaping the Nation:Launching the New

Ship of StateTopic 5: The Early Republic 1789-1815

APUSH- chapter 10

GEORGE WASHINGTON ELECTED

UNANIMOUSLY, 1789 First Capital: New

York City!

Martha Washington (1st 1st lady) “I live a dull life…I

never go to any public place. I am more of a prisoner than anything else…” – Martha Washington

1ST “CABINET” Washington’s Advisors: Thomas Jefferson – Secretary of State Alexander Hamilton – Secretary of Treasury Henry Knox - Secretary of War Edmund Randolph- Attorney General Vice President: John Adams (runner –up)

JUDICIARY ACT, 1789 Established a Supreme Court – “effective Federal Courts” 1 Chief Justice 5 associate justices 13 district courts 3 circuit courts of appeal

ALEXANDER HAMILTON -Secretary of Treasury

Goals: 1. Promote economic

growth 2. Promote

industrialization 3. Strengthen new

nation’s finances

ALEXANDER HAMILTON Believed: monetary & fiscal policy should favor the

wealthy…

Why?

…so that the wealthy could then spend their fortunes… thus : Contributing to the economy and…

Stimulating domestic economic growth!

ALEXANDER HAMILTON Believed

Federal Government should assume all states’ debts:

Larger states w/ more debt Smaller states w/ less debt

State of VIRGINIA (small state) Did not think this was fair Hamilton’s Solution: To build new capital in Virginia/Maryland

border (to help give Virginia prestige) On banks of Potomac River “Washington, D.C.”

HIS FINANCIAL PLAN 1. Boost national credit 2 Create “father /son”

relationship between federal govt. & states

3. Earn Revenue By: -taxing imported goods -taxing distilled liquor

excise taxes (sales taxes) on whiskey

His Financial Plan… 4. Create a National

Bank “Bank of the United

States” Is there any mention

of a national bank in the constitution?

Bank of the United States Q: Why is the creation of a National Bank

Controversial? A: It is Not mentioned in Constitution!

2 VIEWS : BANK OF UNITED STATES

ALEXANDER HAMILTON :

had a “loose” interpretation of constitution

believed in the Constitution’s:

Elastic Clause : “congress shall have the power to pass laws which are necessary & proper”

THOMAS JEFFERSON: “strict constructionist” Literal interpretation of

constitution A bank should be state

controlled Not in the constitution,

=‘s illegal

NATIONAL BANK APPROVED, 1791

Bank of the United States: 1. safe place to deposit government $ 2.uniform currency “bank notes”, or paper

money 3. source for loans to assist government in

emergencies

1790 Census Act meant to determine

House of Reps. Philadelphia largest city in

1790 Total Population in

U.S. 1790: 3,929,625 697,624 slaves 48% of pop. Lived in

Southern states

WHAT ABOUT THE EXCISE TAX ON WHISKEY?

.07 cents a gallon 1794 farmers in

Western Pennsylvania Rebelled against tax!! Forms of protest

included: destruction of property, harassment of Federal Marshalls

WASHINGTON RESPONDED BY Sending 12,000-

13,000 troops Federal government

had POWER to maintain peace

Rebellion crushed

FOREIGN DIPLOMACY French Revolution

1789-1793 Should US Get

involved? France helped

American colonists…

FOREIGN DIPLOMACY Thomas Jefferson: HELP THE FRENCH! Alexander Hamilton: STAY NEUTRAL! Washington Decided… “Neutrality Proclamation 1793” Jefferson & French Furious : x

1794 DANGER AT SEA! French & British Hostile towards U.S. Attacked American

Ships “impressments” of

sailors (kidnap) Forced them to join

French & British military

TREATIES :FOREIGN DIPLOMACY

1. JAY’S TREATY: (1795) Eliminated threat of another war between

Britain & U.S. Eliminated British control of western ports Addressed impressment of sailors

WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL ADDRESS, 1797

“ The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations…is in extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little political connections as possible. So far as we have already formed engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith.” - G. Washington

WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL, 1797

“Farewell Address” warned the nation: 1. remain neutral in European affairs 2. avoid alliances 3. avoid formation of “factions” or political

parties “ I can clearly see that nothing but the rooting

out of slavery can save the union”

JOHN ADAMS, 2ND PRESIDENT Was Washington’s

Vice President For 2 terms

Had to fix relations with France

Remember the impressments of poor American sailors?

