bimi migration slidedeck 2020 · 2020. 9. 16. · bimi.berkeley.edu immigration slide deck purpose...
TRANSCRIPT
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Berkeley Interdisciplinary Migration InitiativeBIMI Migration
Slide Deck
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bimi.berkeley.edu
What is BIMI?
We are a partnership of faculty, researchers and students who investigate human mobility, immigrants’ integration and the ways migration transforms societies around the world.
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@BIMIatBerkeley
Subscribe to the BIMI Newsletter
https://bimi.berkeley.edu/
https://berkeley.us17.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=bb23cb42475e2cb37b3fe0212&id=1fee560b66
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Immigration Slide DeckPurpose
Immigration has come to the forefront of national and international debates in the U.S. and around the world. Unfortunately, existing and accurate research on migration is often not easy to find or understand.
This slide deck includes seven modules that examine different aspects of migration: global migration, demographics, migrant illegality, immigration enforcement, immigration impact on the U.S., immigrant integration, and migration motives.
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Immigration Slide DeckPurpose (continued)
We have kept textual explanations to a minimum, enough to explain the figure, to emphasize the graphs/figures themselves. The final graphs/figures are culled from books, articles, datasets, policy briefs, and working papers. Some graphs were recreated to match slide format. As a result, this slide deck intends to serve as a comprehensive set of some of the most important trends in U.S. migration.
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CONTENTS
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DEFINITIONS 6 - 7
GLOBAL MIGRATION 8 - 12
DEMOGRAPHICS 13 - 27
MIGRANT ILLEGALITY 28 - 36
IMMIGRATION ENFORCEMENT 37 - 41
IMMIGRATION IMPACT 42 - 51
INTEGRATION 52 - 62
MIGRATION MOTIVES 63 - 69
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Term DefinitionAsylum seeker When people flee their own country and seek sanctuary in another country,
they apply for asylum – the right to be recognized as a refugee and receivelegal protection and material assistance. An asylum seeker mustdemonstrate that his or her fear of persecution in his or her home country iswell-founded (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees(UNHCR)).
Liminal Legality Liminal legality is an “in-between” immigration status in which immigrantsmay possess social security numbers and work permits, but have noguarantee of becoming residents of the U.S. or eventual citizenship(1) Temporary Protective Status (TPS)(2) Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA or DACAmented)
Immigrants / Migrants Individuals born outside of the country, or the foreign-born population. Thisincludes: Lawful permanent residents (LPRs), refugees and asylees, theundocumented, and individuals holding liminal legality statuses.
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https://www.unrefugees.org/refugee-facts/what-is-a-refugee/
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Term DefinitionNonimmigrants Temporary Visitors
(1) Nonimmigrant considered “not residents” (e.g., tourists)(2) Nonimmigrant considered “residents’ (e.g., for work or school)
Refugee Someone who has been forced to flee his or her country because ofpersecution, war or violence. A refugee has a person who is unable orunwilling to return to his or her home country because of ”well-founded fearof persecution” due to race, political opinion, religion, national-origin, ormembership in a particular social group (United Nations 1951 Conventionand 1967 Protocols).
Undocumented Individuals living in the U.S. without U.S. citizenship or other legalimmigration status. They are often categorized into two groups:(1)Entered ”without inspection”(2)Visa overstayers
U.S. Citizens A person born in the United States (or its outlying possessions) or whoacquired U.S. citizenship upon naturalization as provided by law and whohas not subsequently lost such citizenship
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https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/statusofrefugees.aspx
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Global Migration
8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Who are international migrants today?
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Number of global migrants have increased, yet the proportion has remained stableTotal and proportion of global migrants, 1970 - 2019
2.3 2.3
2.9 2.83.2
3.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0
50000000
100000000
150000000
200000000
250000000
300000000
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2019
84 M 102 M 153 M 174 M 221 M 272 M
Source: (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2019) 9
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One in every 30 people globally are international migrants2018
Source: (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2019) 10
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In 2018, 52% of international migrants were male and 48% were female
2.7
3.6
4.8
5.5
7.5
8.8
10
11
11.2
10.1
7.1
4.3
3.4
3.3
2.8
3.4
4.3
5.3
5.6
7.2
8.2
9.2
10.1
10.4
9.6
6.9
4.4
3.5
3.3
2.8
70-74
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
0-4
Source: (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2019) 11
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Northern America (including the U.S., Canada, Bermuda, Greenland, and Saint Pierre and Miquelon) is the third largest receiving region.
