UNIT 7 – Crisis, Civil War, and Reconstruction

Unit 7 – Analyze the Issues that led to the Civil War, the effects of the war, and the impact of Reconstruction on the Nation

Goal 7.1– Evaluate the role of compromise and crisis in bringing about the American Civil War

Mexican-American War• Southerners supported war – saw it as an

opportunity to extend slavery and increase Southern power in Congress. (James K. Polk)

• Northern Abolitionists opposed war – saw it as a plot to expand slavery and ensure Southern domination in Congress.

EVENT / DATE

KEY FIGURES

What happened? How did it increase tension between N & S?

Why is it historically significant? ILLUSTRATION

Mexican American War / April 1846 – February 1848

James K. Polk, Santa Anna, Zachary Taylor, Winfield Scott, Nicholas Trist

What happened?•Expansionist President Polk and supporters of Manifest Destiny coveted California• Provoked Mexican attack on U.S. troops by sending Zachary Taylor and army onto Mexican territory between Rio Grande and Nueces “American blood upon American soil”

• U.S. military dominance won war in a year and ended

with the Treaty of Guadelupe -Hidalgo

How did it increase tension between N & S?•Southerners supported war – saw it as an opportunity to extend slavery and increase Southern power in Congress.•Northern Abolitionists opposed war – saw it as a plot to expand slavery and ensure Southern domination in Congress.

Why is it historically significant?• U.S. military leaders and soldiers got experience for

Civil War• U.S. border grew south to Rio Grande and west to California (right before gold rush of 1849)• Major blemish on U.S. –Latin American relations; U.S. bitterly viewed as greedy bully to the north• Enraged Northerners fear of expanding “slavocracy” and fueled Southern ambition to expand slave territory.

ILLUSTRATION

The Compromise of 1850– Agreement that gave Free States more power in

Congress; disrupted balance of power est. by Missouri Comp.; gave Slave States a strict Fugitive Slave Act.

– Angered Abolitionists in North who would be forced to enforce slavery in Free States by forcing the return of fugitive slaves to their masters.

Fugitive Slave Act

• Most controversial part of Compromise of 1850.• Protected 5th Amendment property rights of

slave owners throughout U.S.• Imposed defense of slavery on Northern Free

States.

The Underground Railroad

• Harriett Tubman and other “conductors” assisted thousands of fugitive slaves in their escape to freedom

• Tubman became known as the “Moses of her people”• Southern Slave owners became extremely suspicious

and fearful of outsiders; passed strict Slave Codes.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)

– Increased support for Abolitionist Movement by exposing brutality and inhumanity of slavery.

– Increased anger in the South against attacks on slavery from book called “a pack of lies”.

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

– Repealed Missouri Compromise of 1820 by popular sovereignty to allow potential for spread of slavery into Kansas and Nebraska

– Raised fear that slavery was spreading control of U.S.; led to creation of Republican Party that opposed spread of slavery

Birth of the Republican Party– Abolitionists who feared a conspiracy to spread

slavery throughout the United States organized into political movement after the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

– Established a platform that opposed popular sovereignty and the spread of slavery into the territories; some supported full abolition of slavery.

“Bleeding Kansas”• Dispute over popular sovereignty

that erupted into violence as “free-soilers” and pro-slavery forces clashed over who would control the new state.

The Caning of Charles Sumner

• Tension and violence over slavery spill over onto the floor of Congress as debate involves personal attacks.

Dred Scott v. Sanford

– Declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional; property rights of slave owners cannot be denied in the U.S.

– Upheld the Fugitive Slave Act and legalized the ownership of slaves throughout the U.S.

– Denied citizenship rights to ALL African-Americans – eventually made 14th Amendment necessary

The Lincoln-Douglas Debates– Stephen Douglas defended the principle of

Popular Sovereignty and states’ rights to chose their own status (favored by the South)

– Lincoln argued for stopping the spread of slavery into new territories and states.

