revista de la fee - numero 11 - abril 2015

7212019 Revista de la FEE - Numero 11 - Abril 2015

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1 Vlvdstb Lspegraverdtb jl ib ALL bull Li Hunjm Dnvdsdfil bull LI HNJM DNQDUDFIL

LI HNJM DNQDUDFIL

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Jdvbijm [lrldrb Arbnem

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bstb li sdoim PP ln sus emhdlnzms sl erlegraveb qul

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trbi ln bntlnbs qul jlemjdflebfbn lstb hlhmrdb lxtrbelrlfrbi y ib trbegravebn bi emnsedlntl betubi Ls jledr qul

bntls jl ib vdjb b ib iuz jli plnsbhdlntm jl Fbnlrcll`bfegraveb dntlidolnedb y qul bntls jli nbedhdlntm mroacircndemib hlhmrdb aunedmnbfb y eubnjm dfb b slr jmhdnbjbpmr li elrlfrm lstb hbndalstbedotilden nm elrlfrbi pmjregraveb

trblr rleulrjms rlhdndselnedbs jli alnotildehlnm jl ibslxdstlnedbs pbsbjbs

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vdjb li lstujdm jl ibs pbrtegraveeuibs ims alnotildehlnms hbtl-rdbils y lstbfiledotilde qul ib hbtlrdb lrb tmjm bquliim qul

tlnegraveb trls prmpdljbjls3 lsplsurb bneùrb y biturb Zmjmbquliim qul tlnegraveb un emntlndjm qul prlslntbfb ibs trls



LI HNJM DNQDUDFIL bull Noacutehlrm3 22 bull Ljdedotilden Bfrdi 62lt

ebrbetlregravestdebs lrb hbtlrdb lsm pbsotilde b jlnmhdnbrsl aegrave-sdeb eiacircsdeb m aegravesdeb nlwtmndbnb

[mstlrdmrhlntl ln tmrnm bi bogravem 206 Udr _d-iidbhs Ermmgls emnsdoudotilde jltletbr ib hbtlrdb rbjdbntl

qul plredfdotilde bi lstujdbr li lspletrmsempdm jl ib Zdlrrbjl ib Iunb qul ib hbtlrdb prmjueegraveb jltlrhdnbjbs rb-jdbedmnls B emntdnubedotilden lnrd Flequlrli lstujdbnjmlsbs rbjdbedmnls jlseufrdotilde qul ib hbtlrdb pmslegraveb mtrbsprmpdljbjls nm nlelsbrdbhlntl tbnodfils qul nuls-

trms slntdjms pujdlrbn jltletbr Hacircs bjlibntl Vmltolnjltletotilde ims rbyms P y bfrdotilde un lspbedm pbrb un lstujdmprmaunjm jl ib hbtlrdb y b hljdjb qul ims aegravesdems nlw-

tmndbnms lstujdbfbn ib hbtlrdb liib sl jls`beegraveb jlibntljl sus hdrbjbs

Lntrl ims bogravems 2000 y 2046 unb lxtrbmrjdnbrdb aegravesd-eb pmibeb lstbnjm lstujdbnjm ple`filnjb ln ib undvlr-

sdjbj jl Ib Umrfmnb jltletotilde unb edlrtb hbndalstbedotildeniuhdnmsb unb rbjdbedotilden Hhl Eurdl plredfdotilde qul jl tbntm trbfbcbr emn ib ple`filnjb jl iilvbrib b bitegravesdhbs tlhplrbturbs pbrb qul sl aulsl jdsorlobnjm quljbfbemhm rlsuitbjm jl lsb ibfmr abtdomsb emn sus hbnmsqulhbjbs jlfdjm b ib rbjdmbetdvdjbj

B pbrtdr jl lsl hmhlntm ln li bogravem jl 24ltBiflrt Ldnstldn hbtlhacirctdem y aegravesdem emneiuyl qul liundvlrsm sl lxpbnjl qul li undvlrsm nm lstacirc pbrbjmsl emntrbl y sl lxpbnjl y prlslntb ib tlmregraveb jl ibrlibtdvdjbj jli tdlhpm y jli lspbedm Ib aegravesdeb euacircntdebvb sdlnjm emimebjb emhm ib hlcmr hbnlrb jl lntln-

jlr ib vdjb Nm smhms slrls lxeiusdvbhlntl mroacircndemsy ib vdjb nm lstacirc emnstdtudjb jli hdnlrbi jli vloltbijli bndhbi7 lstacirc emnstdtudjb jl lnlroegraveb T lstb lnlroegravebln ibs pbibfrbs jl Ldnstldn emnstdtuyl tmjm li undvlr-sm Qdvdhms ln un hunjm jl mnjbs vdfrbedmnls rbymsplnsbhdlntms l djlbs qul eubnjm sl emnjlnsbn slhbndfllstbn emhm hbtlrdb eubnjm sl jdsorlobn sl hb-ndfllstbn emhm lnlroegraveb

[mstlrdmrhlntl Alrhd y unb aumlidtl jl plnsbjm-rls y aegravesdems euacircntdems jl ib lseulib jl Empln`boulprlslntbn ib tlmregraveb jl ib emhpilhlntbrdljbj y ib aegravesd-eb euacircntdeb sl prlslntb b`mrb emhm unb jmetrdnb jl

prmfbfdidjbjls Emn ibs lxplrdlnedbs jl ibfmrbtmrdm slpujm emnstbtbr qul li acirctmhm nm ls ib hegravendhb pbrtegraveeu-ib sdnm un undvlrsm hdndbturdzbjm Ib lvmiuedotilden jl ibjdsorlobedotilden jl ib hbtlrdb emntdnuotilde `bstb iilobr bi jls-

eufrdhdlntm jli nlutrdnm unb pbrtegraveeuib tbn plqulograveb y tbn vlimz qul btrbvdlsb unb obibxdb emn ib vlimedjbj jliplnsbhdlntm y jlspuaumls sl jdsorlob Bsegrave puls ibs dnvls-

tdobedmnls rlbidzbjbs pbrb dntlntbr rlpltdr li Fdo fbnojl `bel ebtmrel hdi hdiimnls jl bogravems rlsuitbrmn unb

smrprlsb abntacircstdeb pbrb ib aegravesdeb euacircntdeb pmrqul `dedl-rmn qul e`mebrbn jms prmtmnls qul jlcbrmn un rbs-

trm jl iuz Lstl rbstrm jl iuz dnqudltotilde b ims edlntegraveflemspmrqul lrb lnlroegraveb sdn lhfbrom lrb hbtlrdb [lrm imhacircs absednbntl ls qul lsb pbrtegraveeuib qul pracircetdebhln-

tl pmjlhms emnelfdr ebsd bfstrbetb slregraveb jlnmhdnbjbemhm ib laquoflrhb jl Jdmsmiddot emhm sd Jdms emimebrb lnsu erlbedotilden su butotildeorbam T lntmnels lsb pbr tegraveeuib qulls hbtlrdb qul ls lnlroegraveb ls ib flrhb jl Jdms ln sumfrb Tm `bfegraveb ilegravejm bi lserdtmr arbneaumls qul lserdfdotilde imsdoudlntl3 laquoEubnjm Jdms nm qudlrl bpbrlelr surol subutotildeorbam qul sl iibhb li bzbrmiddot7 li bzbr ls pmr im tbntm

li butotildeorbam jl Jdms B`mrb tlnlhms un butotildeorbam jlnbturbilzb hbtlrdbi jl nbturbilzb lnlroaumltdeb

Eubnjm li lxtrbmrjdnbrdm emjdflebjmr jl ib jmetrd-nb lspegraverdtb prmfotilde edlntegraveflebhlntl qul li lspegraverdtu ls unblnlroegraveb qul pdlnsb li prdnedpdm dntlidolntl jli undvlrsmnm tuvm ib prlmeupbedotilden jl jlhmstrbr qul li lspegraverdtuslregraveb hbtlrdb m smibhlntl lnlroegraveb Ls un prdnedpdm yjlhmstrotilde qul ln li undvlrsm `by trls prdnedpdms3 Jdmshbtlrdb y lnlroegraveb T bjlhacircs pbrb qul pujdaumlrbhms ln-

tlnjlr eotildehm lsl prdnedpdm dntlidolntl erlbjm pmr Jdmsqul ims bntdoums lsmtaumlrdems jdclrmn slr li Jdms dntlrnmib e`dspb jdvdnb qul sl lneulntrb ln olrhln pbrb jlsb-

rrmiibrsl hljdbntl ibs rllnebrnbedmnls aumli nm tuvm mtrbprlmeupbedotilden sdnm jledr qul lstb lnlroegraveb ls lhdnlntl-hlntl dntlidolntl emhm ib slhdiib Eubnjm hdrbhms ibslhdiib sbflhms qul bègrave lstacirc ib pibntb li acircrfmi jli autu-rm sdntltdzbjm ln boiutdnbedmnls hmileuibrls Biibn Gbr-jle lstbfiledotilde lntmnels qul lstb lnlroegraveb lstacirc lnvulitbln unb mrobndzbedotilden slhd-hbtlrdbi li plrdlspegraverdtu huyemnmedjm jl ims bntdoums lsmtaumlrdems emhm li eulrpmbstrbi lnebrobjm jl ib hlhmrdb jl pibshbr bquliimqul ib hlntl emnstruyl pbrb ib ljdflebedotilden jli eulrpmT li tlrelr lilhlntm ib hbtlrdb qul ls ib boiutdnbedotildenjl hmiaumleuibs ln lstl eulrpm slhd-hbtlrdbi Ls jledr sd

ib hlntl ljdfleb jl amrhb pmsdtdvb emnstruyl li bhmrib arbtlrndjbj ib edlnedb li brtl ib fliilzb Li plrdlspegraverdtuebptb prmjuel ib mrobndzbedotilden y ibs hmiaumleuibs jl lnlr-oegraveb sl boiutdnbn y prmpdedbn li eulrpm jl beulrjm emn




bquliim qul `b plnsbjm li Ulr Ud pmr lclhpim emhltlun sudedjdm y jlstruyl ib amrhb hbtlrdbi ib amrhb pl-

rdlspdrdtubi ls baletbjb pmrqul ib emnstrueedotilden aul jl ibhlntl y ln ib protildexdhb rllnebrnbedotilden lstl plrdlspegraverdtubaletbjm dracirc b pibshbr un eulrpm emn jlfledlnedbs uneulrpm emn djdmtlz emn lsqudzmarlndb jlselrlfrbjmemn bermhlobidb emn hdermelabidb lte

Lntmnels tlnlhms lstl ebhpm jl lnlroegraveb plrmfrac12jl jotildenjl vdlnl lsl hunjm jl lnlroegraveb= jli hunjm jlibs djlbs jl [ibtotilden lhdnlntlhlntl lnlroaumltdem T emhmnmsmtrms nm vlhms bi acirctmhm nd emnsloudhms vlr binlutrdnm nd b ibs hderm pbrtegraveeuibs nulstrb plrelpedotildenmroacircndeb nm emnsdoul jltletbr lstl hunjm mrdodnbi jljotildenjl vlndhms Udn lhfbrom dnjdvdjums lspledbils

jmtbjms jl un slxtm slntdjm emhm bflrhbfb E`brilsVde`lt prlhdm Nmfli jl flsdmimoegraveb emnsdjlrbjm unmjl ims hacircs orbnjls sbfdms jli sdoim PP segrave lntrbn lnemntbetm Li hunjm lspdr dtubi ls dnvdsdfil b biounbs plr-smnbs nm b tmjbs pmrqul ims haumljduhs eibrdvdjlntlspuljln plredfdr unb pbrtl hegravendhb y hmvlrsl dneiusmln jlsjmfibhdlntm jl ib plrsmnbidjbj ln lsl hunjmrlbi rlbi pmrqul ls li hunjm ebusbi y trbl ibs dhprl-sdmnls bi hunjm aegravesdem

[lrm frac12eotildehm ls lsl hunjm qul nm ls dhbodnbrdm=Nm sl puljl emnelfdr sd nm ls pbrtdlnjm jl emhpb-rbedmnls flimsotildeflebs jl tlntbtdvbs edlntegraveflebs Zlnlhms

qul lxbhdnbr emn rlbidjbj emn ardbijbj pbrb qul iblhmedotilden nm nms dnjuzeb b ib dhbodnbedotilden lxbelrfbjbbi abnbtdshm b unb amrhb jl butm-emnsdjlrbedotilden qulnms iilvl b un lstbjm jl lxbitbedotilden jl ib plrsmnbidjbjAunjbhlntbjm ln ibs lxplrdlnedbs jl ib hljduhndjbjjl ibs lxplrdlnedbs jl ebsd hulrtl eubnjm rltmrnbnbquliims qul bègrave lstuvdlrmn y tbhfdaumln pmr ims alnotilde-hlnms jl ib rllnebrnbedotilden li hunjm lspdrdtubi lxdstlLstb ls ib rlbidjbj