0 20 40 60 80 100
Oceania
Latin America and the Caribbean
Africa
Northern America
Europe
Asia
Millions
2019201520102005
Source: (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2019) 12
Asia (84M) and Europe (82M) had the largest increase in migrationImmigrant destination regions, 2005 - 2019
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DemographicsWho are today’s U.S. immigrants?
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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Immigrants as a percentage of U.S. population has remained stable? (total number has increased)1840 - 2018
This graph shows the trend in number of immigrants and their share of the total U.S. population from 1840 to 2018.
Source: (Migration Policy Institute 2018a)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1850 1880 1910 1940 1970 2000 2012 2015 2018
Imm
igra
nts
as a
% o
f the
U.S
. Pop
ulat
ion
Num
ber o
f Im
mig
rant
s
Milli
ons
2.2M
9.7% 13.7%
44.7M
14
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Nine countries have a foreign-born population of 1M or more living in the U.S.2019
Source: (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2019) 15
Mexico11.5 M
China2.9 M
India2.7 M
Philippines2.0 M
Vietnam1.4 M
El Salvador1.4 M
Cuba1.3 M
South Korea1.1 M
Dominican Republic1.1 M
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Where do immigrants live?Traditional Destination States
Immigrants have traditionally chosen to settle certain places. Since the 1960s, immigrants have often settled in seven states, or traditional destination states:
CaliforniaNew YorkFloridaTexasNew JerseyIllinoisMassachusetts
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Yet, immigrants are moving to new destination states since the early 2000s. The number of foreign-born individuals increased in 14 states (listed in descending order of growth):
South CarolinaAlabamaTennesseeDelawareArkansasSouth DakotaNevada
Where do immigrants live?New Destination States
GeorgiaKentuckyNorth CarolinaWyomingIdahoIndiana Mississippi
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Immigrants are younger (mostly 20-64 years old) than U.S. born individuals2017
Source: (Radford and Noe-Bustamante 2019)
10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10
Younger than 55 to 9
10 to 1415 to 1920 to 2425 to 2930 to 3435 to 3940 to 4445 to 4950 to 5455 to 5960 to 6465 to 6970 to 7475 to 7980 to 8485 to 89
90 and older
Percent
FemalesMales
Ages Foreign-born
10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10
Younger than 55 to 9
10 to 1415 to 1920 to 2425 to 2930 to 3435 to 3940 to 4445 to 4950 to 5455 to 5960 to 6465 to 6970 to 7475 to 7980 to 8485 to 89
90 and older
Percent
FemalesMales
U.S.-bornAges
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Immigrant participation in the labor force has increased2018
1980 1990 2000 2010 2018
6.7%
6.2%
17.2%
13.7%
Foreign-born as share of total population
Foreign-born as share of total labor force
Source: (Migration Policy Institute 2018b) 19
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017
Arrivals: Asians outnumber Latinx Immigrants% of immigrants arriving in the U.S. in each year who are ...
Post-1965, Latinx immigrants have composed a large proportion of the total new arrivals to the U.S. Since 2009, Asians have outnumbered Latinx immigrants in new arrivals.
Source: (Radford and Noe-Bustamante 2019)
Asians
Latinx
20
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About 1M green cards are issued a yearNumber of green cards issued annually in the U.S., 1820 - 2018
1820 1835 1850 1865 1880 1895 1910 1925 1940 1955 1970 1985 2000 2015
19071.3M
20181.1M
19141.2M
19911.8M
Source: (U.S. Department of Homeland Security 2019) 21
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Permanent residency cards may have numerical limits set by Congress
Non-immediate family members
Immediate family
Employment
Source: (U.S. Department of State – Bureau of Consular Affairs 2020) 22
None
226,000
140,000
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Family-based categories of permanent legal migration (U.S.)Immediate family of U.S. Citizens Numerical Limit
Spouses None
Unmarried children under age 21 None
Parents of U.S. citizens who are age 21 and older None
Family-sponsored preference immigrants Numerical Limit
1st Preference Unmarried children age 21 and older of U.S. citizens 23,400
2nd Preference a) Spouses and children of legal permanent residents (LPRs)
b) Unmarried adult sons and daughters of legal permanent residents (LPRs)
114,200*
3rd Preference Married adult sons and daughters of U.S. citizens 23,400
4th Preference Siblings of U.S. citizens who are age 21 and older 65,000
Source: (Gelatt 2019) 23
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Employment-based preference immigrants Numerical Limit
1st Preference Foreign nationals of “extraordinary ability,” outstanding
professors and researchers, multinational executives and
managers
40,040
2nd Preference Foreign nationals who hold advanced degrees or demonstrate
exceptional ability in the sciences, arts, or business
40,040
3rd Preference -Skilled workers (with degree and 2-years of experience)
-Professional workers (with a Bachelor’s degree)
-Other workers (foreign nationals performing unskilled labor)
40,040 (no more than 10,000 visas are
available for “other worker”)*
4th Preference “Special immigrants” including religious workers, international
organization employees, etc.