XYZ AFFAIR Adams sent delegation to Paris, 1797 To negotiate agreement The Delegation was approached by…

XYZ Suspicious… French Agents… Only named “X, Y,

AND Z”

XYZ affair French agents

demanded: 1. large sum of $ =

bribe 2. No money, no

conference With French officials!

AMERICANS REFUSED!

THE HUMILIATION! Alex Hamilton wanted IMMEDIATE

MILITARY action against France! “undeclared “ “quasi war “ (casi guerra)

ensued … Between French and American sailors in

West indies (at sea!) 1798-1800

Meanwhile… The rivalry between Hamilton & Jefferson Grew even BIGGER…

EMERGENCE OF POLITICAL PARTIES

1.FEDERALISTS: Led by Hamilton Political party represents: investors,

merchants, manufacturers “big business” More conservative Disappeared by 1816

EMERGENCE OF POLITICAL PARTIES

2. Anti-Federalists or Democratic-Republicans:

Led by Thomas Jefferson Represented: farming population, small

business people, some city workers More liberal Dominant 1800-1824

1798 CONGRESS ELECTIONS A Federalist majority Now in Congress

Was STILL UPSET @ French Passed 2 laws …

ALIEN ACTS , 1798 1. raised residency requirement for

citizenship from 5-14 years 2. gave Pres. power to deport “enemy

aliens” at times of war Meant to upset French

SEDITION ACTS, 1798 1. illegal to criticize the President or

Congress ! 2. heavy fine or threat of imprisonment! 3. includes opinions of newspaper editors!! Meant to upset Republicans

THOMAS JEFFERSON “WHAT ABOUT 1ST AMMENDMENT?” Encouraged states to overturn ruling Both sides argued… Through the Presidential campaigns of

1800

Chapter 11- The Triumphs & Travails of the Jeffersonian

Republic 1800-1812

APUSH 11

Presidential ELECTION OF 1800 MEET THE

CANDIDATES… Aaron Burr (fed) vs. Thomas Jefferson

(rep.)

Mudslinging… Federalists said… Jefferson is a “thief! He’s an atheist too!” However…

1800 ELECTION A TIE! BOTH CANDIDATES RECEIVED the

SAME AMMOUNT OF VOTES! WHO WoN?

HOUSE OF REPS. HAD TO DECIDE!

Alexander Hamilton DISLIKED Aaron Burr More than he DISLIKED Thomas Jefferson Urged all to vote for Jefferson “the lesser

of 2 evils” And he Spread chisme (gossip) about

BURR.

Results… Thomas Jefferson 3rd President Aaron Burr Vice President (for 1 term)

Hamilton vs. Burr The mutual “dislike” escalated Hamilton continued to publically express his

dislike towards Burr, so…

AARON BURR CHALLENGED ALEXANDER HAMILTON

TO A DUEL!!!

THE DUEL… JULY 11TH, 1804 WHO survived?

THE SCANDAL! Burr shot Hamilton Hamilton died ! Burr Arrested in 1807 –

“disunionist plot” ( unrelated offense)

Tried for treason Acquitted

THE MARSHALL COURT Judiciary Act 1801: 16 new judgeships

created 2nd President Adams appointed them B4

Jefferson took office late at night 16 = “midnight judges”

JEFFERSON Fought to keep these judges off the bench Ordered his Secretary of State JAMES

MADISON “not to deliver appointments” William Marbury, a “midnight judge” sued James Madison

MARBURY VS. MADISON (1803)

Chief Justice of Supreme Court : John Marshall, (Jefferson’s cousin) Should he issue a writ of mandamus?

(means “we command” in Latin) In other words, Force Madison to deliver

commission?

Marshall’s Dilema: If he issues writ (order), Jefferson will

ignore order If he doesn’t issue writ Supreme court will

be seen as “weak”

MARSHALL’S SOLUTION He ruled: Yes, Madison should have delivered appointment However… The Power of Supreme Court to issue writ

mandamus exceeds authority and is un-constitutional !

Judicial Review: right of Supreme Court to declare an act of congress unconstitutional.

LOUISIANA PURCHASE – BACKGROUND Info

1800 Napoleon Acquired Louisiana

territory From Spain

JEFFERSON WANTED LAND Offered Napoleon

(French) $10 million For New Orleans &

land connected to Florida

Napoleon & French asked for:

$15 MILLION OR .03 cents and acre $3.12 an acre modern

currency For New Orleans, and

ENTIRE Louisiana Territory!

