CHAPTER 15: A NATION DIVIDED

WILMOT PROVISO

1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico.

FREE-SOIL PARTY

Political party dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery.

STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS

Illinois senator who backed the Compromise of 1850.

COMPROMISE OF 1850

Series of laws intended to settle the major disagreements between free states and slave states.

ONE EUROPEAN’S STORY1) Alexis de Tocqueville traveled down the Ohio River and noted the differences he saw between the free Ohio side and Kentucky slave side.

Kentucky side had people without energy or the spirit for enterprise, while the Ohio side was feverish with activity trying hard to make its fortunes.

NORTH AND SOUTH TAKE DIFFERENT PATHS1) The North and the South developed different economic paths. North=Industry/ South= plantation farming

2) Northern population growth came from immigrants and Easterners moved west and built farms.

3) Southerners relied on exports, especially cotton grown from slave labor.

4) Most Southern whites were poor and owned no slaves, but someday hoped to.

ANTISLAVERY AND RACISM

1) Many Northerners opposed slavery because it was an economic threat. They feared that managers would employ slaves rather than them.

2) Despite opposing slavery, most Northerners were racist by modern standards. They refused to go to school, work, or live near African Americans.

3) Slaveholders defended slavery by saying they provided them food, shelter, religion, and clothing.

THE WILMOT PROVISO1) To prevent Southerners from extending slavery into new

territories, Northerner David Wilmot proposed a bill to outlaw slavery in any new territory acquired from the War with Mexico.

2) Southerners viewed slaves as property and claimed the new bill as unconstitutional.

3) The Wilmot Proviso divided Congress along regional lines. (If you were in the North you were for it, if you were form the South you opposed it.)

4) The Wilmot Proviso led to the creation of the Free-Soil Party. A political party dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery.

CONTROVERSY OVER TERRITORIES1) The addition of new states threatened the

balance of power in Congress between the North and South.

2) Zachary Taylor acted fast and proposed California apply for statehood as a free state.

3) Now that California was a free state, slave states would become a minority in the Senate.

THE COMPROMISE OF 1850

1) However, California could not gain statehood without the approval of Congress.

2) Henry Clay attempted to create a compromise again.3) Many on both sides felt they had to give up too much

in his plan.4) To please the North, California would be a free state

and the slave trade would be abolished in Washington, D.C. To please the South, Congress would not block slavery in other territories captured from Mexico and they would pass a law to help recapture runaway slaves.

BELL WORK

1) What were two ways that the North and South differed by the mid-1800s?

2) In what ways was racism common in both the North and the South?

QUIZ

1) Why did many Northern wage workers oppose slavery?A) They thought it was immoral.B) They feared enslaved workers would replace them.C) They resented plantation owners.D) Slavery made them feel inferior.

2) Which was a result of the Wilmot Proviso?A) California became a state.B) Congress lost the authority to approve the entry of

new states into the Union.C) Missouri became a slave state.D) The Free-Soil Party was formed.

3) What was a result of the compromise of 1850? A) California became a slave state.

B) Oregon became a slave state to regain balance of power in Congress.

C) The slave trade was abolished in Washington D.C.

D) The South would have to release and free all enslaved people.

4) Who led the charge for the compromise of 1850?A) Frederick DouglassB) David WilmotC) Stephen A. DouglasD) Henry Clay

5) Southerners did not support the Wilmot Proviso because it

 A) banned secession by any state B) banned slavery in northern states C) banned slavery in all the states D) banned slavery in lands acquired from Mexico

FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT

1850 law meant to help slaveholders recapture runaway slaves.

HARRIET BEECHER STOWE

Abolitionists; author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin

UNCLE TOM’S CABIN

Novel published by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852 that showed slavery as brutal and immoral.

KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT

1854 law that established the territories of Kansas and Nebraska and gave their residents the right to decide whether to allow slavery.

ONE AMERICAN’S STORY

1) Harriet was outraged when she heard about the Fugitive Slave Act

2) Stowe’s anger motivated her to write Uncle Tom’s Cabin. This novel portrayed slavery as brutal and immoral.

THE FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT

1) People could be arrested without a warrant and have no trial.

2) Northerners were required to help recapture slaves.

3) Northerners could no longer ignore slavery because it was at their doorstep.

UNCLE TOM’S CABIN

1) Stowe’s book was popular in the North, but white southerners believed the book falsely criticized the South and slavery.

KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT1) Stephen A. Douglas wanted to divide the

Nebraska territory into two because people were fighting about slavery.

2) Douglas wanted the people living there to decide whether or not slavery would exist in these two territories. Popular Sovereignty.

3) The passing of the Kansas-Nebraska Act allowed people to vote again on whether or not to allow slavery in the western territories.

BLEEDING KANSAS

1) Proslavery and antislavery supporters rushed to Kansas to vote on the issue of slavery.

2) It was such a heated issue that the two support groups started attacking each other.

VIOLENCE IN CONGRESS

1) While violence was spreading in Kansas, Senator Charles Sumner gave a speech bashing proslavery forces in Kansas.

2) Sumner was attacked by a relative of someone he criticized.

3) Many Southerners cheered the attack, while most Northerners were shocked at the violence in the Senate.

QUESTIONS

1) How did the book Uncle Tom’s Cabin influence national politics?

2) What was the cause of “Bleeding Kansas”? 3) What would you have done to prevent the

violence in Kansas?

QUIZ1)What was a result of the Kansas-Nebraska Act?A) It allowed the use of popular sovereignty

in territories acquired from Mexico.B) It destroyed the Missouri Compromise.C) It reorganized all remaining Western

territories.D) It permitted residents of one state to

vote in another.