9,940
5th Preference Immigrant investors 9,940
Humanitarian Immigrants Numerical Limit
Refugees President sets an annual ceiling
Asylees None
Other Numerical Limit
Diversity Visa 55,000*
Source: (Gelatt 2019) 24
Non-familial categories of permanent legal migration (U.S.)
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Lowest number of refugees admitted in 2018Total number of refugees admitted to the U.S. per year, 1980-2018
-
50
100
150
200
250
1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016
Thou
sand
s
22K26K
207K
122K
Source: (U.S. Department of Homeland Security 2019b) 25
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018
Thou
sand
s
At most, 40,000 asylum cases per year have been granted in the U.S.Total number of asylum cases in the U.S., 1990 - 2018
Affirmative asylum-seekers have yet to begin the deportation process in the courts.
Defensive asylum-seekers are defending themselves in immigration court.
Total
Affirmative
Defensive
Source: (U.S. Department of Homeland Security 2019b) 26
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Most nonimmigrant admissions in the U.S. are visitors from North America2018
Yet, the highest number of student and exchange visitors come from Asia.
Source: (U.S. Department of Homeland Security 2018) 27
SouthAmerica Oceania
NorthAmerica Europe Asia
37.9 M 18.3 M 15.3 M
6.8 M 1.9 M
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Migrant IllegalityWho are undocumented immigrants in the U.S.?
28
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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Why does migrant [il]legality matter?
Immigration status affects the daily relationships and lives of immigrants that consequently affect their incorporation into the U.S.
So, who is undocumented?
IMMIGRANT INCORPORATION
Relations with state
(police, ICE, government)
Relations with
institutions (schools, hospitals,
etc.)
Relations with people
(friends, family,
coworkers, others)
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48.4% of undocumented immigrants are Mexican Country of origin of undocumented immigrants, 2018
A growing number of undocumented immigrants are from El Salvador, India, Guatemala, Honduras, and China.
Source: (Center for Migration Studies 2019) 30
Mexico
India
HondurasHaiti
Guatemala
ElSalvador China
Brazil
48.4%
6.5%
5.9%5.4%
3.7%
3.4%
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More men are undocumented than womenTotal number of undocumented immigrants by gender, 2010 - 2018
2010 2018
4.8M
5.7M6.4M
5.3M
Source: (Center for Migration Studies 2019) 31
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In 2018, 77% of undocumented immigrants were in the labor force or 7.4M individuals.
Source: (Center for Migration Studies 2019) 32
77%
Not in labor force
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In 2018, 96% of undocumented immigrants in the labor force were employed or 7.1M individuals.
Source: (Center for Migration Studies 2019) 33
96%
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46% of undocumented immigrants are visa overstayers2017
This map highlights the countries of origins of visa overstayers or individuals who entered the U.S. with a visa.
Source: (Warren 2017)
©2020Mapbox©OpenStreetMap
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California has the most DACAmented recipients2020
Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) is a temporary protection from deportation and eligibility for work permits (valid for 2-years).
