Unit3:TheIndustrialAge1792-1861

Part1:TheIndustrialRevolu?on

Ques?onstoThinkAbout:Workingingroupsof3-4,answerthefollowingques?ons:1.  Whatistechnology?2.  Howdoyouthinknewtechnologychangedthelivesof

earlyAmericans?

3.  Howhasnewtechnologychangedyourlife?Giveatleastthreeexamples.

4.  List,inorderofimportance,whatyourgroupfeelsarethe5greatesttechnologicaladvancestooccurinhistoryand/ormoderndayandexplainwhyyoufeelthisway.

I.TheIndustrialRevolu?onTheIndustrialRevolu?onbeganinEnglandandgraduallymovedthroughoutEuropeandtotheUnitedStates.TheIndustrialRevolu?onbeganintheU.S.intheearly1800’sandwasalong,slowprocessthatcompletelychangedthewaygoodswereproducedfromhomestofactories.

II.TheIndustrialRevolu?onBegins

A.  Beforethe1800’s,mostpeoplewerefarmersandmostgoodsweremadebyhand.

B.  DuringtheIndustrialRevolu?onmachinesbegantoreplacehandtoolsandsteambegantoreplacehumansandanimalsforpower.

C.  Over?me,theU.S.economybegantoshi]towardmanufacturingandlessonhome-basedproduc?on.

II.TheIndustrialRevolu?onBegins(con’t)

D.  InGreatBritain,newtechnologywasinventedthattransformedthetex?leindustrymakingtheproduc?onofclothfasterandcheaperthanbefore.

Technologyisanyscien?ficorindustrialprocess,inven?on,ormethodthatimprovesormakeslifeeasierforhumans.

II.TheIndustrialRevolu?onBegins(Con’t)E.  Thenewmachinesweretoo

largeforhomesandrequiredwatertorunthem.Asaresult,factories,calledspinningmills,werebuiltbycapitalistsnearriversandstreamstospinandweaveclothratherthanfromin-homecoaageindustries.Thisnewsystembroughtworkersandmachinerytogetherinoneplacetoproducegoods.Thiswasknownasthefactorysystem.

II.TheIndustrialRevolu?onBegins(Con’t)

F.Underthisnewsystemofproduc?on,factoryworkersearneddailyorweeklywagesandhadtoworkagivennumberofhoursperday.Workingcondi?onsvariedfrommilltomillbutweregenerallynotverygood.

III.ARevolu?onCrossestheAtlan?c

A.GreatBritainpassedlawstokeepitsfactorysystemasecret.Itdidnotwantotherna?onstocopyitsfactoriesandmachines.Thecountrymadeitillegalforplansofmachinestoleavethecountryandillegalforfactoryworkerstoleaveaswell.

III.ARevolu?onCrossestheAtlan?c(Con’t)

B.SamuelSlater,aworkeratoneofArkright’sspinningmills,le]Englanda]ermemorizingthedesignofthemachinesinthemill.SlatermovedtotheUnitedStatesandopenedthefirstspinningmillinPawtucket,RhodeIsland.

III.ARevolu?onCrossestheAtlan?c(Con’t)

C.Slater’smillwasahugesuccessandsoonotherAmericanmanufacturersbegantobuildmillsusingSlater’sideas.

IV.Lowell,Massachuseas:AModelFactoryTown

A.TheWarof1812helpedthegrowthofAmericanbusinesses.Duringthewar,GreatBritainblockadedAmericanportsforcingAmericanstoproducemoregoodsthemselves.

IV.Lowell,Massachuseas:AModelFactoryTown(con’t)

B.ABostonmerchantnamedFrancisCabotLowellfoundawaytoimproveontheBri?shtex?lemillsmodel.Lowell’sideawastomovethespinningfactoryandtheweavingfactoryintothesamebuilding.Thisdesignwouldallowmachinestoturnrawwoolandcoaonintofinishedclothallinthesameplace.Inmanufacturingtermsthisisknownasefficiency,whichhelpstocreatehigherprofits.

IV.Lowell,Massachuseas:AModelFactoryTown(con’t)

C.  In1813,LowelljoinedwithfinancingpartnersandcreatedtheBostonAssociates.TheBostonAssociatesbuilttheirfirstmillinWaltham,Massachuseas.

D.  In1821,a]erLowell’sdeath,theBostonAssociatescreatedanen?refactorytownandnamedita]erhim.In1821,Lowell,Massachuseashadapopula?onof5familiesbutby1836itwashometomorethan10,000people;mainlyfactoryworkers.