Hacircs rledlntlhlntl un nmtbfil nlurmpsdqudbtrbedrucbnm jl ib ndvlrsdjbj jl brvbrj pufideotilde un id-frm qul smrprlnjdotilde b ibs undvlrsdjbjls bhlrdebnbs yhunjdbils li Jr Lfln Bilxbnjlr bflrhb ln aumli3 laquoli Edlimlxdstlmiddot Aumli lrb hbtlrdbidstb emnalsm nlurmedrucbnm unmjl ims hacircs dhpmrtbntls jl LL Aul bemhltdjm jl

unb lnalrhljbj dnaleedmsb qul btbeb li elrlfrm y ju-rbntl sdltl jegravebs lstuvm ln emhb Jurbntl lsl plrdmjm

qul lstuvm dntufbjm ib abhdidb huy erdstdbnb lhplzotilde bmrbr pbrb su eurbedotilden b pljdr b ims orupms jl mrbedotildenbhlrdebnms pbrb qul vmivdlrb ln segrave Ims haumljdems vlegravebnln li liletrmlnelabiotildeorbam ib iegravenlb mrdzmntbi ib iegravenlb jlib hulrtl y pmr im tbntm qul nm `bfegraveb ib hacircs hegravendhblsplrbnzb jl vdjb pmr im hlnms elrlfrbi y pmstlrdmr-hlntl mroacircndeb pbrb aumli Bi saumlptdhm jegraveb ims haumljdemsrlsmivdlrmn jlsemnletbrim jl ims bpbrbtms pbrb dhpl-jdr qul lsl lstbjm jl hulrtl prmsdoudlrb dnjlflndjb-hlntl sdn ndnounb pmsdfdidjbj rlhmtb jl rltmrnbr b ibvdjb hlntbi Ib abhdidb ils rmootilde unb nme`l hacircs qul sl`dedlrb ib jlsemnlxdotilden bi jegraveb sdoudlntl T eubi nm aul ibsmrprlsb qul bi bhbnlelr jli metbvm jegraveb li Jr Lfln sljlsplrtotilde bfsmiutbhlntl ioacuteedjm sdn eubiqudlr sleulibelrlfrbi jl ib abitb jl mxegraveolnm jurbntl tbntm tdlhpmy jdcm3 laquol rltmrnbjm jli Edlimmiddot ln su emnelptm br-qultegravepdem jl ibs erllnedbs bnelstrbils laquoLi Edlim lxdstlHdlntrbs vmsmtrms lstbfbds bntl hd eulrpm ln lstbjmebjbvaumlrdem ym hl hmvegraveb ym pmjegraveb ebhdnbr ym sbiegraveb jli`mspdtbi Qdsdtauml unb edujbj hbrbvdiimsb hacircs fliib qul tm-jbs ibs edujbjls nmrtlbhlrdebnbs y hl jd eulntb qulims acircrfmils ibs stmrls li boub biiegrave smn hacircs prledmsms qulbquliibs qul ym emnmeegrave ln ib Zdlrrb l vdstm pacirccbrmsbvls fliiegravesdhbs jl piuhbcl suplrdmr l jdbimobjm emnplrsmnbs sdn ib nlelsdjbj jli `bfib nms hdracircfbhms y

jdbimoacircfbhms hlntbihlntl Rudlrm jledr qul ib jdvd-ndjbj hl `b lilodjm pbrb jlhmstrbr qul `by vdjb jls-puaumls jl ib hulrtlmiddot T ln un ilnoubcl huy bhlrdebnmnbrrb im qul aul lsb lxplrdlnedb y jdcm3 laquoNbjdl pmjracircjledr qul lstms alnotildehlnms smn biuednbtmrdms rlsuitbjmjl ibs hljdednbs jl ibs sustbnedbs quegravehdebs ln hd elrl-frm pmrqul hd elrlfrm taumlendebhlntl lstbfb hulrtmTm smy unm jl ims hacircs orbnjls emnmeljmrls jli el-rlfrm ln ims LL nbjdl tdlnl eotildehm brouhlntbr qulls un alnotildehlnm jl nbturbilzb psdemiotildeodeb nm ls unalnotildehlnm rlbimiddot T lsm prmjucm un rsquos`meglsquo pmrqul lrbli prdhlr edlntegraveflem jl brvbrj ln erllr y jdvuiobr qul

`by un hunjm hacircs biiacirc jli hunjm aegravesdem tlrrlstrl[lrm pbrb nmsmtrms lsm nm emnstdtuyl unb smrprl-

sb pmrqul jlsjl `bel tdlhpm orbedbs b ib rlvlibedotilden



4LI HNJM DNQDUDFIL bull Noacutehlrm3 22 bull Ljdedotilden Bfrdi 62lt

erdstdbnb eubnjm Clsoacutes rltmrnb emnvdvl y sl hbre`b lnjdrleedotilden b ib ebsb jli [bjrl edtbjb ln li Lvbnolidm

slooacuten Cubn ebp PDQ vlrs 2-6 laquoErlaumlds ln Jdms erllj tbhfdaumln ln hegrave Ln ib ebsb jl hd [bjrl hue`bs hmrb-jbs `bymiddot Lntmnels tlnlhms jl beulrjm emn ibs vd-frbedmnls edreuibrls qul lnvulivln b ebjb pibnltb y bindvlrsm jdalrlntls hmrbjbs qul lstacircn sdtubjbs aulrbjl nulstrb jdhlnsdotilden dnvdsdfils b ib hdrbjb aegravesdeb y qulhue`ms jl nmsmtrms ln ims hmhlntms mnegraverdems pmjl-hms vdsdtbr ln trbnspmrtls lxtrbmrjdnbrdms

Zlnlhms ln ib idtlrbturb hljdoacutehndeb ibs hacircs lxtrbmrjdnbrdbs nbrrbedmnls bi rlspletm jli hunjm lspd-rdtubi Eubnjm un haumljdem frbsdilogravem jlslnebrnb y vb bunb rlodotilden jl prmaunjms suardhdlntms jmnjl sl quljb

suardlnjm jurbntl me`m bogravems emhm emnsleulnedb jlsus betms [mrqul im hacircs dhpmrtbntl jli hunjm dnvd-sdfil jli hunjm lspdrdtubi jl ib lrrbtdedjbj emhm jdelBiibn Gbrjle ls qul `by unb lrrbtdedjbj dnalrdmr y `byunb lrrbtdedjbj suplrdmr un hunjm sufidhl y un hunjmprdhdtdvm jmimrmsm [mrqul ib aunedotilden jl ib lxdstlnedb tlrrlnbi ls hlcmrbrnms hmrbihlntl jlsbrrmiibnjm imsslntdhdlntms nmfils li jdms dntlrnm pbrb rltmrnbr un jegravebjlflndtdvbhlntl b lsl hunjm ln unb sdtubedotilden jl jdmslsunb sdtubedotilden jl pilndtuj [mrqul li hdshm undvlrsm lsrlibtdvm yb bflrhbfb Biflrt Ldnstldn qul lstbhms ln unundvlrsm rlibtdvm qul un jegraveb sl jlsdntlorbracirc pmr abitb

jl ib lnlroegraveb hbntlnljmrb Li hunjm lspdrdtubi lxdstlbntls qul li undvlrsm y emntdnubracirc jlspuaumls jl su jlsdn- tlorbedotilden Ims jltbiils sl lsebpbn b nulstrb hlntl pmr-qul smn pbr tl jli dnflndtm Lntmnels lsl haumljdem qul sljlnmhdnbfb Bnjrauml Iudz y euyb `dstmrdb un orbn noacutehlrmjl vmsmtrms emnmeaumlds pmr ib pliegraveeuib pmr li idfrm Nulstrmmobr nbrrb emn rdqulzb jl jltbiils rlbils im qul ls lslhunjm pmrqul lstuvm ln lsb emimndb

T Bnjrauml Iudz pmr nm `bflr euhpidjm emn sus jl-flrls y hdsdotilden jl haumljdem pmr `bflrsl prlmeupbjmhue`m hacircs pmr ims vbimrls tlrrlnms pmr ims pibelrlseubnjm pmjregraveb `bflr jlvulitm pbrtl b ims dnalidels b

ims suardlntls y nm im `dzm aul pmr im tbntm `bedb iblrrbtdedjbj dnalrdmr qul aumli hdshm jlnmhdnb rsquouhfrbilsquoLi uhfrbi ib lntrbjb ib pulrtb ib pbrtl qul prleljl beubiqudlr iuobr lstl uhfrbi pbsotilde b slr pbrb ims lspdrd-

tdstbs emhm bquli dnfllrnm jl Jbntl m bquli purobtmrdmjl ib vdsdotilden jl Ib Jdvdnb Emhljdb Lntmnels bègrave suaregraveb sl

slntegraveb hulrtm y sl slntegraveb vdvm pmrqul lxplrdhlntbfb tmjms ims alnotildehlnms mroacircndems ib hulrtl nm ebhfdb bnbjdl T Bnjrauml Iudz jlspuaumls jl me`m bogravems ls rlsebtbjmjl lsb rlodotilden jmimrmsb

[lrhdtdjhl unb nbrrbedotilden plrsmnbi3 Eubnjm ymemntdnuauml emn lsbs lxplrdlnedbs jl jlsjmfibhdlntm unjegraveb Cubnb hl prmpusm `belr unb vdsdtb bi hfrbi Hljdcm qul nm lrb unb vdsdtb smedbi sdnm jl smemrrm ym tl-negraveb qul byujbr b Lspegraverdtus ln suardhdlntm T hl jdcm3 laquoZoacuteemnmelracircs ln lstl hmhlntm b ib Vldnb Ubntb DsbflimiddotTm tuvl ib sbtdsabeedotilden jl emnmelrib ln lsb mpmrtund-jbj elrebjb jl iuels emn rmsbs iuhdnmsbs ln ib hbnm

Audhms b unb rlodotilden pmr liib emhbnjbjms jmnjl slpmjegraveb jledr qul lrb li hfrbi lrb un e`brem elreb jlun pbntbnm jl unb rlodotilden huy mseurb lntrl hmntbogravebsunb ebjlnb hmntbogravemsb Ln bquliib rlodotilden ib psdemsal-rb lrb trlhlnjbhlntl mseurb jmnjl ib eibrdjbj jl ibiunb nm plnltrbfb nd ib eibrdjbj jl ibs lstrliibs T imsslrls qul emnstdtuegravebn ib ebrbvbnb ebsd edln un noacutehlrmlnmrhl biounms jl liims emn bntmre`bs emn iuels qulfrdiibfbn ln ib mseurdjbj Li ebhdnm lrb tbn plidormsmqul jlfegravebhms sloudr ibs ùliibs jlcbjbs pmr liib uliibsiuhdnmsbs pmrqul lrb emhm sd aulrb un bfdshm y emneubiqudlr jlsbtlnedotilden pmjregravebhms eblr bi prledpdedm

Bhpbrbjm pmr li Lspegraverdtu Cubnb jl Bnolids nms bjln- trbhms ln lsl pacircrbhm y lseueàcircfbhms li bibrdjm ibslxeibhbedmnls ims ordtms li jlslsplrm ibs bomnegravebs lisuardhdlntm ib rlvulitb bquliims qul prmtlstbfbn qulfibsalhbfbn y plrdotildejdebhlntl biounms jl ims qul dfbnbtracircs tdrbfbn rljls rljls hbonaumltdebs iuhdnmsbs y liibsdiuhdnbfbn li pbntbnm jmnjl sl vlegraveb hue`bs ebflzbsjl Lspegraverdtus qul sl b`mobfbn y qul vmivegravebn rsquosudedjbslsquoT lntmnels liims sl bobrrbfbn b lsbs rljls y lrbn rl-

tdrbjms pmr lsms trbfbcbjmrls jl ib ebrdjbj [lrm jleubnjm ln eubnjm unb pbrtl jl ib rlj sl rmhpegraveb ybquli qul sl bobrrbfb vmivegraveb bi pbntbnm y Cubnb hl jdcm3

laquoNm smn sdnelrms Eubnjm rulobn b Jdms emn bhmr ylstacircn emn li bihb idfrl jl slntdhdlntms nlobtdvms ibrlj sl `bel aulrtl plrm eubnjm smn `dpotildeerdtbs y sm-ibhlntl tdlnln hdljm ib rlj sl rmhpl y plrhbnleln




bègrave `bstb qul ebhfdlnmiddot Lntmnels ims rlsebtbjms lrbnemnjuedjms b ib pbrtl jl aulrb pbrb slr trbsibjbjms b

ibs emimndbs purobtmrdbils jl Nulstrm mobr T lntmn-els vd b un bhdom qul tuvl ln ib Zdlrrb y pdlnsm qullsl aul li hmtdvm pmr li eubi Cubnb hl iilvotilde b lsl iuobrEubnjm ib rlj im btrbcm il vd li rmstrm trbnsflourbjmemhm sd tuvdlrb unb jlrhbtmsds jlamrhbntl `lrdjbslntmnels hl rlemnmedotilde y ordtotilde3 laquoiexclJdvbijm iexclUmemrrmiexclUacircivbhlmiddot Cubnb hl hdrotilde y hl belrquauml y emhlneauml b`bfibril jdedaumlnjmil3 laquoTb lstacircs sbivbjm [lrm nm pdlnslsln hegrave qul nm smy nbjb pdlnsb ln Jdms pdlnsb ln tuhbjrl rleulrjb ib ebrdjbj qul `dedstlmiddot B im qul aumlihl dntlrruhpl3 laquoiexclNm Nm del ebrdjbj biounbmiddot T slouegrave3laquo[dlnsb lntmnels ln ib pmsdfdidjbj jl `belrib mpmr-

tunbhlntl tlnlhms li pmrvlndrmiddot Lntmnels Cubnb hljdcm3 laquoVltmrnb emn aumlimiddot y aud emn aumli `bstb unb zmnb jleaumlsplj