Eligibility Requirements:
● Graduated/enrolled in school/military
● No criminal record
● Present in the U.S. on June 15, 2012
Source: (Migration Policy Institute 2020)
102,000
253,000
519,000
46,000
20,000
96,000
30,000
65,00085,000
10,000
22,00027,000
33,000
33,000
53,00014,000
14,000
14,000
61,000
16,000
19,000
18,000
18,000
12,000
13,000
13,000
11,000
11,00011,000
11,000
4,000
4,000
6,000
6,000
6,000
9,0003,000
5,000
5,000
©2020Mapbox©OpenStreetMap
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255K TPS recipients (the highest number) are from El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua 2019
Immigrants with Temporary Protected Status (TPS) have time-limited permission to live/work in the U.S. due to unsafe conditions in their country of origin (e.g., natural disaster, war, etc.).
Source: (U.S. Department of Homeland Security 2019a) 36
©2020Mapbox©OpenStreetMap
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Immigration Enforcement
37
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Who is impacted by immigration enforcement?
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0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
1927 1937 1947 1957 1967 1977 1987 1997 2007 2017
Milli
ons
Number of apprehensions
In recent years, arrests have been decreasing signaling changes in migration patterns.
Immigration arrests have increased post-19651927 - 2018
Source: (U.S. Department of Homeland Security 2019b) 38
Data refer to Border Patrol apprehensions and administrative arrests.
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Returns are confirmed movement of an inadmissible or deportable alien out of the United States without an order of removal.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
1927 1937 1947 1957 1967 1977 1987 1997 2007 2017
Millions
Number of apprehensions Number of returns
Number of immigrant returns are similar to arrestsuntil the 2010s1927 - 2018
Source: (U.S. Department of Homeland Security 2019b)
1950s“Operation Wetback” –
the program of massive
sweeps targeting
Mexican immigrants and
Mexican American
citizens.
39
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Mexican immigrants are “returned” at higher numbers without an order of removal2018
Source: (U.S. Department of Homeland Security 2019b) 40
3K
5.5K
7.3K
18K
41.6K
India
China
Philippines
Canada
Mexico
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0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
1927 1937 1947 1957 1967 1977 1987 1997 2007 2017
Milli
ons
Number of apprehensions Number of removals
Immigrant removals have increased since 19901935 - 2018
Removals are the compulsory and confirmed movement of an inadmissible or deportable alien out of the United States with an order of removal.
Source: (U.S. Department of Homeland Security 2019b) 41
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ImpactWhat are American’s views on immigrants?
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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In 2019, almost 2/3 Americans said immigrants are essential to the nation
% who say …
Source: (Brockway and Doherty 2019) 43
America's openness to people from all over the world is essential to who we are as a nation
If America is too open to people from around the world, we risk losing our identity as a nation
68 6862
29 26 33
Total
2017 2018 2019
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In 2019, more Republicans say America risks its ‘identity as a nation’ if it is too open to foreigners
% who say …
Source: (Brockway and Doherty 2019) 44
If America is too open to people from around the world, we risk losing our identity as a nation
47 4737
84 85 86
48 4457
14 13 11
Rep/Lean Rep Dem/Lean Dem2018 2019 2017
America's openness to people from all over the world is essential to who we are as a nation
2017 2018 2019
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33
4025
3815
29
1831
4042
1824
3441
2544
62
5570
5878
66
7962
5754
8171
6055
7151
Who views immigrants as “essential”?2019
Source: (Brockway and Doherty 2019)
Total
MenWomen
WhiteBlack
Hispanic
Ages 18-29
30-4950-64
65+
Postgrad
College gradSome college
HS or less
Among whites…
College degreeNo college degree
If America is too open to people from
around the world, we risk losing our
identity as a nation
America's openness to people from all over the world is essential to who we are as a nation
45
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Increased border security and path to legal status are important immigration policy goals% who say each is a ________ goal for U.S. immigration policy, 2019
Source: (Daniller 2019)
40
33
32
28
28
34
40
26
21
18
18
29
10
15
8
16
Increase security along U.S.-Mexico border
Establish a way for immigrants here illegallyto stay legally
Take in refugees escaping from war andviolence
Increase deportations of those in the U.S.illegally
Very important
Somewhat important
Not too important
Not at all important
46
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Little has changed on views of immigration% who say each is a very/somewhat important goal for U.S. immigration policy, 2019
Source: (Daniller 2019)
28 33
14 17
3946
3436
31 31
3736
2016 2019 2016 2019 2016 2019
Total Rep/Lean Rep Dem/Lean DemVery important Somewhat important
(1)Establish a way
for immigrants here illegally to
stay legally
47
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Little has changed on views of immigration% who say each is a very/somewhat important goal for U.S. immigration policy, 2019
Source: (Daniller 2019)
(2)Increase
deportations of those in the U.S.