Size of U.S. DOUBLED!!!!

Louisiana Purchase, 1803

LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITIONS 1804-1806

Jefferson’s Goals: 1. Find a route to the

Pacific Ocean 2. Explore the territory Meriwether Lewis &

William Clark entrusted with expedition

The Expedition, 1804-1806 Began: St. Louis

Missouri Ended in: Oregon

Coast Field notes & sketches

“Journals” Accounts w/ various

Native American Tribes

SIGNIFICANCE 1. L & C educated Americans about land

“out west” 2. Warned about hardships future settlers

would face (rough terrain, weather, native Americans)

3. Found a route which led to Pacific Ocean

Jefferson: Personal Life Widower Relationship w/ slave -

Sally Hemmings At least 1 of her 4

children were his ! Never acknowledged

child (ren) as his own Never freed Sally

Jefferson’s Social Perspective Most Virtuous people = farmers Hard working and independent The key to westward expansion

Land+ Farmers = Expansion & growth

Expansion (Louisiana purchase) Guaranteed land for American farmers “backbone” of nation True guardians of liberty military conquest not needed for expansion

Problems w/ Britain 1807 British ship fired @ U.S. ship

Chesapeake 3 Americans died, 4 sailors forced into

impressment Sound familiar?

Embargo Act, 1807 Prohibited U.S. ships

from anchoring in foreign ports

Jeff hoped to cripple Britain’s (& France’s) economy

Good or bad plan?

“Peaceable Coercion” Plan backfired; U.S. hurt economically 30,000 sailors out of work Hundreds of merchants went bankrupt Jails could not hold debtors Farmers in debt

Americans Could Not Export Products

So… Americans began to

make products 87 textile mills built

1809

Chapter 12- The Second War for Independence and the

Upsurge of Nationalism, 1812-1824

APUSH CHAPTER 12

1808 James Madison 4th President Immediate policies: 1. 1809 non-intercourse

act – opened trade with all nations except Britain & France

2. Macon’s Bill #2 : opened trade w/ Britain & France

But only if nations agreed to honor U.S. neutrality

Warhawks Criticized Madison Militant republicans =

warhawks led by Henry Clay

Demanded aggressive policies (war)

Called for expulsion of British from Canada

Other Problems 1809 federal government split Indiana

territory: Illinois, Wisconsin, Indiana Indiana could not achieve statehood unless

it attracted more settlers

William Henry Harrison Governor of Indiana territory Convinced weakest tribe to give up land .02

cents an acre!

Tecumseh, Shawnee Chief & Other Tribes outraged! Insisted Indian lands belonged “collectively”

to all tribes

Tenskwatawa- “The Prophet” Tecumseh’s brother Preached to tribes : “return to old ways” “avoid contact with

whites”

Tecumseh Sought to unite Native

American tribes against white settlers

Battle of Tipecanoe, 1811 Without Tecumseh knowing, “The Prophet” attacked Harrison’s camp Native Americans defeated Tecumseh then formed alliance with British

in hopes of stopping Americans from settling in his territory.

War of 1812- “Mr. Madison’s War”

Official Causes: 1. British Impressment 2. British violations of

U.S. neutrality 3. British alliance with

Native Americans

U.S. Declared War on Britain 6/1/1812

Underlying Causes: 1. Economic recession- British trade policy

affected American Economy 2. Tension between U.S & Britain following

the Revolutionary War 3. “Warhawks”- want territory

Madison’s Plan: decided to send

troops to Canada, Summer 1812

American troops burned buildings in Toronto

The British are Coming! The British

descended upon Washington D.C.!

The Battle of “Bladensburg”

American troops fled without firing a shot

Dolley Madison’s Letter- August 23-24, 1814

“Will you believe it sister? We have had a battle near Bladensburg, and here I am still within sound of Cannon!...At this late hour a wagon has been procured, and I have filled it with plate and most valuable portable articles belonging to the house…”

Dolley Madison’s Letter August 23-24, 1814

“…I insist on waiting until the large picture of George Washington is secured…”

Historical debate-Did Dolly Madison compose the letter in 1814? Or 20 years later?

The British…

Burned Presidential Mansion and other public buildings

In… Washington D.C. !!