Lstb lxplrdlnedb hbreotilde jlflndtdvbhlntl hd betubilxdstlnedb [mrqul nm ls nlelsbrdm pbrlelr fulnmolntdi ls nlelsbrdm slr olntdi Rul eubnjm bioudln slbelrqul b nmsmtrms nm smibhlntl djlntdflqul nulstrbolnlrmsdjbj nulstrb sdhpbtegraveb sdnm unb edlrtb drrbjdb-edotilden jl pbz jl lsb pbz qul vdlnl jl ib emnedlnedb

trbnqudib jli jlsbplom jl ib suplrbedotilden jl ibs hbibsdneidnbedmnls jl ims vdedms qul boacuten nm `l emnsloudjmidfrbrhl Udn lhfbrom emn ib flnjdedotilden jl ib jmetrdnb

lstmy lsamrzacircnjmhl ebjb jegraveb ebjb hmhlntm Rul unbplrsmnb `bfib hbi jl td quauml hbrbvdiib emhm jleegraveb UbnArbnedsem ln mebsdotilden jl qul unb plrsmnb il jdm unbpbidzb y eubnjm il prlountbrmn sd lstbfb rlslntdjm jdcm3laquoiexclNm Jl lsb hbnlrb bprlnjm b slr ùhdijl y b sbflrqul nbjb vbiom pmrqul smibhlntl hl sueljl bquliimqul ls hlcmr pbrb hd lvmiuedotildenmiddot Ruauml flimsmaegraveb hacircslxtrbmrjdnbrdb ib vdetmrdb smfrl segrave hdshm smfrl ibs pb-sdmnls pbrb nulstrb pbz qul nbjdl nms puljl frdnjbrIb pbz ls unb bjqudsdedotilden plrsmnbi egraventdhb pmr lsm sl`bel nlelsbrdb ib rlstlxdotilden li àcircfdtm nlelsbrdm jl ibemnelntrbedotilden jli bnacircidsds jli lxbhln jl emnedlnedb

emhm rlemhdlnjb Ubn Boustegraven ln rlspulstb b ib prl-ountb nsup3 424 jl Li Idfrm jl ims Lspegraverdtus3 laquobelj emhmym eubnjm lstbfb ln ib Zdlrrb Bi bemstbrhl `beegraveb lxb-hln jl emnedlnedb y eubnjm hl jbfb eulntb jl qul

`bfegraveb betubjm jl unb amrhb emrrletb emntdnubfb yeubnjm hl jbfb eulntb jl qul `bfegraveb betubjm jl hb-

nlrb lqudvmebjb pljegraveb plrjotilden hl belrebfb prmeurb-fb rl`bfdidtbrhlmiddot Nm ls im qul `belhms nmsmtrms sd tlnlhms un lnlhdom hlcmr nms `lhms idfrbjm jl aumliNm ls bsegrave smhms pbrtl jl ib abhdidb undvlrsbi

Eubnjm li Lspdrdtdshm nms `bfib jl tmilrbnedb hljmy eulntb quauml pmem sl `bfib jl lsb trdimoegraveb3 trbfbcmsmidjbrdjbj tmilrbnedb Zrbfbcm pmrqul ib `mrb vbeegraveb lsib mrb jl ib jlprlsdotilden ls ib mrb jl ims plnsbhdlntmsaregravevmims ib `mrb ln qul nm lstbhms prlmeupbjms emnli trbfbcm pmr li fdln ls ib `mrb jl ims rlslntdhdln-

tms jl ibs rlstlxdmnls nlobtdvbs pmr im tbntm3 trbfbcmT jl dnhljdbtm ib smidjbrdjbj plnsbr ln slr smidjbrdm b

nulstrms `lrhbnms ib ebrdjbj rlemhlnjbjb pmr BiibnGbrjle qul ls ib amrhb jl sbivbedotilden jl pbz T pmr ln-edhb jl tmjm ib tmilrbnedb jbr li jlrle`m bi mtrm jlslr dnalrdmr dnalidz jl lstbr ln li ndvli jl emnedlnedb jlisulogravem jl boacuten nm `bflr jlsplrtbjm Aumli tdlnl tmjm lijlrle`m ls un Lspegraverdtu nulvm boacuten nm `b pbsbjm pmrib lsebilrb jl ib rllnebrnbedotilden ls un Lspegraverdtu prdhdtd-vm lstacirc iilobnjm b`mrb pbrb aumli im dhpmrtbntl smn imsdnstdntms facircsdems [brb nmsmtrms ls ib rbzotilden yb smhmsslrls qul plnsbhms jl unb hbnlrb suplrdmr qul nmsemhundebhms sdn ib nlelsdjbj jl tbntbs pbibfrbs lsbemhundebedotilden vdrtubi hbrbvdiimsb qul slracirc ln un tdlh-

pm huy elrebnm ib emhundebedotilden psegravequdeb ib trbnshd-sdotilden jli plnsbhdlntm ln qul yb nm nlelsdtbhms jdsarb-zbr nulstrbs bnarbetumsdjbjls nulstrbs hdslrdbs pmr-qul slrlhms lsplcms vdvms qul trbnshdtln li hbtlrdbijli eubi lstbhms `le`ms

Bnjrauml Iudz aul b Nulstrm mobr ls unb emhund-jbj huy slhlcbntl b ibs emhundjbjls tlrrlnbs Hu-e`ms bhdoms hl jdeln3 laquoJdvbijm frac12Lstm nm tl pbrlel unpmem jl lnsmogravebedotilden jl abntbsegraveb= sbquo Uegrave pbrlel plrmlxpiegraveebhl eotildehm tl pbrlel b td li hunjm lspdrdtubi

sbquoNm nm im sauml sbquoLntmnels lstb ls unb amrhb pbrbqul slpbsmiddot Ls qul tlnlhms ib nlelsdjbj jl `bfibr jl

emsbs jlsemnmedjbs pmr hljdm jl pbibfrbs emnmedjbsEubnjm pmr lclhpim `bfibhms jl unb ebsb nm ls unbebsb jl pdljrb jl elhlntm ls unb emnstrueedotilden hln-

tbi jl nbturbilzb eotildeshdeb jl studjm eotildeshdem emhm ib




dnjuhlntbrdb jl ims Lspegraverdtus Bquliims qul `bn lstu-jdbjm Li Idfrm jl ims Haumljduhs sbfln jli ibfmrbtmrdm

jli hunjm dnvdsdfil eubnjm pibshbhms emn ib hlntlbquliim qul jlslbhms tbi emhm sueljl ln ib Zdlrrbprdhlrm plnsbhms libfmrbhms jlspuaumls trbsibjbhmsbi pbpli m bi mrjlnbjmr jlspuaumls betubhms hbtlrdbidzb-hms emrrlodhms hlcmrbhms m lhplmrbhms

Li hunjm lspdrdtubi tdlnl lsms uhfrbils plrm tbhfdaumln tdlnl lstl Hdndstlrdm jl ib Flnjdedotilden JdvdnbIms acircrfmils ibs ebsbs ibs stmrls ims pacirccbrms smn jl unbfliilzb dnemhpbrbfil y `by hoacutesdeb ln li bdrl ibs `m-

cbs jl ims acircrfmils bi hmvlrsl emn ib frdsb prmjuelnhlimjegravebs dnemhpbrbfils qul nulstrms megravejms nm ls-

tacircn bemstuhfrbjms b lseue`br Nm ls Nulstrm mobr

smibhlntl un iuobr jl tracircnsdtm ls tbhfdaumln un iuobrjl plraleedmnbhdlntm Lstacirc li Lspegraverdtu jl Qlnlrbnjbqul lstacirc lnebrobjb jl btlnjlr b ims suardlntls y qulrlobiotilde jmsedlntms bogravems jl trbfbcm jl ebrdjbj pbrbpmjlr byujbr b ib abhdidb ln ib Zdlrrb [mrqul li fdlnqul `belhms nms prmpdedb unb rlemhplnsb qul Bn-jrauml Iudz jlnmhdnb rsquofmnus-`mrblsquo ebjb mrb jl trbfbcmls rlodstrbjb ln ims jlpotildesdtms jl hlhmrdb lspdrdtubi yemnstdtuyl vbimrls y hlrledhdlntms pbrb prmorlsbr Ibvdjb ln li hunjm dnvdsdfil ls hacircs betdvb qul ib vdjb lnib Zdlrrb [rlpbraumlhmnms pmrqul sd nmsmtrms `belhmsplqulogravems lclrededms jl hljdtbedotilden sd fusebhms plnl-

trbr un pmem ln ib trbselnjlnedb jdvdnb sd rlslrvbhmsun pmem jl tdlhpm pbrb hljdtbr pbrb bfibr emn nulstrb emnedlnedb drlhms pmem b pmem plnltrbnjm ln lslhunjm abntacircstdem jlnmhdnbjm hunjm dnvdsdfil

[brb emneiudr edlrtb vlz ln qul lstbfb jlsprlnjd-jm lspdrdtubihlntl ebhdnbnjm pmr unb ebrrltlrb fmr-jlbjb jl stmrls vd jl prmntm un acircrfmi dnhlnsm orbn-jdmsm pbrleegraveb qul sus `mcbs ebntbfbn hoacutesdeb nbvdjlogravebnm lrb Nbvdjbj Lntmnels sbidotilde jl jltracircs jl lsl acircrfmiun Lspegraverdtu y hl jdcm3 laquoJdvbijm lseue`b ib ebnedotilden nbvd-jlogravebmiddot7 y lrb ib ebnedotilden jl Nme`l jl [bz plrm jl unbfliilzb emhm sd hdi acircnolils lstuvdlrbn ebntbnjm Hl

lhfrdbouauml jl lsl smndjm qul hl plnltrbfb li bihb yli Lspegraverdtu hl jdcm3 laquoLs un `mhlnbcl qul jlslm `belrb Clsoacutes T hl oustbregraveb prmpmnlrtl trbfbcbr emntdom lnib hljduhndjbjmiddot Lrb unb slogravemrb fliiegravesdhb qul usb-

fb obabs pmrqul ims Lspegraverdtus pbrb `belrsl rlemnmelrhbntdlnln edlrtbs ebrbetlregravestdebs Vlemrjbj ib ebcb jl

rbpauml qul nmhfrb Biibn Gbrjle ln unb jl ibs emhu-ndebedmnls Lntmnels lsb slogravemrb fliib tmjb iuhdnmsbhl jdcm3 laquoHl oustbregraveb lserdfdr ib vdjb jl Clsoacutes ln psdem-orbaegravebs emntdom pmrqul `l emnsuitbjm ims bre`dvms jlihunjm lspdrdtubi y tlnom huy fulnbs nmtdedbs frac12Zoacute hlplrhdtdregravebs tmhbr biom jl tu tdlhpm pbrb lserdfdr=middot7 ymil prlountauml3 laquofrac12T vulstrm nmhfrl slogravemrb=middot Hl pbrleegravebun slr bnolidebi y liib hl jdcm3 laquoBhlidb Vmjregraveouls `ljlslnebrnbjm ln 246 eubnjm toacute lstbfbs iilobnjm bib Zdlrrb y `l lsplrbjm slslntb bogravems pbrb prlpbrbrhlpbrb hbnjbr b ib Zdlrrb lsbs nmtdedbs frac12Hl frdnjbregravebs unpmem jl tu tdlhpm=middot7 y ym il jdcl3 laquoEmn hue`m oustmjl hd pbrtl plrm hd tdlhpm ls prmorbhbjm pmr Cubnbjl Acircnolids y ls jl emnsdjlrbr sbquoUegrave pmrqul liib hl prm-pusm lstl lneulntrm plrsmnbimiddot Tm nm sbfegraveb lxpidebr ibbiloregraveb nm ls ib biloregraveb emnvlnedmnbi lrb un lstbjm jlpilndtuj T b pbrtdr jl lntmnels li Lspegraverdtu jl BhlidbVmjregraveouls `b lserdtm jdlz idfrms emhlnzbnjm emn liidfrm [rdhdedbs jli Vldnm qul nbrrb ib `dstmrdb jl Dsrblipbrb jlspuaumls `bfibr jl ib `dstmrdb jl Clsoacutes

Li hunjm dnvdsdfil nms lsplrb vdvbhms jl tbi amr-hb ln lstl hunjm vdsdfil qul bi iilobr li hmhlntmjl ib jlslnebrnbedotilden pmjbhms elrrbr ims mcms y jledremhm li bpotildestmi [bfim3 laquol jbjm eulntb jl hd bj-

hdndstrbedotildenmiddot T sd pmr ebsubidjbj nulstrb vdjb nm lstaumlslogravebibjb pmr orbnjls emnqudstbs sdlhprl pmjlhms`belr biom

(Vlsuhln jl ib emnalrlnedb prmalrdjb pmr Jdvbijm Arbnemeuym tlxtm emhpiltm sl lneulntrb jdspmndfil ln ib wlf jlib all)



26 Vlvdstb Lspegraverdtb jl ib ALL bull Li Hunjm Dnvdsdfil bull VLOVLUM B IB QDJB LU[DVDZBI

Ib vdjb ls ib hbymr jacircjdvb qul nms `b sdjm lntrl-objb pmr nulstrm Erlbjmr [mjlhms emntlhpibrib fbcmjms prdshbs Jlsjl li puntm jl vdstb hbtlrdbi ib vdjb ls

un ebhdnm qul emnjuel dnlxmrbfilhlntl b ib hulrtlFdmiotildeodebhlntl tlnlhms ebjuedjbj Jlsjl li puntm jlvdstb lspdrdtubi ib vdjb ls un ebhdnm qul emnjuel bedb ibplraleedotilden Lspdrdtubihlntl smhms dnhmrtbils