illegally 3946 47 51
15 10
3736 33
32
2621
2016 2019 2016 2019 2016 2019
Total Rep/Lean Rep Dem/Lean DemVery important Somewhat important
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Little has changed on views of immigration% who say each is a very/somewhat important goal for U.S. immigration policy, 2019
Source: (Daniller 2019)
(3)Take in refugees
escaping from violence and war
29 32
13 15
43 47
3240
28
43
3638
2016 2019 2016 2019 2016 2019
Total Rep/Lean Rep Dem/Lean DemVery important Somewhat important
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General public overestimates the number of immigrants in the U.S. and across nationsEstimates Versus Official Statistics, 2009
U.S. general public believes that immigrants make up 35% of population while official statistics estimate about 14% in the U.S.
Source: (Wunderlich et al. 2009) 50
3735
27 26 25 24 23 2320
14
10 911
13 13
6.5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Canada UnitedStates
UnitedKingdom
France Netherlands Spain Germany Italy
Perception Reality
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United Kingdom respondents described immigrants as a problem at higher rates% of respondents who described immigrants as a problem by country, 2008 - 2013
Approximately 50% of Americans described immigrants as a problem compared to 60% of the British
6166 65 68 64
50 53 52 53 47
3943 42
465039
44 44 43
32
0
20
40
60
80
100
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
United Kingdom United States France Germany
Source: (The German Marshall Fund of the United States 2014) 51
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Integration
52
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
How are immigrants integrated into the U.S.?
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Traditional measures of immigrant integration into a new country include:
53
Socioeconomic StatusTimeEducation
GenerationNaturalizationLanguage
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Educational attainment among U.S. immigrants% of immigrants ages 25 and older whose highest level of education is a _______, 1960 – 2017
The percent of immigrants ages 25 and older who have a bachelor’s or postgraduate degree has been steadily increasing since 1960.
Bachelor’s
Post-graduate
Source: (Radford and Noe-Bustamante 2019) 54
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Recently arrived immigrants have higher educationEducational attainment of U.S.-born, immigrant, and recently arrived immigrants, 2018
Recently arrived immigrants hold Bachelor’s degree at higher rates than U.S. born.
Source: (Migration Policy Institute 2018b) 55
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Less than 9thgrade
9th - 12th Grade High SchoolDiploma or GED
Some College orAssociate's
Degree
Bachelor'sDegree or
Higher
U.S. Born Immigrants Recently Arrived
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Most immigrants have lived in the U.S. for over 10 years% of foreign-born population who have lived in the U.S. _____, 1970-2017
For example, 72.2% of immigrants in 2017 and 69.4% in 1970 have been in the U.S. over 10 years.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Over 10 years
0 to 10 years
Source: (Radford and Noe-Bustamante 2019) 56
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Immigrants’ annual household income and personal earnings has slightly increased over last 30 yearsAnnual and personal earnings of immigrants, 1990-2017
The annual household and personal earnings of immigrants has been gradually increasing.
The drop in both household income and personal earnings in 2010 is due to the effects of the 2008 economic recession.
26K 28K 26K30K
49K
53K50K
56K
1990 2000 2010 2017
Source: (Radford and Noe-Bustamante 2019) 57
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More than 50% of immigrants are English proficient% of foreign-born population ages 5 and older who are English proficient, 1980-2017
Source: (Radford and Noe-Bustamante 2019) 58
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
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Immigrants naturalize at higher numbers near political eventsAnnual number of naturalized citizens, 1907-2018
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1907 1917 1927 1937 1947 1957 1967 1977 1987 1997 2007 2017
Thou
sand
s 1996Presidential Election (Bill Clinton)LPRS legalized under the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) became eligible to naturalizeIllegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 passed (anti-immigrant legislation)
2000Presidential Election (George W. Bush)
2008Presidential Election (Barack Obama)Economic recession
Source: (U.S. Department of Homeland Security 2019c) 59
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What do we mean by generations since migration?1st
generation
1.5 generation
2nd generation
2.5 generation
3rd generation
3+ generation
Born overseas and migrated as an adult
Born overseas and migrated as a child
Born in the country of U.S. with 1 or 2 immigrant parentsBorn in the country of U.S. with 1 immigrant parentGrandparents were immigrants
Everyone who does not have immigrant parents
60
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First- and second-generation immigrants% of U.S. population who are _ generation immigrants, 1900-2017
In 2017, the 1st and 2nd generation immigrants made up one fourth (or 26%) of the total U.S. population.