– Abraham Lincoln emerged as a rising star in the Republican Party saying, “A House Divided cannot stand…this govt. cannot endure permanently half slave and half free.”

"A house divided against itself cannot stand.  I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free.  I do not expect the union to be dissolved, I do not expect the house to fall, but I do expect it will cease to be divided.  It will become all one thing or all of the other."

Election of 1860– Point at which Slave States lost power to stop

abolitionist legislation in Congress and the White House; feared attacks on states’ rights and slavery would soon follow.

– Outraged Southern states that president was elected without even being on the ballot in 10 southern states; southern interests were no longer represented in govt.; caused secession

Secession of Confederate States

• Convinced that the Federal government no longer represented their interests, 11 southern states declared their independence from the U.S. and formed the Confederate States of America

Causes of the Civil War Review1. The official name of the Antislavery movement was the

_____________________________.2. When Stephen Douglas argued in support of popular sovereignty, he

wanted new states to be able to _______________________________.3. Many northerners were angered by the Kansas-Nebraska Act because it

a. included a strict Fugitive Slave Act.b. allowed for popular sovereignty and the spread of slavery.c. was supported by many southerners.d. overturned an earlier Supreme Court decision.

4. Lincoln’s election led many Southerners to which conclusion?a.  both free and slave states would continue to be admitted to the Unionb.  the South should secede from the Unionc.  the South would have increased control in the federal governmentd.  slavery would cease in all newly created territories

5. The idea that the US was created by the states and that the states could leave, or secede, from the Union if they wanted to represents the concept of: a. republicanismb. states’ rightsc. nationalismd. popular sovereignty

• "A house divided against itself cannot stand.  I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free.  I do not expect the union to be dissolved, I do not expect the house to fall, but I do expect it will cease to be divided.  It will become all one thing or all of the other.“

• “My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and it is not to either save or destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save the Union by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I could save the Union by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that.”

- President Abraham Lincoln

Firing on Fort Sumter

• Point at which Confederacy started war for independence, and the Union accepted war to “preserve the Union”.

North vs. South in 1861North vs. South in 1861North vs. South in 1861North vs. South in 1861

NorthNorth SouthSouth

Advantages ?? ??

Disadvantages ?? ??

Rating the North & the Rating the North & the SouthSouth

Rating the North & the Rating the North & the SouthSouth

Men Present for Duty Men Present for Duty in the Civil Warin the Civil War

Men Present for Duty Men Present for Duty in the Civil Warin the Civil War

Slave/Free States Slave/Free States Population, 1861Population, 1861Slave/Free States Slave/Free States Population, 1861Population, 1861

Railroad Lines, Railroad Lines, 18601860

Railroad Lines, Railroad Lines, 18601860

Resources: North & the Resources: North & the SouthSouth

Resources: North & the Resources: North & the SouthSouth

The Union & Confederacy in The Union & Confederacy in 18611861

The Union & Confederacy in The Union & Confederacy in 18611861

Goal 7.2 – Identify political and military turning points of the Civil War and assess their

significance to the outcome of the Civil War. 1. Which 4 slaveholding states remained loyal to the Union? Why? What

were they called?– Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware– Slave-holding interests were minority in state legislatures– “Border States”

2. Which Union State did not exist at the beginning of the Civil War?– West Virginia – had few slaves; did not want to fight for slavery; letter to

Lincoln asking to become separate state; Congress approved– Seceded from VA when VA seceded from Union

3. At the outset of the war, what advantages did the Union Army possess?– Population, Army, Navy, Political leadership, Transportation system,

Industrial resources, economic diversity4. What advantages did the Confederacy possess?

– Military Leadership – Robert E. Lee, Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson– Military skill – hunters, outdoorsmen, southern military schools– Motivation – fighting for defend home, honor, and lifestyle (slavery)– “Homefield Advantage”

5. Under what circumstances would it be possible for the Confederacy to win the war?

– Get alliance with Britain and/or France (depended on southern cotton for manufacturing)

– Quick war before shortages of personnel and resources took effect6. What was the Confederate strategy to win the war?