Li slr uhbnm plrtlnlel yb ln lstb vdjb b jms hun-jms [mr su eulrpm aegravesdem lstacirc undjm bi hunjm vdsdfil7 pmrli stuegravejdem lstacirc lnibzbjm bi dnvdsdfil Li sulogravem ls ib slpb-rbedotilden hmhlntacircnlb jl lstbs jms lnvmiturbs7 ib hulrtlls ib jlflndtdvb Ln ims jms ebsms li bihb sl slpbrb jlieulrpm aegravesdem y emn liib ib vdjb sl emnelntrb ln li stuegravejdemli iibhbjm plrdlspegraverdtu Vlbihlntl rlstlxdmnbnjm smfrllstm jurbntl tmjb nulstrb vdjb hbtlrdbi nuneb plrjlhms

li emntbetm emn li pibnm lspdrdtubi qul ls nulstrm vlr-jbjlrm àcircfdtbt Zmjm ls vdjb puls ln jdstdntb vdfrbedotildenUmhms un lspegraverdtu ltlrnm `bfdtbnjm tlhpmrbihlntl un

eulrpm tlrrlnm Ib hulrtl aegravesdeb nm ls li fln jl ib vdjb Lsun sdhpil ebhfdm jl ebpegravetuim ln li idfrm jl ib lvmiuedotildeny jli plraleedmnbhdlntm7 unb pulrtb jl rlorlsm b nulstrbvlrjbjlrb vdjb3 ib lspdrdtubi

[mjlhms rlsuhdr li prmelsm jl jlslnebrnbedotildenemhm ib slpbrbedotilden flnbi jli eulrpm lspdrdtubi y li eulrpmaegravesdem Nm sl prmjuel jl doubi amrhb ln tmjms ims ebsmsLn biounms li jlsprlnjdhdlntm ls fbstbntl racircpdjm y pm-jlhms jledr qul li hmhlntm jl ib hulrtl ls tbhfdaumlnli jl ib idflrbedotilden qul sl jb ln unbs pmebs `mrbs Lnmtrms pmr li emntrbrdm smfrl tmjm ln bquliims euyb vdjb`b lstbjm huy undjb b im hbtlrdbi li jlsprlnjdhdlntm lshue`m hacircs ilntm y b vlels jurb slhbnbs y `bstb hlslsUl trbtb jl ib sdntmnegraveb m bflndjbj lntrl li eulrpm y lilspegraverdtu Bnjrauml Iudz nms dnamrhb jltbiibjbhlntl jl tmjm

lstl prmelsm ln li idfrm Mfrlrms jl ib vdjb ltlrnb Ulooacutennms jlserdfl jlsjl li pibnm lspdrdtubi ims hlntmrls trbs`dodlndzbr bjleubjbhlntl li bhfdlntl y idflrbr bi hmrd-

funjm jl ibs aulrzbs jl rltlnedotilden bhmrmsb qul sulilnlhdtdr dnemnsedlntlhlntl ims abhdidbrls emhdlnzbn ibsmplrbedmnls hbonaumltdebs nlelsbrdbs [rdhlrbhlntl dn-slnsdfdidzbn pmr emhpiltm li nlrvdm vbom pbrb abedidtbr lijlsidobhdlntm jl ibs vegraveselrbs Emntdnoacutebn bdsibnjm tmjm lisdstlhb nlrvdmsm sdhpacirctdem b trbvaumls jl pbsls imnodtujd-nbils nlutrbidzbnjm hacircs tbrjl ibs flfrbs dn`dfdjmrbs jlielrlfrm [mstlrdmrhlntl emhdlnzb li trbfbcm smfrl ibs

trls rlodmnls mroacircndebs aunjbhlntbils qul sl dracircn jlsid-obnjm pbuibtdnbhlntl3

2sup3 Li elntrm vloltbtdvm b trbvaumls jl pbsls trbns-vlrsbils ln li bfjmhln qul idflrbn studjm vdtbi jli pilxm

smibr y jbn iuobr bi lstdrbhdlntm y lnardbhdlntm jl imshdlhfrms dnalrdmrls

6sup3 Li elntrm lhmedmnbi rlbidzbnjm pbsls rmtbtd-vms emnelntrbjms ln li totilderbx y mplrbnjm smfrl li emrb-zotilden qul pbsb b aunedmnbr emhm unb fmhfb hleacircndeb sdnrlouibedotilden Ul jlsprlnjl lntmnels unb nulvb pmredotilden jlsufstbnedb letmpiacircshdeb jli lpdobstrdm b ib obrobntb Zm-jms ims hoacuteseuims trbfbcbn aulrtlhlntl emntrb ib pbrtdjbjli bihb mpmndaumlnjmsl b ib idflrbedotilden ln un lsaulrzm jls-lsplrbjm mebsdmnbnjm bnoustdbs y bstdeedotilden bi pbedlntlUl prmjuel lntmnels ib paumlrjdjb jli puism y li pbedlntllntrb ln emhb

5sup3 Li elntrm hlntbi emhm oacuteitdhb ltbpb jli prm-elsm emnelntrbnjm li trbfbcm hbonaumltdem ln ib amsb rmh-fmdjbi (pbrlj bntlrdmr y li sulim jli eubrtm vlntregraveeuimelrlfrbi) Li pbedlntl sdlntl unb emnhmedotilden dnjlserdp-

tdfil qul sl bslhlcb b un e`mqul liaumletrdem jl orbnjlsprmpmredmnls nb iibhb frdiibntl jl un emimr lntrl vdm-iltb y jmrbjm sl jlsprlnjl lntmnels jl ib rlodotilden erb-nlbi bfsmrfdlnjm studjms vdtbils rlborupbnjm y emnamr-hbnjm li eulrpm lspdrdtubi hdlhfrm b hdlhfrm trbzmb trbzm rlbjbptbnjm bsegrave tmjm im nlelsbrdm pbrb li nulvmebhpm jl beedotilden Li hdshm butmr sl rlfllrl b lstl puntmln li idfrm Lvmiuedotilden ln jms hunjms emhm3 laquo`dstmoaumlnlsds

lspdrdtubimiddot Ls lntmnels eubnjm ib emnedlnedb suplrdmrpbsb rlvdstb b tmjb ib vdjb pbsbjb ln unb lspledl jlvdstb pbnmracirchdeb emn unb rbpdjlz vlrtdodnmsb Zmjbs ibsdjlbs lhdtdjbs bsegrave emhm ims betms qul sl `bn rlbidzbjm

Ib hulrtl aegravesdeb nm ls li fln jl ib vdjbLs un sdhpil ebhfdm jl ebpegravetuim

ln li idfrm jl ib lvmiuedotilden y jliplraleedmnbhdlntm7 unb pulrtb jlrlorlsm b nulstrb vlrjbjlrb vdjb3

ib lspdrdtubi

Lstujdmsm jli lspdrdtdshm y amrhbjm ln jdvlrsbs acircrlbs Lsprlsdjlntl jli Elntrm Lspegraverdtb rsquoBifmrbjb Nulvblsquo ln Zmrrlcotilden jliBrjmz (Hbjrdj)

Biarljm Bimnsmjl ib Aulntl

VLOVLUM B IBQDJB LU[DVDZBI



25VLOVLUM B IB QDJB LU[DVDZBI bull Noacutehlrm3 22 bull Ljdedotilden Bfrdi 62lt

jlsflibn emn unb prledsdotilden bfsmiutb [brb ims lnebrnbjmsli pbedlntl `b hulrtm pmr emhpiltm

Zbn smim rlstb unb oacuteitdhb emnlxdotilden un ilvl emrjotildenpibtlbjm slhlcbntl b un sutdi ebfil lntrl li elrlfrm jlieulrpm aegravesdem y li elrlfrm jli plrdlspegraverdtu [mjregravebhmsjlserdfdrim emhm un `dim jl aulrzbs liletrmfdmhbonaumltd-ebs unb brtlrdb stuegravejdeb qul sustlntb li stucm y rlstucm jlims prdnedpdms vdtbils ln rlbjbptbedotilden slhlcbntl bi emr-jotilden uhfdidebi jl un rledaumln nbedjm nb vlz rltdrbjb lstboacuteitdhb vegraveb jl dntlrebhfdm li ebjacircvlr hulstrb slogravebils ebsdjl dnhljdbtm jl bvbnzbjb jlsemhpmsdedotilden emhlnzbnjmib hmvdidzbedotilden jl ib abunb hdermseotildepdeb b trbvaumls jl emr-poacuteseuims jl ibs hacircs vbrdbjbs lspledls ib iibhbjb3 `dstotildeidsdsmroacircndeb [mr mtrb pbrtl li lspegraverdtu jlspdlrtb b ib vdjblspdrdtubi y su sdtubedotilden slracirc ib emnsleulnedb jdrletb jl

sus tlnjlnedbs fdln slbn ibs dnalrdmrls `bedb ib hbtlrdbemhm ibs suplrdmrls `bedb ims fdlnls jl ib dntlidolnedby jli slntdhdlntm Ib emhprlnsdotilden smfrl su lstbjm nmls dnhljdbtb nd ib trbnsdedotilden dnstbntacircnlb Ud li mcm ùhb-nm nm puljl pbsbr frusebhlntl jl ib mseurdjbj b unbdntlnsb iuz doubi il sueljl bi bihb Ib hulrtl nms `bellntrbr ln un lstbjm trbnsdtmrdm3 li lstbjm jl turfbedotildenqul sl prmimnob hacircs m hlnms slooacuten ibs edreunstbnedbs yli lstbjm jl ebjb lspegraverdtu

Jl rlorlsm b ib vdjb lspdrdtubi pbrb ib hbymregraveb tmjmls mfcltm jl bjhdrbedotilden yb qul tmjbs ibs emsbs jdfllrlnlslnedbihlntl jli hljdm tlrrlstrl Ib plrelpedotilden sl rlb-

idzb jl hbnlrb oimfbi Li lspegraverdtu vl myl y sdlntl emn lieulrpm lspdrdtubi lntlrm dnjlplnjdlntlhlntl jl ib pm-sdedotilden m jdrleedotilden Lneulntrb ib hdshb hbtlrdb emnmedjbjl ib Zdlrrb plrm qul sl prlslntb emn unb nulvb lsebibvdfrbtmrdb bi lxdstdr lilhlntms btotildehdems hacircs emhpideb-jms y sutdils pmr jlfbcm jli `djrotildeolnm y pmr lnedhb jliurbndm jli sdstlhb plrdotildejdem jl ims lilhlntms quegravehd-ems pmr nmsmtrms emnmedjm Ibs ilyls jl ib orbvljbj smnhlnms regraveodjbs bunqul sdouln baletacircnjmil Li rdomr jl ibslstbedmnls ls suprdhdjm pmr ims abetmrls bhfdlntbils qulbslourbn ib brhmnegraveb jl ib nbturbilzb lstbfiledlnjm uneidhb ebsd emnstbntl y undamrhl

Ims lspegraverdtus smn ebpbels jl vlr ln li prlslntl emsbsqul bpbrleln pbrb nmsmtrms emhm sdtubjbs ln li pbsbjmm ln li auturm Li Lspegraverdtu rledfl ims plnsbhdlntms y lhm-edmnls qul lhdtln `bedb aumli sus slrls qulrdjms Li tdlhpm

nm sl eulntb pmr ims rlimcls tlrrlstrls y li alnotildehlnmjli jegraveb y ib nme`l ls huy jdalrlntl emhprmfacircnjmsl lniuobr jl ibs tdndlfibs nmeturnbs unb ilvl jdshdnuedotilden jl

ib dntlnsdjbj jl ib iuz smibr qul sl vulivl jdausb emhm lnims erlpoacuteseuims rlpiltms jl emimrls y hbtdels bjhdrbfilsemhm sd ib iuz pujdlsl plnltrbr ln tmjbs ibs emsbs

Udn slr idhdtbjm pmr li lspbedm li lspegraverdtu puljlmrdlntbrsl lnemntrbr b unb plrsmnb y sloudrib7 jlspib-zbrsl `bedb eubiqudlr puntm emn ib vlimedjbj jli plnsb-hdlntm pmr aulrzb jl su vmiuntbj Il fbstb jdfucbr ln suhlntl li iuobr djlbidzacircnjmim y sdoudlnjm sus rleulrjmsib vmiuntbj il ouegraveb ln unb arbeedotilden dnflndtlsdhbi jl tdlh-pm pujdlnjm vdsdtbr dneiusm mtrms pibnltbs Ims lspegraverdtusbtrbvdlsbn ib hbtlrdb im plnltrbn tmjm3 li bdrl ib tdlrrb liboub y `bstb li hdshm aulom il smn doubihlntl beelsdfils

Zbhfdaumln puljl lilvbrsl pmr li bdrl utdidzbnjm su aulrzbjl vmiuntbj Ul emhundebn b trbvaumls jli plnsbhdlntm Liplnsbhdlntm ls im qul ibs hbnms smn ln li pibnm hb-

tlrdbi pmsdfdidtacircnjmil ib erlbedotilden jl amrhbs jmtbjbs jlhmvdhdlntm smndjm y emimr ln li studjm eotildeshdem undvlr-sbi ibs iibhbjbs djlmpibstegravebs plraletbhlntl plrelptdfilspmr tmjms bquliims qul sl lneulntrbn sdntmndzbjms emnibs mnjbs qul ibs lxprlsbn Ib vloltbedotilden sl tmrnb lxtrl-hbjbhlntl dntlrlsbntl y lxtrbograveb Emhm un plqulogravemlclhpim sl puljl dhbodnbr un eibvli stmrledlntl emn susrbegraveels lntrlibzbjbs ln ib prmpdb bthotildesalrb jli hunjmLn ib vdjb lrracirctdeb sl vdsiuhfrbn lspletacirceuims dnjlserdp-

tdfils y ibs hacircs prmvle`msbs ileedmnls Jl lsb hbnlrbhue`bs bihbs rlorlsbn bi hunjm tlrrlstrl rdebs ln em-nmedhdlntms pbrb lnelnjlr ibs bntmre`bs qul ouegraveln b ibùhbndjbj