Source: (Radford and Noe-Bustamante 2019)
0
5
10
15
20
25
1895 1905 1915 1925 1935 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 2015
1st generation14%
2nd generation12%
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Mexican Americans’ years of education stagnate with generational status2008
The average number of years of education for 1stgeneration immigrants was < 8 years.
Source: (Telles and Ortiz 2008) 62
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
YearsofEducation
ParentsofOriginalRespondents
1stGeneration
2ndGeneration
3rdGeneration
4th+Generation
OriginalRespondents
1stGeneration
2ndGeneration
3rdGeneration
4th+Generation
ChildrenofOriginalRespondents
1stGeneration
2ndGeneration
3rdGeneration
4th+Generation
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Migration MotivesWhy do people migrate?
63
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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Economic
Social
Cultural Political
Environment
64
Why people migrate?
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Cultural and social theories
Personal ties and social networks enable migration (e.g., parents, siblings, extended family members, and friends) or social network/capital theory
Historical connections between countries (e.g., labor programs contracts between the U.S. and Mexico) influence cultural norms of sending countries, or cumulative causation theory
Source: (Massey 2017) 65
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Economic theoriesMacro-level
Segmented labor theory suggests that international migration is caused by geographic differences in supply and demand of labor in modern societies.
World systems theory proposes that capitalist economic relations (e.g., U.S. company investments) across the world (e.g., precapitalistic nations) perpetuate interest in migration to the U.S.
66Source: (Massey 2017)
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bimi.berkeley.edu
Economic theoriesMicro-level
Neoclassical economics labor theory of migration proposes that individuals are the decision-making unit and thus migrate to optimize their income.
“New economics” of labor migration theory counters and suggests that families or households want to minimize risks to earnings.
67Source: (Massey 2017)
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Environmental & climate theoriesPersons or groups of persons who, for compelling reasons of sudden or progressive changes in the environment that adversely affect their lives or living conditions, are obliged to leave their homes or choose to do so, either temporarily or permanently, and who move either within their country or abroad.
Examples• Natural disasters• Environmental degradation / climate
change
Source: (International Organization for Migration 2014) 68
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Political theoriesState policies increase or decrease migration patterns by the laws and policies (formal and informal) they enact.
State violence – due to international or civil war or persecution of certain groups –drive people to migrate.
Examples• State deregulation• Changes in migration laws
69Source: (Zolberg 1999)
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The cluster graphs show changes in migration from Mexico over 45 years. Who migrates and why Mexicans migrate to the U.S. has changed continuously.
Example: Mexican migration motives have changed over time1965-2010
Source: (Garip 2017) 70
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Contact Us!
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References
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Data Sources
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Daniller, Andrew. 2019. Americans’ Immigration Policy Priorities: Division between - and within - the Two Parties. Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center.
Garip, Filiz. 2017. On the Move: Changing Mechanisms of Mexico-U.S. Migration. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Gelatt, Julia. 2019. “Explainer: How the U.S. Legal Immigration System Works.” Retrieved (https://www.migrationpolicy.org/content/explainer-how-us-legal-immigration-system-works).
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U.S. Department of Homeland Security. 2019b. “Immigration Data & Statistics.” Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved July 1, 2020 (https://www.dhs.gov/immigration-statistics).
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Wunderlich, Tanja, Astrid Ziebarth, Delancey Gustin, Pierangelo Isernia, Claudia Diehl, and Susan Martin. 2009. Transatlantic Trends: Immigration. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2011-09-01 (https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR31801.v1).
Zolberg, Aristide R. 1999. “Matters of State: Theorizing Immigration Policy.” Pp. 71–93 in The Handbook of International Migration: The American Experience, edited by C. Hirschman, P. Kasinitz, and J. DeWind. Russell Sage Foundation.
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https://www.dhs.gov/immigration-statisticshttps://www.dhs.gov/immigration-statistics/naturalizationshttps://cmsny.org/visa-overstay-population-warren-120219/https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR31801.v1