– Fight defensive war; Hold out long enough to get support of European countries (Britain & France)

– Hit-and-run, guerilla tactics; preserve men and resources7. Under what circumstances would it be possible for the Union to win the war?

– Quick war – huge advantages overwhelm Confederacy; quick victories

would kill spirit of Confederates– Long War – Confederacy would eventually run out of soldiers and

supplies 8. What was the Union strategy to win the war?

– “Anaconda Plan” – suffocate the Confederacy• Blockade Southern ports the prevent European trade• Cut South in half to divide and conquer; cut off supply lines• Capture Southern Capital city, Richmond

9. Which battle destroyed Northerners hopes that the war would end quickly?– Bull Run I in Manassas, VA

Battle of Bull Run I – July 21, 1861Eastern Theater

First major battle of the Civil War in which the outnumbered Confederates shockingly defeated the Union Army. This made it clear the war would NOT end quickly and that the Union was in for an unexpected struggle.

Thomas J. “Stonewall”

Jackson

BATTLE

DATE THEATER

VICTOR SIGNIFICANCE

Bull Run I

Eastern Theater

Manassas, Virginia

July 21, 1861

Confederate VictoryFirst major battle of the Civil War. The Confederate victory made it clear that the war would NOT end quickly and that the Union was in for an unexpected struggle.

“You Make the Call!”

• The class will be divided into Presidential Advisory Committees. Your job is to consider all the possible scenarios and potential outcomes that Abraham Lincoln had to consider in dealing with the issue of slavery during the Civil War.

• Read and consider the merits of ALL four options available to President Abraham Lincoln in 1862.

• As a committee you should CHOOSE 1 option that you will recommend to Congress and President Lincoln concerning the question of slavery.

• Each individual on your committee will then have 20-30 minutes to write a written statement justifying your committee’s choice.

• Written responses should include: (not to exceed 1 written page)

– Introduction that provides background info on the issue of slavery, AND a clear statement (THESIS) of your committee’s recommendation to the President.

– At least three details or points from the information provided to support your recommendation.

– A conclusion that boldly restates committee’s opinion.• The committee then reconvenes to QUIETLY read and consider

whose statement will be read aloud to Congress (the class) and President (Mr. Lloyd).

• The committee spokesperson will report your final recommendation to Congress (the class) and President Lincoln (Mr. Lloyd)

• ALL written statements will be turned in to Mr. Lloyd at the end of class.

When and how was slavery abolished in the

United States?

1. Which battle destroyed Northerners hopes that the war would end quickly?– Bull Run I

2. Which side in the war had the advantage during the early stages of the war?– The Confederacy

3. Which battle prompted President Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation? Why? – Antietam– 1st major victory for Union after long string of losses– Wanted to change “cause” of war; and keep Britain from joining South

4. Which battle was the turning point of the war in the East? – Gettysburg– Lee lost over half of his army and those left were losing the will to fight

5. Which battle was the turning point of the war in the West? – Vicksburg– Helped the Union complete the Anaconda Plan by taking last

Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River6. What was the bloodiest single day in U.S. history?

– Antietam, MD – 25,000 casualties7. What was the bloodiest battle of the Civil War?

– Gettysburg, PA – 50,000 in 3 days8. Where did the Civil War end?

– Appomattox Court House, VA (The Wilmer McLean House)

• “My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and it is not to either save or destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save the Union by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I could save the Union by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that.”

- President Abraham Lincoln

How did the Emancipation Proclamation change the outcome of the war?

• “I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within [all states currently in rebellion against the Union] are, and henceforward shall be, free; and that the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, shall recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons.”

• President Lincoln – “Emancipation Proclamation”

EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION

President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, as the nation approached its third year of bloody civil war. The proclamation declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free."