2 Vlvdstb Lspegraverdtb jl ib ALL bull Li Hunjm Dnvdsdfil bull LI HAcircU BIIAcirc JLI UDEDJB


Biarljm Zbfulograveb

Ls hdlhfrm jli Elntrl Lspegraverdtb Bhbidb Jmhdnom Umilr (Fbrelimnb) yun lntusdbstb trbfbcbjmr y jdvuiobjmr jl ib Jmetrdnb Lspegraverdtb

Li sudedjdm ls pmr sus ebrbetlregravestdebs y laletms tbn

pbrtdeuibrls tbi y emhm nms jdel ib hlntmrb lspdrdtubi Cmbnnb jl Bnolids laquo Ib hacircs emhpilcb l dnalidz jl tmjbsibs emsbs qul il puljln sueljlr bi slr ùhbnmmiddot Laletdvb-hlntl li sudedjdm ls unb beedotilden huy dnalidz qul jlpbrbunbs dnlvdtbfils y jlsorbedbjbs emnsleulnedbs pbrb bqul-iib plrsmnb qul ebdob ln aumli tbntm ln li pibnm lspdrdtubiemhm iulom ln auturbs rllnebrnbedmnls

Ims hmtdvms qul iilvbn b un slr ùhbnm b tmhbrib tracircodeb jledsdotilden jl hbtbrsl b segrave hdshm puljln slrnuhlrmsms vbrdbjms y emhpilcms tlndlnjm qul slr huyprujlntls b ib mrb jl trbtbrims y jl vbimrbrims Uotildeim unmhdshm sbfl eotildehm sl sdlntl sotildeim unm hdshm sbfl ibsaulrzbs qul tdlnl m nm tdlnl y im qul lsplrb m nm lsplrbjl ib vdjbhellip y im qul lsplrb m nm lsplrb jl ib hulrtl

Ln iegravenlbs olnlrbils bquliib plrsmnb qul sl sudedjbvdvl dnhlrsb ln un hunjm hlntbi elrrbjm ln li qul imoacutendem qul eulntb pbrb liib ls jlcbr jl suardr lsebpbr jlunb sdtubedotilden y unb rlbidjbj ib qul slb qul il lstacirc bnous-

tdbnjm y qul pbrb liib ls iexcldnsmpmrtbfil Lsb ls su oacutendebprdmrdjbj y li sudedjdm pmr jlsorbedb ib oacutendeb vacircivuib jllsebpl qul sbfl lnemntrbrhellip im jlhacircs ln lsms hmhln-

tms nm dhpmrtb bunqul iulom yb slb jlhbsdbjm tbrjlhellip

Emn hue`b prmfbfdidjbj sd ib plrsmnb emnmedlrbibs emnsleulnedbs qul boubrjbn b bquliims qul ebln lnli sudedjdm y supdlrb smfrl ims emhprmhdsms lspdrdtubilsqul sl emntrbln emn liim su jledsdotilden pujdlrb slr mtrbplrm ibhlntbfilhlntl jmhdnbjm pmr ib bnoustdb y ib

jlslsplrbedotilden pbsb b bebrdedbr y b jlcbrsl sljuedr pmr ibdjlb jl ib hulrtl emhm oacutendem rlhljdm pbrb su sdtubedotildenemnvlnedjm m bi hlnms lsplrbnzbjm jl qul emn liim vbb pmnlr taumlrhdnm b sus pbjledhdlntms

Udn lhfbrom iexclsuprlhm lnobogravem iexcl[mrqul ib hulrtl

nm lxdstl smhms Lspegraverdtus dnhmrtbils y lstl le`m lsln-edbi jlflregraveb emnjdedmnbrnms ln tmjms ims bspletms y hm-hlntms jl nulstrb vdjb T ln li prdhlr y hacircs dhpmrtbntlpuntm ln li eubi jlfl rlstlcbrsl lstb rlbidjbj qul amrhbpbrtl dntregravensleb jl nmsmtrms ls ln li `le`m sdhpil ymfvdm ln segrave hdshm jl qul nm pmjlhms nuneb jlcbr jllxdstdr sdlnjm pmr tbntm emhpiltbhlntl dnoacutetdi eubiqudlrbeedotilden qul jl unb u mtrb hbnlrb bobhms pbrb jlstrudrnulstrb lxdstlnedb iexclNm ls pmsdfil nbjbr emntrb unb em-rrdlntl qul nms brrbstrb dnlvdtbfilhlntl sdlhprl `bedbib Qdjb

Hue`ms smn ims tlstdhmndms jl Lspegraverdtus qul eubn-

jm lnebrnbjms sl jlcbrmn btrbpbr ln ims frbzms sljuetm-rls abisms y trbdedmnlrms jli sudedjdm lxprlsbnjm emn suspbibfrbs jl un hmjm eibrm y emntunjlntl ib jlslspl-rbedotilden y ib dnalidedjbj emn ib qul sl lnemntrbrmn trbs sudnalidz beedotilden Emhm lclhpim vbiobn ibs slntdjbs pbibfrbsjl Hmusdn`m jmdashBifuqulrqul qul sl sudedjotilde emn un jds-pbrm ln ib sdln3

laquoEubnjm supmnegraveb qul dfb b iilobr pbrb hegrave li jlsebnsmib hulrtl hl trbcm li hbrtdrdm dnjledfil jl ib prmimnobedotildenjl ib vdjb ln su hbndalstbedotilden hacircs tmrhlntmsbmiddot (LspegraverdtuHmusdn`m jmdashBifuqulrqul ln Li Hbrtdrdm jl ims sudedjbsBihlrdnjm Hbrtdns jl Ebstrm)

Ulregraveb emhpilcm jltbiibr y prmaunjdzbr ln ibs emnsl-eulnedbs y rlspmnsbfdidjbjls pmr ibs qul puljl btrbvlsbrbquaumli qul sl `b sudedjbjm pujdlnjm aumlstbs vbrdbr jlpln-jdlnjm jl jdvlrsms abetmrls Ls jledr nm tmjms `bn jlpbsbr lxbetbhlntl pmr ibs hdshbs sdtubedmnls nd vdvdr-ibs jl ib hdshb hbnlrb nd emn ib hdshb dntlnsdjbj yjurbedotilden Nm lxdstdlnjm unb rloib bfsmiutb y undamrhlsdn lhfbrom ln tmjms ims ebsms ibs emnsleulnedbs em-rrlspmnjlracircn sdlhprl b ibs ebusbs qul im prmjuclrmnemn sus btlnubntls m borbvbntls slooacuten ibs emnjdedmnlsdnjdvdjubils y pbrtdeuibrls jl ebjb unm

[mjregravebhms olnlrbidzbr jdedlnjm qul b ib plrsmnb

qul sl sudedjb il boubrjb unb orbn smrprlsb ln ib qulln iuobr jl lnemntrbr li rlpmsm ib nbjb m li mivdjm qul tbntm bn`libfb sl jbracirc eulntb jl qul ib vdjb nm `b flnb-idzbjm emn ib jlstrueedotilden jli eulrpm aegravesdem7 qul li dntlntm

Ebjb plrsmnb qul bfbnjmnb ib vdjb b trbvaumls jl ib pulrtb abisb jli sudedjdm

ls un Lspegraverdtu qul sl emhpideblnmrhlhlntl su auturm

pmr qulrlr lsebpbr jl su prlslntliexclLvdtlhms nmsmtrms ib eloulrb jli bihb



2ltLI HAcircU BIIAcirc JLI UDEDJB bull Noacutehlrm3 22 bull Ljdedotilden Bfrdi 62lt

jl butm-bndqudibrsl b plsbr jl `bflrsl brrmcbjm b imsfrbzms jl ib hulrtl `b sdjm ln vbnm y qul ln su hln-

tl il emntdnoacutebn btmrhlntbnjm ims hdshms prmfilhbs mhmtdvms qul il iilvbrmn b tmhbr su dnalidz jledsdotilden T qulsus bhbrourbs ilcms jl lxtdnoudrsl sl rlerujleln y slvulivln hacircs egraventdhbs y prmaunjbs tlndaumlnjmsl qul lnarln-

tbr bi jlslnobogravem y b unb slrdl jl sdtubedmnls y jl lstbjmsqul il puljln hbrebr ib lxdstlnedb jurbntl hueègravesdhm

tdlhpm

Ibs emnsleulnedbs nlobtdvbs pbrb li Lspegraverdtu emhln-zbracircn yb ln li hdshm prmelsm jl ib slpbrbedotilden jl sueulrpm aegravesdem qul sl emhpidebracirc lnmrhlhlntl bedlnjmqul li slr sl sdlntb emhm unb lspledl jl rsquohulrtm-vdvmlsquo

tmtbihlntl jlslqudidfrbjm y aulrb jl segrave Uloudracircn vbrdb-jbs sdtubedmnls hue`bs vlels lsplrpaumlntdebs y jbntlsebsbnoustdmsbs y jurbs emn ibs qul sl `b jl lnarlntbr ln li

pibnm lspdrdtubi bstb ims dnlvdtbfils laletms prmjuetm jl tmjm li jlsmrjln vdfrbtmrdm y hlntbi mebsdmnbjm pmr libetm sudedjb Ibs orbvegravesdhbs sleulibs y ilsdmnls prmjuedjbsln su eulrpm lspdrdtubi qul sl puljln hbntlnlr dneiusmjurbntl bogravems emnsleutdvms fbcm ib beedotilden hlntbi erdstb-idzbjb jli dnstbntl bootildendem jl ib butm-bndqudibeedotilden slrlstlcbracircn ln ibs protildexdhbs rllnebrnbedmnls

Bntdedpbr ib hulrtl b trbvaumls jli sudedjdm nuneb lsunb smiuedotilden y segrave ls sdlhprl un betm hbi lntlnjdjm y sm-frltmjm dnoacutetdi pmrqul qulrdaumlnjmsl idflrbr li slr ùhb-nm jl unbs sdtubedmnls m prmfilhbs qul erll dnsbivbfilsm dnsmpmrtbfils sdn lhfbrom nm sl vb b pmjlr idflrbr

nuneb jl sus emhprmhdsms emhm bihb dnhmrtbi pulsamrhbn pbr tl jl su bprlnjdzbcl y jl sus prulfbs T qulpmr slr dnliujdfils emhm un lstujdbntl qul rlpdtl eursmjlflracirc barmntbrims nulvbhlntl ln protildexdhbs rllnebrnb-edmnls `bstb vlnelrims y suplrbrims jlflndtdvbhlntl

Ul puljl bflrhbr sdn jujb biounb qul ebjb plrsm-nb qul bfbnjmnb ib vdjb b trbvaumls jl ib pulrtb abisb jlisudedjdm ls un Lspegraverdtu qul sl emhpideb lnmrhlhlntl suauturm pmr qulrlr lsebpbr jl su prlslntl Ims prmpdmslspegraverdtus qul `bn trbspbsbjm jde`b pulrtb nms bndhbniexclnms pdjln lnebrledjbhlntl pbrb qul rlsdstbhms tmjmsims hbils qul sl nms pmnobn pmr jlibntl qul smpmrtl-

hms jlsdiusdmnls jls`mnrb bhbrourbs lnalrhljbjls yjlsorbedbs fbcm eubiqudlr bspletm pmrqul tmjm lsm nmsbjvdlrtln slracirc sdlhprl prlalrdfil b ibs bnoustdbs qul nmslsplrbn sd eblhms ln li orbn lsplcdshm y li orbn lrrmrjli sudedjdm

Udn lhfbrom pmr jdaegraveedils y jlslsplrbjbs qul slbnibs edreunstbnedbs jli Lspegraverdtu Jdms [bjrl Erlbjmr rsquonmqudlrllsquo ib plrjdedotilden jl ndnounb jl sus erdbturbs sdnm qulbprlnjbn ln lstl ebsm jl lsl lrrmr qul ls li sudedjdm ysl ilvbntln emn ib ebflzb fdln bitb pbrb sloudr bjlibntlprmorlsbnjm ln jdrleedotilden bi Bhmr y bi Emnmedhdlntmqul ils boubrjb [mr liim dnjlplnjdlntlhlntl jl ibs sd-

tubedmnls emn ibs qul sl tlnobn qul lnarlntbr ims qulsl `bn sudedjbjm sl vbn b lnemntrbr tmjms liims sdn lx-elpedotilden emn li Bhmr y emn ib Hdslrdemrjdb jl Jdms qulils vb b frdnjbr b hbnms bfdlrtbs nulvbs y vbidmsegravesdhbs

mpmrtundjbjls pbrb rletdflebr li lrrmr emhltdjm y brhm-ndzbrsl emn ibs plraletbs Ilyls Jdvdnbs