August 1814- War ended Treaty of Ghent – Peace

Treaty signed 1814 restored status quo ante

bellum (the state of things before the war)

Established boundary between U.S. & Canada

SIDENOTE! Battle of New Orleans

December, 1814 British Troops attacked

New Orleans No one told them war

was over!! American General

Andrew Jackson defeated British…

(helped him become 7th President)

OUTCOME… 1. Increased

nationalism/American Identity

2. Francis Scott Key inspired to compose

“The Star Spangled Banner”

3. Presidential mansion re-named “white house

Outcome… Washington D.C. was

rebuilt Presidential mansion

re-named “white house”

James Monroe, “Era of Good Feelings”

Served 2 administrations

1817-1825 Conscious effort to

avoid political controversies

Controversy: Missouri Statehood 1820-1821

1819 House of Reps Considered admitting

Missouri as a state 16% inhabitants were

slaves

ISSUE In 1819 Union had: 11 Free states 11 Slave states If Missouri admitted as

slave state ,It would Upset balance

Missouri Compromise, 1820 1820 congress admits: Missouri as a slave

state Maine as a Free State Prohibited slavery in

the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase territory

North of latitude 36-30’

Also in 1819… Adams- Onis Treaty : U.S. purchases

Florida from Spain Spain abandoned claim to Oregon Territory

Foreign Policy Latin American

Countries = independence movements (1810-1821)

Leaned towards democratic forms of government

Monroe Doctrine,1823 Basis of U.S. foreign

policy 1. U.S. to abstain from

European wars 2.”American Continents” not

subjects for future European

colonization” 3. European

colonization in New World = “Unfriendly Act”

14- Forging the National Economy

1790-1860APUSH Chapter 14

Economic & Social Revolution 1820-1860 1.U.S. population grew 2.Advancements in

transportation led to 3.Creation of market

economy

Regional Economies 1. West – grew grains 2. East – Industrial

Powerhouse 3. South – Plantation

economies

Transportation Revolution 1820’s Emphasis on

building roads and canals

To facilitate movement & trade

The Steamboat Invented by Robert

Fulton & Robert Livingston,

First Steamship: Clermont 1807

Established New York- New Jersey Ferry service

Only service provider = Monopoly!

Gibbons v. Ogden Does a transportation

business have the right to create a monopoly?

Ruling: Supreme Court has constitutional power to regulate interstate commerce

Also applies to navigation Broke up monopoly

Steamboats… Stylish Travel! Offered “luxurious”

cabins, lounges, nice accommodations

Erie Canal, 1825 Constructed 1817-

1825 Linked Great Lakes to

Hudson River 363 miles long Connected New York -

Ohio

The Erie Canal- 1825

The Erie Canal – Why is it Significant?

1. Facilitated shipping of goods2. Shipping costs dropped = more business

3. Brought mid-west products to Atlantic ports4. Growth of port cites along canal routes

5. Promoted Migration along route6. New York Grew overnight.

Erie Canal

Other Canals Built by state

governments Reduced shipping

costs “canal” building boom

1820’s-1830’s Thanks to Erie Canal

Success

Railroads Cheaper method of

transportation Could traverse

mountains and plains quickly

By 1860 30,000 miles of railroads in U.S. !

Railroads By 1830 investment in railroads – huge! Cheaper to build, faster, reach more places Canals built by state funding Railroads built by private corporations

Growth of Cities 1820-1860 Transportation sped

the growth of cities & towns

Most rapid urbanization between 1820-1860

Prominent Cities Developed around waterways, canals,

railroads. After 1820: these gained importance: 1. River ports: Pittsburg, Cincinnati,

Louisville, St Louis, New Orleans 2. Lake Cities: Buffalo (NY), Cleveland,

Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee

CH14 -Industrial Beginings

APUSH

Samuel Slater British Immigrant Arrived in U.S.

1789 Helped design 1st

cotton mill

Shift to a Market Economy An economic system that allows for… 1. Freedom of consumer to choose

between products & services 2.Freedom of producer to start or expand

business 3. Freedom of worker to choose job &

employer

Prior to Market Econ… 1. Most People

worked at home Grew own food Made cloth Own necessities

Change… Market “Revolution” 1.people increasingly

began to work outside home-

Factories Businesses Other people’s farms

Greater Productivity = More Profit!