Consequences of Emancipation Proclamation

– Did not immediately free a single slave (applied only to Confederate territories)

– Slavery in border states was allowed to continue (kept Border States on Union side by not alienating slave owners)

– Endorsed policy of abolition; made the war about slavery– Union soldiers now fought against slavery, not just secession

and rebellion; motivated Union soldiers to fight harder– Encouraged fugitive slaves to join Union troops in fighting against

Confederacy (180,000 African American Union soldiers)– Ended chance of France or Britain entering war on side of the

South – Laid foundation for 13th Amendment (“henceforward”) which

eventually freed slaves in Border States as well as reconstructed Southern states.

back

A parent sets their child’s curfew at 12:00 midnight on weekend nights. The child comes home at 12:30 am on Sat. night.

• (RED) As the CHILD, how do you think the parent should appropriately respond to you missing curfew by 30 minutes?

• (BLACK) As the PARENT, how do you think you should appropriately respond to your child missing curfew by 30 minutes?

• What happens if the parent doesn’t punish the child at all?

• What happens if the parent grounds the child for a month for being 30 minutes late?

• Who is the parent?• Who is the child?

“With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation’s wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.”

Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address, March 4, 1865

Goal 3.4 – Analyze the political, economic, and social impact of Reconstruction on the nation and identify the

reasons why Reconstruction came to an end.

• After the country had been torn apart for 4 years during the Civil War, it had to be ________________. When the Confederacy lost the Civil War they lost their struggle to establish ______________________, and the Union’s victory meant that the ____________ _________________ had supreme power to decide on issues like_______________. Unfortunately, the ____________________________ did not say what should happen when there is a Civil War, so when the war ended a serious _________________________ began between the President and Congress over who should be in charge of ________________________.

• By rebelling against the US government for 4 years, every member of the Confederate army and govt. had committed the crime of ________________________, and the punishment for this crime was ____________. President Lincoln, however, introduced a plan called the __________________________ which could be described as a ____________________ plan for reconstructing the country. His plan reflected a “let ‘em up easy” attitude by giving __________________ to all southerners except Confederate leaders, and by allowing Confederate states back into the Union if 10% of their registered voters _________________.

• Congress disagreed with Lincoln’s _____________________________ approach, and instead passed a harsher plan called the _______________________________, which Lincoln __________________.

• In his 2nd Inaugural Address on March 4, 1865, President Lincoln said the end of the war called for a ____________________________. He believed his job as president was to “bind up the nation’s wounds” by having “____________ toward none; and ______________ toward all.

“With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation’s wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.”

Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address, March 4, 1865

LINCOLN’S 2ND INAUGURAL ADDRESS

Goal 3.4 – Analyze the political, economic, and social impact of Reconstruction on the nation and identify the reasons why Reconstruction came to an end. (p. 90)

• PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION – (1865-1867) Abraham Lincoln & Andrew Johnson– Peaceful; Lenient; Conciliatory– 10% Plan – states readmitted if 10% of citizens pledged

allegiance to United States– Amnesty Act – pardoned former Confederates who were

elected to Congress in 1865. Infuriated Radical Republicans; Johnson was a southerner taking it easy on the South

– 13th Amendment – abolition of slavery– Ended with override of Johnson’s vetoes and impeachment of

Andrew Johnson – violated Tenure of Office Act• CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION – a.k.a. –

“Radical Reconstruction” (1867-1877)Thaddeus Stevens & Radical Republicans– Punitive; harsh – Wade-Davis Bill / Reconstruction Act of 1867– Military occupation of former Confederate states– 14th Amendment – citizenship and equality before the law– 15th Amendment – African-American male suffrage

CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION(1867-1877)

• Lincoln and Johnson failed to address the needs of former slaves: – Emergency aid – Freedman’s Bureau provided

food, clothing, shelter, hospitals and schools– Equal protection under the law – 14th Amendment– Voting rights (suffrage) – 15th Amendment– Land – “40 acres and a mule”