IV.Lowell,Massachuseas:AModelFactoryTown(con’t)

E.Toworkintheirnewmills,youngwomenfromnearbyfarmswerehired.Mostwomenworkedinthemillsforonlyafewyearsbeforesealingdowntomarry.Mostofthesewomensentwageshometohelptheirfamilies.Thesewomenwereknownas“Lowellgirls”.

IV.Lowell,Massachuseas:AModelFactoryTown(con’t)

F.Toappeasereluctantparentstoallowtheirdaughterstoworkinthemills,theBostonAssociatessetupboardinghousesfortheirworkers.Theyalsobuiltchurchesandestablishedrulesofconducttoprotectthewomen’ssafety.

V.ImpactonDailyLifeA.  Millownerstypicallyhired

womenandchildrentoworkinthefactoriesbecausetheycouldpaythemhalfofwhatmenwouldmake.

B.  Childrenasyoungas7yearsofageworkedinfactories.Smallchildrencouldsqueezearoundlargemachinestochangespindlesanddoothertasksthatadultscouldnot.

V.ImpactonDailyLife(con’t)

C.  Today,childlaborisseenascruel,howeverinthe1800’schildrenworkedonfarmssopeopledidnotseethedifferencebetweenworkinginafactoryorafarm.Inaddi?on,children’swageswereneededtohelpsupportthefamily.

D.  Factoryworkerstypicallyworked12hourdays,6daysaweekforanen?reyear.

V.ImpactonDailyLife(con’t)

E.  Intheearly1800’s,workingcondi?onsinthefactoriesoftheUnitedStateswerebeaerthanthoseinEurope.However,asmoremillswerebuiltandcompe??ongrewemployerstooklessinterestinthewelfareandwell-beingoftheirworkers.

F.  Asthefactorysystemspread,morefamilymembersle]hometoworkinfactories.

V.ImpactonDailyLife(con’t)

G.TheIndustrialRevolu?onchangedideasabouttheroleofwomen.Inpoorfamilieswomeno]enhadtogotowork.Inwealthierfamilies,womenstayedhomewhilehusbandssupportedtheirfamilies.Formen,havingastayhomewifebecameastatussymbolofbeingsuccessful.

VI.InterchangeablePartsA.  AnAmericaninventor,EliWhitney,wantedto

speedupgunmakingbyhavingmachinesmanufactureeachpartofthegun.Machine-madepartswouldbeiden?cal.Interchangeablepartswouldsave?meandmoney(efficiency).

B.  Beforeinterchangeableparts,eachpartofagunwashandcra]edbyagunsmith.Ifapiecebroke,thesmithwouldhavetoremakethatpieceforthatgun.Thistook?meandwasexpensive.

ExampleofWhitney’sInterchangeableParts

VI.InterchangeableParts(con’t)

C.  InventorssoontookWhitney’sideaofinterchangeablepartsandappliedittothemanufactureofothergoodssuchasclocks,locks,andothergoods.

D.  ManysmallworkshopseventuallygrewintolargefactoriesasaresultofWhitney’smodel.

VII.GrowingCi?es

A.  Ci?eswereimportanttoAmericanlife.Eventhoughmostpeoplelivedinrural(non-city)areas,ci?esprovidedfarmerswithplacestosellandshiptheircropsandwerecentersoffinanceandmanufacturing.

VII.GrowingCi?es(con’t)

B.DuringtheIndustrialRevolu?on,manypeoplele]farmstoworkinfactoriesoftheci?es.Themovementfromfarmstoci?esisknownasunbaniza?on.

VII.GrowingCi?es(con’t)

C.In1800,6%ofthena?on’spopula?onlivedinurban(city)areas.By1850,itwas15%.By1920moreAmericanslivedinci?esthaninruralareas.

VII.GrowingCi?es(con’t)D.  Earlyci?estendedtobesmallbutasfactories

grew,sodidthecity.Newresidentsoftheci?esfacedprosandcons:

Pros:Ci?eshadaarac?onssuchasmuseums,theatres,andcircuses.InNewYorkCity,P.T.Barnumexhibitedrareanimalsathismuseum.Ci?esallowedforshoppingatfinestoresratherthandoor-to-doorpeddlersinruralareas.FashionsfromEuropewereavailableinci?es.Ready-to-wearclothingalsowascomingavailablearoungthis?me.

VII.GrowingCi?es(con’t)Cons:Ci?eshadproblemssuchasmuddystreets,nosewers,lackofgarbageclean-up,over-crowding,diseaseoutbreaks,firedangers,etc.