Li Lspdrdtdshm nms lnslograveb jl unb hbnlrb eibrb y rm-

tunjb qul bjlhacircs jli `le`m lslnedbi jl qul ib hulrtlnm lxdstl y qul pmr tbntm lsl slr qulrdjm qul rsquosl `bhbre`bjmlsquo nm `b jlcbjm jl vdvdr li `le`m nm hlnms dh-pmrtbntl y hbrbvdiimsm jl qul emn ims plnsbhdlntms jlbhmr y jl ebrdogravem `bedb liims sl ils puljl byujbr hue`miexclhueègravesdhm Ib plrsmnb qul sl b sudedjbjm nlelsdtb hacircsqul nbjdl jl bhmr y jl emhprlnsdotilden Liims hdshms lnsus emhundebedmnls emdnedjln ln qul ib hlcmr y hacircsorbnjl byujb qul puljln rledfdr jl ims slrls qulrdjmsqul jlcbrmn ln li pibnm aegravesdem smn lsms plnsbhdlntms jlbhmr y jl ebrdogravem cuntm emn ib mrbedotilden sdnelrb qul emhmnms lxpidebn ls un butaumlntdem facircisbhm qul ils marlel pbzemnsulim rlnmvbedotilden jl aulrzbs y jl acircndhms

Ebhdim Ebstlim Frbnem li prdnedpbi prmtbomndstb jlib lxtrbmrjdnbrdb mfrb jl Hlhmrdbs jl un sudedjb qulbfbnjmnotilde ib vdjb aegravesdeb pmr nm sbflr lnarlntbrsl b sueloulrb nms jlcb un tlstdhmndm qul jlfl emnjuedrnms brlstlxdmnls huy prmaunjbs3

laquoTm aud sudedjb Rulrdlnjm ùdr jl ib eloulrb jl imsmcms hl suhlroegrave ln ib eloulrb jli bihbmiddot ([bibfrbs jliLspegraverdtu Ebhdim Ebstlim Frbnem ln Li hbrtdrdm jl ims suded-jbs jl Bihlrdnjm Hbrtdns jl Ebstrm)

iexclLvdtlhms nmsmtrms ib eloulrb jli bihb

[brb liim ls jli tmjm dhprlsednjdfil qul emnmzeb-

hms y bsuhbhms nulstrm mrdoln lspdrdtubi y rlstlxdmnl-hms smfrl tmjm im qul sl jlsprlnjl jl lsl emnmed-hdlntm y jl lsb lxtrbmrjdnbrdb rlbidjbj jl ib qul pmrhue`m qul im dntlntlhms nuneb vbhms b pmjlr ùdr3iexclUmhms Lspegraverdtus dnhmrtbils

Nm plrhdtbhms lntmnels pmr abvmr qul nulstrb trbnsdtmrdb emnjdedotilden jl slrls ùhbnms vbyb ln emntrbjl nulstrb emnjdedotilden jl Lspegraverdtus dnhmrtbils qul ls rlbi-hlntl im qul smhms ebjb unm jl nmsmtrms

iexclBhlhms y rlspltlhms ib vdjbiexcl iexclBhlhms y rlspltlhms nulstrb vdjbiexcl

Nm qudlrm flnbidzbr sdn jlcbr unbs sdnelrbs y huyslntdjbs pbibfrbs pbrb tmjms bquliims qul `bn jlcbjm ibvdjb aegravesdeb lsemodlnjm li ebhdnm emhpidebjm jurm y trdstljli sudedjdm [brb tmjms liims vbybn nulstrms hlcmrls vm-

tms jl pbz jl brhmnegraveb y jl rleuplrbedotilden emn li jlslmhacircs sdnelrm jl qul nbzeb ln su dntlrdmr ib lsplrbnzb jlun pmrvlndr hlcmr emn ib tmtbi elrtlzb jl qul lstbracircnbhpbrbjms pmr Clsoacutes nulstrm Bhdom y Hblstrm li JdvdnmHaumljdem jl ibs bihbs



21 Vlvdstb Lspegraverdtb jl ib ALL bull Li Hunjm Dnvdsdfil bull IB HOacuteUDEB LN IB QDJB LU[DVDZBI

Qegraveetmr uom lserdfdotilde3 laquoIb hoacutesdeb lxprlsb bquliim qulnm sl puljl jledr ln pbibfrbs y im qul ls dhpmsdfil oubrjbrln sdilnedmmiddot Hue`ms hoacutesdems dnmivdjbfils jlcbrmn mfrbs

hbrbvdiimsbs pbrb li jlildtl jli slr ùhbnm [rlslntm beubtrms olndms jl ib hoacutesdeb qul tmjms emnmelhms3

― Cm`bnn Ulfbstdacircn Fbe` jli plregravemjm fbrrmem jdcm3laquoLi oacutendem prmpotildesdtm jl ib hoacutesdeb jlflregraveb slr ib oimrdbjl Jdms y ib rlerlbedotilden jli lspegraverdtu ùhbnmmiddot

― _miaobno Bhbjlus Hmzbrt3 laquoIb hoacutesdeb ls li oacutendemebhdnm `bedb im trbselnjlntlmiddot

― Iujwdo vbn Fllt`mvln unm jl ims emhpmsdtmrlshacircs dhpmrtbntls jl ib `dstmrdb jl ib hoacutesdeb jleegraveb3laquoIb hoacutesdeb emnstdtuyl unb rlvlibedotilden hacircs bitb qulndnounb flimsmaegravebmiddot

― [dmtr Dide` Ze`bdgmvsgy jli plregravemjm rmhacircntdem3 laquoLnvlrjbj sd nm aulrb pmr ib hoacutesdeb `bfregraveb hacircs rbzmnlspbrb vmivlrsl imemmiddot

Ib hoacutesdeb emhm tmjb hbndalstbedotilden brtegravestdeb ls unprmjuetm euiturbi [rmjuel unb lxplrdlnedb lstaumltdeb ln limylntl lxprlsb slntdhdlntms edreunstbnedbs plnsbhdln-

tms m djlbs Lstdhuib y baletb li ebhpm plrelptdvm jlidnjdvdjum euhpidlnjm emn vbrdbjbs aunedmnls (lntrltl-ndhdlntm emhundebedotilden bhfdlntbedotilden hljdtbedotilden lte)

Ln ib bntdoub Orledb [ibtotilden jleegraveb3 laquoIb hoacutesdeb ls unbily hmrbi Liib jb un bihb bi ndvlrsm bibs bi plnsbhdlntm

un dhpuism b ib dhbodnbedotilden un lnebntm b ib trdstlzb ibbiloregraveb y ib vdjb b tmjbs ibs emsbs Ls ib lslnedb jli mrjln

y lilvb ln jdrleedotilden b tmjm im qul ls fulnm custm y fliim jlim eubi liib ls ib amrhb dnvdsdfil plrm smrprlnjlntl bpbsdm-nbjb ltlrnbmiddot

Hdlntrbs qul Brdstotildetlils jdel3 laquoIb hoacutesdeb purdfleb ibspbsdmnls y prmvmeb ln ims ùhbnms unb biloregraveb dnmelntl ypurbmiddot

Ilotilden Jlnds ln li bogravem 2466 lserdfdotilde ln ib VlvulUpdrdtl unb slrdl jl brtegraveeuims emn li tegravetuim rsquoLi Lspdrdtdshmln li Brtllsquo ln emibfmrbedotilden emn jms Lspegraverdtus3 li Lstltb yHbsslnlt jdedlnjm qul3 laquoLi Lspdrdtdshm vdlnl b bfrdr pbrbli brtl nulvbs plrspletdvbs `mrdzmntls sdn iegravehdtls Ib emhu-ndebedotilden qul hbntdlnl lntrl ims hunjms vdsdfil l dnvdsdfilibs dnjdebedmnls prmpmredmnbjbs smfrl ibs emnjdedmnls jl ib

vdjb ln li Hacircs Biiacirc ib rlvlibedotilden qul nms trbl jl ibs ilylsjl brhmnegraveb y jl fliilzb qul rdoln li ndvlrsm vdlnln bmarlelr b nulstrms plnsbjmrls b nulstrms brtdstbs hmtdvms

dnbomtbfils jl dnspdrbedotildenmiddot

Udntmnegraveb y vdfrbedotilden smn ilyls jli ndvlrsm y jl-plnjdlnjm jl ib arbncb vdfrbtmrdb jmnjl nms sdtulhmsib hoacutesdeb puljl slr ljdflebntl m nm jl bègrave qul biounbsnms btmrhlntbn y jlslqudidfrbn psegravequdebhlntl Nm lxds-

tl ib hoacutesdeb fulnb m hbib lxdstl rsquoIb Hoacutesdeblsquo Eubnjmemnsdjlrbhms unb mfrb husdebi jl rsquohbi oustmlsquo qul nmbelptbhms sdondfleb qul nm sdntmndzbhms emn liib pmr lindvli hmrbi emnqudstbjm

Ib Vlvdstb Lspegraverdtb aunjbjb pmr Biibn Gbrjle bogravem20lt0 hls jl Hbym trbl rlstlxdmnls jli Lspegraverdtu Hmzbrt

emn rlspletm b ib hoacutesdeb jdedlnjm3 laquoLn li pibnltb jmnjlvdvm Coacutepdtlr ib hoacutesdeb lstacirc pmr tmjbs pbrtls3 ln li hurhuiimjli boub ln li rudjm jl ibs `mcbs ln li ebntm jli vdlntm Ibsstmrls hurhurbn y ebntbn7 tmjm prmjuel smndjms hlimjdmsms

iexclIb Nbturbilzb ls tbn bjhdrbfil Zmjm nms dnspdrb lijlslm jl lstbr emn Jdms ()

Nm tlnlhms dnstruhlntms3 smn ibs pibntbs y ims pacirccbrmsims emrdstbs Li plnsbhdlntm emhpmnl y ims mylntls jdsaru-tbn sdn bujdedotilden husdebi sdn li rleursm jl ib pbibfrb y lsmb unb jdstbnedb dnemnhlnsurbfil Ln ims hunjms suplrdmrlslstm ls boacuten hacircs sufidhlmiddot

Li idfrm Mfrbs [otildestuhbs jl Biibn Gbrjle ln su prd-hlrb pbrtl prlslntb dnamrhbedotilden smfrl Ib hoacutesdeb el-ilstl y Ib hoacutesdeb lspegraverdtb Udlnjm lvmebjm li Lspegraverdtu jlVmssdnd ln ib Umedljbj Lspegraverdtb jl [bregraves lxpusm ib sdoudln-

tl djlb3

laquoIb brhmnegraveb ib edlnedb y ib vdrtuj smn ibs trls orbnjlsemnelpedmnls jli Lspegraverdtu3 Ib prdhlrb im lxtbsegraveb ib slounjbim diuhdnb y ib tlrelrb im lilvb [mslegravejbs liibs ln tmjb supilndtuj sl emnaunjln y emnamrhbn ib purlzbmiddot

Ims Lspegraverdtus `beln rlalrlnedb b ib hoacutesdeb elilstl lnib prlountb 6lt2 jl Li idfrm jl ims Lspegraverdtus jdedlnjm qul3 laquo(hellip) ib hoacutesdeb jl ib Zdlrrb ls emhm li ebntm jli sbivbcl

ln emhpbrbedotilden emn ib hoacutesdeb elilstl (hellip) Ib hoacutesdeb(elilstl) tdlnl dnflndtms lnebntms pbrb ims Lspegraverdtusjlfdjm b qul jlsbrrmiib eubidjbjls slnsdtdvbsmiddot

Idelnedbjm ln Hoacutesdeb (lspledbidjbj trmhpltb) b trbfbcbjm emhmprmalsmr ln jdstdntms emnslrvbtmrdms y ln ib mrqulstb sdnaotildendeb jlEbhbougravely (Eufb) Betubihlntl ls hoacutesdem ln mrqulstbs jl Obidedby amrhb pbrtl jli Elntrm jl Lstujdms Lspegraverdtbs Udn Armntlrbs Qdetmr Vubnm

IB HOacuteUDEB LN IBQDJB LU[DVDZBI



2IB HOacuteUDEB LN IB QDJB LU[DVDZBI bull Noacutehlrm3 22 bull Ljdedotilden Bfrdi 62lt

[brb `bfibr jl ims brtdstbs lseue`lhms bi LspegraverdtuLhhbnuli psdemorbaegraveb jl Arbnedsem Eaelignjdjm Pbvdlr lnsu idfrm Li Emnsmibjmr qul rlflrdaumlnjmsl bi brtl jdel3 laquoIms

brtdstbs (hellip) ib hbymregraveb jl ibs vlels `bn sdjm orbnjls hd-sdmnlrms jl ibs djlbs fbcm ib aumlodjb jli Ulogravemr ln tmjms imssletmrls jl ib betdvdjbj qul ils ls prmpdb emhm ib idtlrbturbib hoacutesdeb ib pdnturb y lseuiturb Udlhprl qul su brtl sljlslhfbrbzb jl ims dntlrlsls jli hunjm ―trbnsdtm-rdms y plrleljlrms― (hellip) li brtdstb ls unm jl ims hacircsbfnlobjms hdsdmnlrms jl Jdms pmr eubntm sbfracirc plnl-trbr ims emrbzmnls ln ib pbz jl ib hljdtbedotilden y jli sdilnedmbiebnzbnjm li hacircs bitm slntdjm jl ib lvmiuedotilden jl segrave hdshm

y jl sus `lrhbnms ln ùhbndjbjmiddot

Mfrbs hljdoacutehndebs qul nms bfibn jl ib hoacutesdeb lnli hunjm lspdrdtubi

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Vlnunedb rmhbnel hljdoacutehndem jli Lspegraverdtu Lh-hbnuliArbnedsem Eaelignjdjm Pbvdlr Zrbl unb `dstmrdb rlbijli sdoim jl Iuds PDQ rlibedmnbjb emn lstb tdlrrb lspbogravemiby mtrms pbegravesls [rlslntb bi Lspegraverdtu Biedmnl ln emmplrb-edotilden emn Lspegraverdtus lilvbjms jli Udstlhb jl Uegraverdus pbrb

trblr b ib Zdlrrb ln li hmhlntm bjleubjm lilhlntms jldnspdrbedotilden nlelsbrdms pbrb ib smiuedotilden jl edlr tms prmfil-hbs jli rdthm y ib hlimjegraveb