2) Which law punished Northern whites who did not help capture runaway slaves?A) Compromise of 1850B) Kansas-Nebraska ActC) Fugitive Slave ActD) Wilmot Proviso

3) Who wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin?A) Alexis de TocquevilleB) Stephen A. DouglasC) Charles SumnerD) Harriet Beecher Stowe

4) Violence began to spread even into politics. Charles Sumner was attacked after bashing proslavery forces during a speech. How did some southerners react after hearing this news?A) They were appalled at the brutalityB) They did not careC) Many cheered after hearing about the attackD) They blamed the North

5) Why could Northerners no longer ignore the issue of slavery?

A)The Kansas Nebraska Act allowed the recapture of runaway slaves

B)Harriet Beecher Stowe gave many speeches reminding them about slavery

C)Stephan A. Douglas allowed Northerners to vote on the issue of slavery

D)Northerners were required to help capture runaway slaves

REPUBLICAN PARTY

Political party formed in 1854 by opponents of slavery

JOHN C. FREMONT

Republican presidential candidate in 1856

JAMES BUCHANAN

Democratic presidential candidate in 1856

DRED SCOTT V. SANDFORD

1856 Supreme Court case in which a slave, Dred Scott, sued for his freedom; the Court ruled against Scott

ABRAHAM LINCOLN

Illinois Republican who ran against Stephen A. Douglas in 1858

WHIG PARTY

Political party organized in 1834 to oppose the policies of Andrew Jackson

ONE AMERICAN’S STORY

1) Joseph Warren wanted antislavery parties to join forces. Antislavery politicians form new party called Republicans.

THE REPUBLICAN PARTY FORMS

1) The Whig Party split because of the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

2) The Northern Whigs joined with others to form the Republican Party

3) Republicans gained power through the “Bleeding Kansas” event because Democrats were blamed for the violence.

4) The Republicans nominated John C. Fremont to represent them

THE ELECTION OF 1856

1) The Democrats nominated James Buchanan to represent them in the presidential election

2) Buchanan spoke little about slavery and claimed his goal was to maintain the Union

3) Buchanan won the election over Fremont, but the Republican party was growing in strength and showing it was a major force.

THE CASE OF DRED SCOTT

1) Scott had been a slave in Missouri and his owner took him to live in territories where slavery was illegal.

2) Scott sued for his freedom and argued that he was a free man because he now lived in a place where slavery was illegal.

3) The Supreme Court ruled against Scott saying that he was not a U.S. citizen and that they could not ban slavery

LINCOLN AND DOUGLAS DEBATE

1) Republicans were now gaining support because people wanted to stop slavery

2) They nominated Abraham Lincoln to run against Douglas for U.S. Senate

3) The two men held formal debates across Illinois and these became a model for political debates.

4) Lincoln = did not want the expansion of slavery. Douglas = wanted people to vote on it even thought the Supreme Court ruled that they could not ban slavery.

JOHN BROWN ATTACK HARPERS FERRY1) Brown wanted to inspire slaves to fight for their

freedom. He decided to capture the weapons in the U.S. arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia2) Brown and 18 followers killed four people in the raid and sent word to rally and arm local slaves

3) No slaves joined the fight, instead he was captured and sentenced to hang. Southerners were outraged and Northerners tolled bells and fired guns in salute. The nation was reaching a breaking point.

QUESTIONS

1) What issue led to the creation of the Republican Party?

2) What consequences did the Dred Scott decision have for free blacks?

3) How did John Brown’s attack on Harpers ferry increase tensions between the North and the South?

CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA

Confederation formed in 1861 by the Southern states after their secession from the Union

JEFFERSON DAVIS

First president of the Confederate States of America

CRITTENDEN COMPROMISE

Compromise introduced in 1861 that might have prevented secession

PLATFORM

Statement of beliefs

STATES’ RIGHTS

Idea that the states have certain rights that the federal government cannot overrule

ONE AMERICAN’S STORY

1) Most people thought Seward would win the Republican’s presidential nomination

2) Lincoln began gaining popularity and won instead

POLITICAL PARTIES SPLINTER1) Democrats were unsure about what to say of

slavery in their platform2) Southern Democrats were not happy with

Northern Democrats. Southerners did not want people to vote on the issue of slavery. They wanted all the states to allow slavery.

3) The Democrats ended up choosing Douglas as their presidential candidate.

4) Southern Democrats decided to choose their own candidate in John Breckinridge

THE ELECTION OF 18601) The election of 1860 turned into two

different races, one in the North and one in the South

2) This election made it clear that the nation was tired of compromise.

3) Lincoln won the North and because it had more people he won the election.

4) Southerners did not trust Lincoln because they believed he would abolish slavery.

SOUTHERN STATES SECEDE

1) Southerners had warned that if Lincoln won, the Southern states would secede

2) South Carolina became the first state to secede3) The states that seceded formed the Confederate

States of America and named Jefferson Davis as president

4) The Confederacy was prepared to defend its separation and many knew war was inevitable

THE UNION RESPONDS TO SECESSION1) James Buchanan argues against secession and many believe secession to be unconstitutional

2) Southerners thought the North would use their majority to force the south to abolish slavery. The North thought the South was unwilling to follow the rules of democracy.

EFFORTS TO COMPROMISE FAIL1) John Crittenden developed a compromise plan

but it failed to pass2) Once Lincoln took office, he assured the South

that he had no intention of abolishing slavery there.

3) Lincoln did not want to invade the South, but he would not abandon the government’s property there. The government still owned many forts in the South like Fort Sumter.