RECONSTRUCTING THE SOUTH

End of Reconstruction Overview1. Southern resentment of Radical Reconstruction

leads to reaction / Redemption

2. White Southern Democrats (Redeemers) regain control of Southern politics (Solid South)

3. Republican Party loses support in federal government

4. Election of 1876 – Hayes-Tilden Compromise / Compromise of 1877 ends Reconstruction

6. Hayes-Tilden Compromise / Compromise of 1877

– Election of 1876 – Rutherford B. Hayes (R) vs. Samuel Tilden (D)

– 4 States undecided, no majority in Electoral College; goes to House of Representatives

– House vote deadlocked – Tilden agrees to give election to Hayes if he will

agree to remove army from South – Hayes wins, officially ends Reconstruction

Causes of Reconstruction’s Collapse

1. Discrimination, Intimidation, Terrorism– White southerners angry about losing war, political

power, property, and economic prosperity– New black voters, scalawags, and carpetbaggers

elect Republican state legislatures– Ku Klux Klan used fear and terror to keep

Republicans from voting– Enforcement Acts by Congress (1870) - military

intervention in Klan activities to protect Rep. Voters

2. Shift in political power from Republican to Democrat – “Redemption”

– Amnesty Act (1872) – 160,000 former Confederates regain right to vote and hold offices

– “Redeemers” use fear to regain control of state legislatures

– Est. “Home Rule” – southern states ran themselves with no federal intervention

– passed laws to legally restrict black rights• “Jim Crow” laws = segregation (14th)• Poll taxes, literacy tests, “Grandfather Clauses” (15th)

– Created the “Solid South” – Democratic Party controlled southern politics for next 100 years;

The 15th Amendment and Black suffrage led to… …the election of

African American leaders in national, state, and local governments. Which led to …

…the violent treatment of blacks, scalawags, and carpetbaggers to scare them from voting.

2008 Presidential Election

3. Political Scandal erodes support for Republican Party

– Pres. Grant made poor appointments – “Spoils System”

– Credit Mobilier Scandal – RR construction company overcharged govt., shared profits with VP and Cabinet Secretaries

– Pendleton Civil Service Act – replaced Spoils System (patronage) with Merit System – est. civil service tests to prove qualifications of federal office holders

– Radical Republicans lost support for Reconstruction policies

4. Economic Crisis of 1873 – “depression”– Went off “gold standard” during Civil War –

printed “greenbacks” – devalued currency – Specie Resumption Act recalled “greenbacks” –

caused money shortage in South and West– Panic of 1873 – banks failed, stock market

crashed, companies went bankrupt, jobs lost– Party in power always gets blamed for economic

woes – Republicans lost support for policies

5. Supreme Court Decisions weakened Civil War Amendments

– Slaughterhouse cases(1873) – strictly interpreted 14th Amendment citizenship rights

– U.S. v. Cruikshank (1876) – denied federal jurisdiction for white violence against blacks

– Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) – upheld Jim Crow Laws – est. “separate but equal” to legalize segregation

– Decisions permitted southern states to ignore intent of 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments

1. Many northerners were angered by the Kansas-Nebraska Act because ita. included a strict Fugitive Slave Act.b. allowed for popular sovereignty.c. was supported by many southerners.d. overturned an earlier Supreme court decision.

2. Which was not a part of the Anaconda Plan?a. cut the confederacy in half by gaining control of the Mississippi.b. attack the Confederate capital at Richmond.c. intercept British merchant ships to prevent the South from selling cotton.d. blockade the confederate coast to prevent the South from receiving supplies.

3. This battle gave Lincoln the victory he needed to declare the Emancipation Proclamation.a. Antietamb. Shilohc. Atlantad. Gettysburg

4. The Emancipation Proclamation declared the slaves in the ___________________ to be free.a. Northern states b. border statesc. states in rebelliond. states under Union control

5. This person was an escaped slave who became the most famous abolitionist speaker and publisher of the North Star:

a. Jefferson Davisb. Frederick Douglasc. Martin Luther King Jr. d. William Lloyd Garrison

6. In which state did Robert E. Lee surrender to Ulysses S. Grant ending the Civil War?