“Industrial Capitalism” – expanding factories, investing new businesses

“Factory System”- workers & machines under control of managers

Textile Mills, North Example: Lowell,

Massachusetts Recruited young, single

women to work in factories

Why? Cheaper labor Familiar with cloth

making

Waltham & Lowell Textile Mills Lowell Girls -

“operatives” (operadoras)

Worked 12 hour shifts

No ventilation, dangerous machinery, no breaks.

No labor or safety laws

Why Work in Factories? Shelter provided

- Lived in company “boardinghouses”

Independence Left farm moved to

city Helped out family

economically

Life of a Textile Worker Boarding House rules: Curfews, no guests,

must attend church on Sunday

Boss controled every aspect of girls lives!

Harassment by male managers

Child Labor As young as 6 yrs old 2 out of 5 factory

workers in New England children (1830’s)

Children hired to work in mines

12 + hour shifts

Conclusion: 1815-1840 1. Expansion of white settlement out “west” 2. Transportation facilitates movement of people goods 3. Creation of a Market economy 4. Early Industrialization 5. Early Urban Growth

15- The Ferment of Reform & Culture

APUSH CHAPTER 15

William Miller “The end of the

world is near!!” – cited the Bible

Predicted World would end October 22, 1843

Followers Called: “Millerites”

Rise of Popular Religion The Second Great

Awakening – a revival of interest in religion

Unity amongst various Protestant denominations

Open air sermons

Charles G. Finney Religious

conversion in 1821 Became

Presbyterian Minister

“Father of modern revivalism”

Charles G. Finney’s Beliefs 1. Revivals “human

creations” 2. Sin a “voluntary act” 3. Human could “will

themselves free of all sin” Evangelical

Protestantism

1. Methodists Successful along

frontier By 1844 largest

Protestant denomination

Preachers preached in houses, open fields, not churches.

2. Unitarians “critics of revival”

movement Each should model

his/her behavior after God

And achieve… “the perfection of human

nature the elevation of

men into higher beings”

3. Mormons Founder: Joseph

Smith 1820’s-1830’s

founded

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

Joseph Smith’s Vision Revelation 1827:

an angel led him to “book of revelation”

was given “seer stones” helped him translate text

3. Mormons Move west New York –

Ohio – Missouri 1843 controversial

revelation : polygamy is allowed !

Did Joseph Smith have 27 wives??? Wife #1 denied allegations

Joseph Smith Arrested and jailed

in Illinois Killed by angry mob

1844

3. Mormons Brigham Young

later moved congregation further west

Founder of Salt Lake City, Utah 1847

4. Shakers est 1774

Founder: Mother Ann Lee Vision”: God expelled Adam &

Eve from garden of Eden” Shaker communities ban

marriage Rely on converts and orphans Shaker villages apart from

society

The Age of Reform Organizations aim

to improve society: 1. Temperance 2. Public School Reform 3. Better treatment of

criminals & insane 4. Women’s rights 5. Abolition

1. Temperance Movement By 1820’s the average

male adult drank ½ pint of liquor a day!!!

Men buy liquor instead of food, spousal abuse

The American Temperance Society, 1834

1. Temperance Movement 1874 Women’s

Christian Temperance Union

aim to prohibit sale of alcohol

Prohibition passed 1919-1933

2. Public School Reform Late 1800’s Compulsory

Elementary education

Literacy Rates rise to 90% by 1900’s

2. Public School Reform Horace Mann Secretary of

Massachusetts state board of education, 1837

“father “ of public education

What is the Function of Public Education?

“skills” future factory workers will need:

1. Punctuality & discipline

2. Basic Literacy 3. Basic Arithmetic

Critics of Public Education 1. The Working

Poor – need child’s wages

2. “Prison like” discipline

3. Memorization 4. Protestant

Emphasis

3. Abolition & Women’s Rights Society deems race

and gender as “unequal”

White middle class women join abolition movements

4. Crime & Penitentiaries Parents are

responsible for raising “criminals”

Lack of discipline Criminals can be

“cured” and can “repent”

4. Crime & Penitentiaries 1. New York

System: prisoners work

together by day are Solitary

Confinement - small windowless cell by night.

4. Crime & Penitentiaries 2. Pennsylvania

System: Prisoners in solitary

confinement at all times

Kept isolated form others, including visitors.

5. Mental Asylums Dorothea Dix

pioneered the rights of the insane

Encouraged the construction of insane asylums

Social Control Treatment of the

“unfortunate” The belief that

people can “get better”

Alcohol, “bad parents”, poverty cause ills of society