Hlhmrdbs jl un sudedjb pmr ib haumljduh frbsdilogravebTvmnnl Bhbrbi [lrldrbEbhdim Ebstlim Frbnem (Lspegraverd-

tu) ln ib tlrelrb pbrtl ebpegravetuim li `mhfrl vdlcm slrlfllrl b Lspegraverdtus jlstbebjms emhm Qegraveetmr uom y Al-jlrdem E`mpdn Aumlstl trbs vbrdbs lxdstlnedbs ln ib Zdlrrbsdlhprl emnsborbjm bi brtl m b ibs fliibs iltrbs hmstrbfbsus hlcmrls lnlroegravebs hlntbils trbjuedlnjm su hoacutesdeb lndhacircolnls y nbrrbedmnls ln unb vbrdljbj hbrbvdiimsb jl

tlhbs Hdlntrbs qul Qegraveetmr uom emn su rbstrm jl euitu-rb suplrdmr y jl brtl hmstrbfb ln ileedmnls dnbprledb-fils ib fliilzb l dnstrueedotilden jl ib rlbidjbj hlntbi jl suserlbedmnls idtlrbrdbs

Zrbnsdedotilden [ibnltbrdb jli Lspegraverdtu Hbnmli [`dim-hlnm jl HdrbnjbJdvbijm [lrldrb Arbnem bfib jl sulxplrdlnedb bi lseue`br ib Hdsb ln sd hlnmr jl Cm`bnn

Ulfbstdbn Fbe` lcleutbjb pmr un otilderobnm y bemhpbogravebjbpmr un emrm dnabntdi jl lsb emimndb lspdrdtubi Vljlnedotilden

Bifmrbjb Nulvb pmr li Lspegraverdtu Ebdfbr Ueùtlipsdemorbaegraveb jl Bfli Oibslr [rlslntb ln li ebpegravetuim 2laquoVdneotilden jl ib [bzmiddot un iuobr jl lsb emimndb lspdrdtubijmnjl smn rlbidzbjbs slhbnbihlntl slsdmnls bfdlrtbs jlhoacutesdeb lspdrdtubi

Zrbylnjm nulvbhlntl b [dmtr Dide` Ze`bdgvmsgd em-nmedjm pmr ims fbiilts Li ibom jl ims edsnls y Li ebseb-nulels ib Mflrturb 2026 ib mflrturb-abntbsegraveb Vmhlm y

Cuidltb lntrl mtrbs quljaumlhmnms emn su dnvdtbedotilden3 laquoIbdnspdrbedotilden ls un ùaumlsplj qul nm vdsdtb vmiuntbrdbhlntl biplrlzmsmmiddot

laquoIb brhmnegraveb ib edlnedb y ib vdrtuj smnibs trls orbnjls emnelpedmnls jli Lspegraverdtu3Ib prdhlrb im lxtbsegraveb ib slounjb imdiuhdnb y ib tlrelrb im lilvb [mslegravejbsliibs ln tmjb su pilndtuj sl emnaunjln yemnamrhbn ib purlzbmiddot

Jl dzqudlrjb b jlrle`b tlnlhms3 Ib eibvl jl Umi7 nmtbsb jdalrlntls biturbs qul ln li ilnoubcl husdebi sl iibhbarbsls husdebils7 emre`lb fibneb y nlorb y jms emre`lbs



20 Vlvdstb Lspegraverdtb jl ib ALL bull Li Hunjm Dnvdsdfil bull LU[EgraveVDZU T U DUZMVDB LN IB HBN DJBJ

LU[EgraveVDZU T U DUZMVDB LN IB HBNDJBJ

Jdvuiobjmr lspegraverdtb brtdeuidstb y emnalrlnedbntl [brtdedpb lnprmorbhbs jl rbjdm y tlilvdsdotilden jl tlhacirctdeb lspdrdtubi Ls prlsdjlntljl ib Bsmedbedotilden jl Lstujdms Lspegraverdtbs jl Hbjrdj Cubn Hdouli Alrnacircnjlz

Bnbidzbnjm ib dstmrdb bprledbhms qul nm b `bfdjmaumlpmeb ln qul nm sl lnemntrbrbn ùliibs jl ib dnstulnedbjl pmjlrls dnvdsdfils bunqul ib uhbndjbj byb tbrjbjmln jbrsl eulntb jl liim Fbstb mfslrvbr ibs idtlrbturbsjl ibs emrrdlntls flimsotildeflebs rlidodmnls erljms jmetrdnbslte qul nms `bfibn jl lstbs hbndalstbedmnls Ib oacutendebjdalrlnedb lntrl lsms lpdsmjdms y li hmvdhdlntm jl imssdoims PDP y PP ls qul ims prdhlrms puljln emnsdjlrbr-sl emhm ebsms jl vbobs bpbrdedmnls hdlntrbs qul lstmsoacuteitdhms iilvbn ib slogravebi jl unb dnvbsdotilden mrobndzbjb y pibnd-flebjb pmr ib rsquoLspdrdtubidjbj Hbymrlsquo pbrb jlhmstrbrnms ib

dnhmrtbidjbj jli bihbLs dhpmsdfil pbsbr rlvdstb b tmjms bquliims haumljduhs

dnstruhlntms jl ims Lspegraverdtus qul ln sus jdvlrsms orbjmsjlhmstrbrmn ims laletms qul ibs rsquodntlidolnedbs suplrdm-rlslsquo puljln prmjuedr eubnjm ibs emnjdedmnls hbtlrdbilsils plrhdtln hbndalstbrsl Nm mfstbntl jlflhms flcbr unpuntm jl pbrtdjb emhm emhdlnzm jl nulstrb nbrrbedotildeny tbi vlz ndnounm hlcmr qul jlstbebr bi sulem LhhbnuliUwljlnfmro qul mstlntb nm pmems tegravetuims pbrb qul ilrlemnmzebhms emhm li pbjrl jl tmjms bquliims prleur-smrls Nbedotilde ln Lstmemihm ln 21lt0 plrm vdvdotilde ln Imn-jrls bstb qul abiiledotilde ln 246 Aul un orbn dnolndlrm jl

hdnbs y unb butmrdjbj ln hltbioacuterodeb aegravesdeb bstrmnmhegraveb7bjlhacircs jl slr bnbtmhdstb pmiegravetdem y un orbn lstujdmsmjl ib Fdfidb B pbrtdr jl ims 6 bogravems plnltrbfb jdbrdbhln-

tl ln li rsquoHunjm Lspdrdtubilsquo y `bfibfb emn sus `bfdtbntlsims lspegraverdtus Qlegraveb emn orbn eibrdjbj ibs emnstrueedmnlsjmnjl vdvegravebn abhdidbs y bujdtotilderduhs qul slrvegravebn pbrb rl-undrsl emn flnls smedbils Lntrl sus hue`bs ebpbedjbjlspsegravequdebs sl jlstbeotilde ln aumli ib rsquoeibrdvdjlnedblsquo b jdstbnedb bihdshm tdlhpm jl prmjuedrsl li alnotildehlnm

Ljwbrj Drwdno aul li pulntl pbrb sbivbr ibs jdstbn-edbs lntrl Uwljlnfmro y Bnjrlw Cbegsmn Jbvds Nbedotildeln Bnnbn (Lsemedb) ln 246 Ib Doilsdb qul jdrdoegraveb y jmn-

jl rlbidzbfb su mrbtmrdb sl trbnsamrhotilde ln li lselnbrdmjl alnotildehlnms hljdoacutehndems jl orbn dntlnsdjbj jlfdjmb ibs rsquovmels jdrletbslsquo qul biiegrave sl megravebn bsegrave emhm rudjms ymtrms smndjms Lstm olnlrotilde unb dnemhprlnsdotilden jl ib Doil-

sdb [rmtlstbntl jmnjl sl jlsbrrmiibfbn jl hbnlrb qulibs suelsdvbs erdsds qul pbjledotilde im bomtbrmn

Bnjrlw Cbegsmn Jbvds aul iibhbjm li Biibn Gbrjlebhlrdebnm li prmaltb jl ib Nulvb Vlvlibedotilden pmr `b-flr prljde`m ib bpbrdedotilden jl ib Jmetrdnb Lspegraverdtb bfegravebnbedjm b mrdiibs jli regravem ujsmn (Nulvb Tmrg) ln 2061Eubnjm lstbfb ln trbnel `bfibfb vbrdbs ilnoubs (xlnm-oimsdb) dneiusdvl li `lfrlm bunqul sl trbtbfb jl ilnoubsjlsemnmedjbs pbrb aumli Lxpmnegraveb bjhdrbfils emnmedhdlntmsjl olmimoegraveb y jdseutegraveb eulstdmnls jl brqulmimoegraveb dstotilderdeb

y fegravefideb jl hdtmimoegravebs y jl tlhbs idnougraveegravestdems y smedb-ils b plsbr jl nm tlnlr emnmedhdlntms jl orbhacirctdeb mjl rloibs jl ilnoubcl y sdn pmsllr lstujdms idtlrbrdms ndedlntegraveflems Jbvds pmr slr eibrdvdjlntl y bujdtdvm emibfmrotildeln jdbonotildestdems haumljdems emn li Jmetmr _diidbhs Idvdnos-

tmnl Qbtdednotilde bntls jl 20lt1 ln su idfrm Ib [lnltrbidb ibbpbrdedotilden jli hmtmr jl emhfustdotilden jl ims butmhotildevdilsjl ims vlègraveeuims baumlrlms y jl ib hacircqudnb jl lserdfdr Jls-lnebrnotilde b ims 0 bogravems jl ljbj ln 242 ln _btlrtmwn(Hbssbeùsltts)

Uwljlnfmro Drwdno y Jbvds aulrmn ibs rsquopdlzbslsquo qulib Lspdrdtubidjbj utdidzotilde pbrb jlsplrtbr y prlpbrbr b ib u-

hbndjbj pbrb ib 5ordf Vlvlibedotilden jl Jdms b ims `mhfrlsLstbhms `bfibnjm jli Lspdrdtdshm Lrb li emhdlnzm jlipmjlrmsm hmvdhdlntm qul `bfegraveb sdjm prlpbrbjm pbrbiibhbr ib btlnedotilden jl ibs hlntls jmrhdjbs

Ims Lspdrdtdstbs emnsdjlrbn li 52 jl hbrzm jl 200emhm li prdnedpdm jl tmjms ims laletms psegravequdems pmr-qul su hmvdhdlntm sl dndedb ln jde`b ale`b y su iuobr lnun pulfiledtm elrebnm b Nulvb Tmrg yjlsvdiil Ln unbùhdijl ebsb jl hbjlrb vdvegraveb unb abhdidb jl orbnclrmsiibhbjb Amx Ul emhpmnegraveb jl ims pbjrls y jms `dcbs ln lihmhlntm jl sus hbndalstbedmnls dnvdsdfils Hbrobrlt` jl2 bogravems y Gbtl jl 22 Ib abhdidb `bfegraveb biqudibjm ib ebsb li

22 jl jdedlhfrl jl 20 plrm bstb li bogravem sdoudlntl nmemhlnzbrmn b lseue`brsl ims rudjms qul nm mfstbntlmtrms brrlnjbtbrdms `bfegravebn tlndjm ib mebsdotilden jl megraver Imsrudjms nm pbrleegraveb qul dnemhmjbrbn b ib abhdidb Amx bstb



24LU[EgraveVDZU T U DUZMVDB LN IB HBNDJBJ bull Noacutehlrm3 22 bull Ljdedotilden Bfrdi 62lt

hljdbjms jli hls jl hbrzm jl 200 Ibs ndogravebs iilobrmnb bibrhbrsl tbntm jlfdjm b qul ibs ebhbs tlhfibfbnqul sl nlobrmn b jmrhdr smibs pmr im qul sus pbjrls slibs iilvbrmn b su biemfb Adnbihlntl ùfm unb lxpimsdotildenjl bifmrmtms dnlxpidebfils iiloacircnjmsl b un bitm orbjm jlplraleedmnbhdlntm psegravequdem b ebusb jl qul ibs cmvlned-

tbs Gbtl y Hbrobrlt` Amx jlsbflbrmn bi pmjlr dnvdsdfil bqul emntlstbrb b ims omipls qul liibs prmvmebfbn Ebjbomipl tuvm su lem ln mtrm omipl Li tliaumlamnm lspdrdtubi`bfegraveb lntrbjm ln beedotilden Ul trbtbfb jl un lspegraverdtu iibhb-jm E`brils F Vmshb qul bfegraveb sdjm bslsdnbjm ln bquliibebsb jlspuaumls jl rmfbril y pmstlrdmrhlntl `bfegraveb sdjmlntlrrbjm ln li sotildetbnm

Jurbntl biounms bogravems ibs jms cotildevlnls lrhbnbs jdl-rmn slsdmnls ln Nulvb Tmrg y ln mtrbs edujbjls bhlrdeb-nbs sbidlnjm sdlhprl trdunabntls jl tmjbs ibs prulfbs bqul aulrmn smhltdjbs Nm mfstbntl ims Lspegraverdtus qul ibsbsdstegravebn nm lstbfbn emnamrhls emn su emhpmrtbhdlntmpuls `beegravebn aurmr lntrl ibs plrsmnbs qul fusebfbn ibeurdmsdjbj y smidedtbfbn dnamrhbedotilden b ims lspegraverdtus smfrl

tlhbs fbnbils Ib donmrbnedb lrb undvlrsbi y nm ùfm biibjm jl bquliibs pmfrls hue`be`bs un prujlntl hlntmrqul ils dnjdebrb un ebhdnm hacircs slourm y hacircs rletm Gbtlvdsdtotilde Dnoibtlrrb ln 202 y aul dnvlstdobjb pmr li [rmalsmr_diidbh Ermmgls qul lstujdm sus ebpbedjbjls hljdoacuteh-ndebs Hbrobrlt` sl rlundotilde emn su `lrhbnb ln Dnoibtlrrbln 201 y bhfbs emntdnubrmn trbfbcbnjm cuntbs jurbntlbiounms bogravems Abiiledlrmn ln ims prdhlrms bogravems jli jlel-

ndm 204-24 bturjdjbs pmr sus hbtrdhmndms dnalidelslaquoNm tlnom jmhdndm biounm smfrl hds aulrzbs liibs sl

vbiln jl hegrave nm ym jl liibs Hl bfbnjmnbn jurbntl hlsls y iulom vdlnln jl nulvm b hegrave rljmfibnjm ib lnlroegraveb Umyun dnstruhlntm pbsdvm y nbjb hacircsmiddot Zbi lrb ib dnvbrdbfilbetdtuj jl Jbndli Jmuoibs mhl li haumljduh nbedjm lnEurrdl pulfim elrebnm b Ljdhfurom (Lsemedb) ln 2055Nuneb sl pujm jlhmstrbr abisljbj biounb ln sus trb-fbcms Aul li hacircs lflebz qul sl `byb emnmedjm cbhacircs Bpbrtdr jl ims 25 bogravems emhlnzotilde yb b jbr slogravebils jl susabeuitbjls psegravequdebs3 vmz jdrletb dntlrimeutmr ln trbneleibrdvdjlntl haumljduh jl hbtlrdbidzbedmnls T ln su prl-

slnedb ims hulfils hacircs plsbjms sl lilvbfbn pmr ims bdrlssdn mivdjbr sus abntacircstdebs ilvdtbedmnls Li quegravehdem y aegravesdemUdr _diidbh Ermmgls aul tlstdom rlpltdjbs vlels jl susebpbedjbjls Aul iibhbjm li laquo[regravenedpl jl ims haumljduhsmiddotHurdotilde b ims lt5 bogravems jl ljbj sdlnjm lntlrrbjm ln UbdntOlrhbdn ln 2001

Ln 2014 unb ndograveb jl 22 bogravems iibhbjb AimrlnelEmmg sl prlslntotilde ln ebsb jl _diidbh Ermmgls rmoacircn-jmil qul sl meupbsl jl liib pulstm qul pbjleegraveb prmfil-hbs psegravequdems Jurbntl 5 bogravems y 0 hlsls Aimrlnel Emmgrlbidzotilde hbtlrdbidzbedmnls hljdoacutehndebs plrhdtdlnjm qulli lspegraverdtu jl Gbtdl Gdno sl hbndalstbsl rlpltdjbhlntl

Ermmgls emntlhpibfb eotildehm ibs mrlcbs jl Gbtdl nm lstb-fbn plramrbjbs hdlntrbs qul Hdss Emmg usbfb plnjdln- tls Ibs hbnms jl Gbtdl tlnegravebn ims jljms bibrobjms y HdssEmmg sl hmrjegraveb ibs uogravebs Li rmstrm jl Gbtdl lrb jl tlz

fibneb y su plim ebstbogravem Hdss Emmg lrb hmrlnb jl plimmseurm _diidbh Ermmgls rlbidzotilde amtmorbaegravebs jl GbtdlGdno vbidaumlnjmsl jl ib iuz liaumletrdeb y pujm vlr vbrdbs vlels

cuntbs b liib y b ib haumljduh tuhfbjb ln li sulim suhdjbln li trbnel

Lidzbflt` JordmLsplrbnel aul unb jl ibs haumljduhs hacircsemhpiltbs l dhpmrtbntls jli sdoim PDP Nbedotilde ln Dnoibtl-rrb ln 204 y jlslnebrnotilde ln 2420 marledlnjm prulfbslxtrbmrjdnbrdbs jl ib suplrvdvlnedb jli bihb slnsdfdidzbn-jm b eubntms pbrtdedpbrmn ln sus lxplrdlnedbs Jlsjlhuy plqulograveb tlnegraveb vdjlnedbs Jmhdnbfb ib lserdturb bu-

tmhacirctdeb ln ibtegraven y bilhacircn bpbrtl jl su nbtdvm djdmhbli dnoiaumls Jdfucbfb ln ib mseurdjbj bquliims lspegraverdtus qullstbfbn prlslntls [mjegraveb illr unb ebrtb lserdtb oubrjbjbjlntrm jl un smfrl Lrb tmtbihlntl emnsedlntl ln tmjmssus trbfbcms plrhbnledlnjm btlntb b tmjm im qul bemn-

tleegraveb b su birljljmr Hbtlrdbidzbfb lntrl mtrms hue`mslspegraverdtus b Tmibnjb bsegrave emhm b unb huclr ordlob fliiegravesdhbiibhbjb Nlplnt`ls Lserdfdotilde sus lxplrdlnedbs ln ib mfrbIdo`t dn t`l mt`lr sdtl

Lntrl 206 y 2005 _diidbh Utbntmn Hmsls prmjucmunb slrdl jl lserdtms butmhacirctdems ln lstbjm jl trbnelqul iilnbrmn 6 idfrms hbndalstacircnjmsl Hlnjlissm`n emnsu prmpdb flrhb

Biarlj Vussli _biibel li nbturbidstb qul cuntm emnJbrwdn lnunedotilde ims prdnedpdms jl ib lvmiuedotilden aul unmjl ims prdhlrms qul dnvlstdootilde li Lspdrdtdshm y rlbidzotilde

lxplrdhlntms emn ib haumljduh Bnols Nde`mi jleibrbnjmpmstlrdmrhlntl3 laquoLi Lspdrdtdshm lstacirc tbn plraletbhlntljlhmstrbjm emhm im lstacirc ib Ily jl ib Orbvdtbedotildenmiddot

Arbnlg Giusgd Ilmnmrb [dplr Lusbpdb [bibjdnm Nlt- tdl Emifurn Hbynbrj Brùr Adnjiby [bui Odfdlr Ebrims Amstlr Ebrims Hdrbvliid Alrnbnjm Buoustm jl Ibelrjb yHliim aulrmn lntrl mtrms hue`ms dnstruhlntms jl imsLspegraverdtus

Ib dstmrdb nms `b trbegravejm bquegrave li rleulrjm jl hu-e`ms plrsmnbcls qul emibfmrbrmn jl unb hbnlrb u mtrbln ib jdvuiobedotilden jl ims alnotildehlnms lspegraverdtbs unms emnib emnjuetb bcustbjb b ib hmrbi jli Lvbnolidm mtrms aul-

rmn dnslnsbtms prlsuntumsms vbndjmsms l dnqudltms qulutdidzbrmn ib hljduhndjbj b abvmr jl su bhfdedotilden [lrmnm nms ebfl ib hlnmr jujb jl qul ib orbnjlzb jl ibJmetrdnb Lspegraverdtb fbsbjb aunjbhlntbihlntl ln ib trbns-amrhbedotilden jli slr ùhbnm sl ib jlflhms b ims Lspegraverd-

tus Uuplrdmrls qul b trbvaumls jli orbn pljbomom arbneaumlsBiibn Gbrjle nms `dedlrmn iilobr sus emnmedhdlntms pbrbli prmorlsm jl ib uhbndjbj B tmjms liims nulstrm hacircssdnelrm borbjledhdlntm

laquoLi Lspdrdtdshm lstacirc tbn plraletbhlntl

jlhmstrbjm emhm im lstacirc ib Ily jl ibOrbvdtbedotildenmiddot (BV_biibel)



6 Vlvdstb Lspegraverdtb jl ib ALL bull Li Hunjm Dnvdsdfil bull IB ZLVB[DB JLI BHMV

IB ZLVB[DBJLI BHMV

Jmetmrb ln Idnougraveegravestdeb Bpidebjb y prmalsmrb jl bfdidjbjlsEmhundebtdvbs ln ib ndvlrsdjbj Vmvdrb d Qdrodid Emibfmrb ln imsprmyletms jl bsdstlnedb smedbi y jdvuiobedotilden jli Elntrm Lspegraverdtb

Bhbidb Jmhdnom Umilr jl Fbrelimnb Cbnbdnb Hdnliid jl Midvldrb

Emn sotildeim lseue`br m illr ib pbibfrb bhmr ib hlntl`bel jdvlrsbs bsmedbedmnls B hlnujm li ebhpm jl ibs rlib-edmnls slntdhlntbils ls jl ims prdhlrms ln betdvbrsl3 pln-sbhms ln nulstrbs pbrlcbs ln ims bhmrls qul nms jlcbrmn yln ims qul jlcbhms nmsmtrms ln ims bhmrls qul jlslbregraveb-hms tlnlr y ln ims qul nm nms emnvdlnln Ln lstb mebsdotildensdn lhfbrom ib prmpulstb ls jdrdodr nulstrb hlntl `bedb lielntrm lspegraverdtb Ims trbfbcbjmrls jl ims elntrms lspegraverdtbs jl

tmjm li hunjm lstbhms ln tlrbpdb Ebjb unb jl ibs betdvd-

jbjls qul rlbidzbhms ebjb mpmrtundjbj jl emnvdvlnedb qulli elntrm nms marlel ibs ileedmnls hmrbils ims trbtbhdlntmslspdrdtubils ln fln tmjm im qul vdvdhms ln un elntrm lspegraverdtbls pbrtl jl unb tlrbpdb iexclLs ib tlrbpdb jli bhmr

Nm pmr mtrb rbzotilden li ilhb jli lspdrdtdshm nms jdelqul laquoaulrb jl ib ebrdjbj nm `by sbivbedotildenmiddot Ib ebrdjbj nmsprlpbrb pbrb li bhmr ln ib hljdjb qul nms emnvdlrtl lnbolntls tlrbpaumlutdems jl nulstrb prmpdb idflrbedotilden Ib flourbjli haumljdem qul prlserdfl unb hljdednb pbrb li segraventmhb jlunb lnalrhljbj sl sustdtuyl pmr ib jli tlrbplutb qul bhb ysl eurb b segrave hdshm Ln ib tlrbpdb jli bhmr nm lxdstl unb eurbdhpulstb jlsjl aulrb `bedb jlntrm Ims elntrms lspegraverdtbs nms

jbn mpmrtundjbjls hoacuteitdpils jl emhprlnjlr qul smhmsbrtegraveflels jl nulstrm jlstdnm Ebjb unm ls rlspmnsbfil jlerlbr un auturm hacircs alidz pbrb segrave hdshm rllstrueturbnjmplnsbhdlntms slntdhdlntms emhpmrtbhdlntms vlrfbils ybetdtujls Hdlntrbs im `belhms marlelhms bi hunjm qulnms rmjlb unb psdemsalrb hacircs sbnb plrm li prdhlr amemjlfl slr fusebr li lqudidfrdm jl unm hdshm Bsegrave vlhmsemhm ln ib tlrbpdb jli bhmr lhplzbhms sdn lomelntrdshmpmr li butm-bhmr Ib ebrdjbj nms emnjuel ln lstl ebhdnmjl butm-emnmedhdlntm y li elntrm lspegraverdtb ls un lspbedm

tlrbpaumlutdem

frac12Ln quauml emnsdstl ib tlrbpdb jli bhmr= Ln jlsbrrmiibr ibpbedlnedb ib tmilrbnedb y ib dnjuiolnedb emn ims emhpbogravelrmsjl djlbi lspegraverdtb Ebjb unb jl lstbs vdrtujls smn bspletmsjl ib ebrdjbj hmrbi Zlnlr pbedlnedb ls vlr ln li emhpbogravel-rm qul nm `bel ibs emsbs tbi y emhm nms oustbregraveb qul ibs`dedlrb m ln li pibzm qul jlslbhms qul ibs `dedlrb li slrdnhmrtbi ln prmelsm jl lvmiuedotilden Zlnlr tmilrbnedb ls vlr

ln li emhpbogravelrm qul jdel emsbs qul nm nms oustbn m jlunb hbnlrb qul nm bprmfbhms b bioudln qul tdlnl tmjm lijlrle`m b plnsbr idfrlhlntl Zlnlr dnjuiolnedb ls vlr ln liemhpbogravelrm qul sl lqudvmeb b bioudln qul vdvl lxplrdlnedbs

qul jlsemnmelhms y qul nm nms emhpltl cuzobr Zlnlhmshue`bs mpmrtundjbjls jl bprlnjlr b vlr b ibs plrsmnbs jlun hmjm nulvm ln ims elntrms lspegraverdtbs plrm hue`bs vlelsibs hdrbhms plrm nm ibs vlhms Ud lstl ls li ebsm ib smiuedotildenls pmnlrsl ibs obabs jl ib hdslrdemrjdb

[mr li emhpbogravelrm qul nms sbeb jl qudedm pmr li jd-rdolntl dntrbnsdolntl pmr li qul sotildeim vdlnl eubnjm tdlnlprmfilhbs pmr li qul sdlhprl iilob tbrjl pmr li qul sotildeim

jdel emsbs dnmpmrtunbs y ebjb unb jl ibs vlels qul nmsvlbhms iibhbjms b un lsebiotilden hacircs lilvbjm jl pbedlnedb tmilrbnedb l dnjuiolnedb iexclibs obabs jl ib hdslrdemrjdb byqul tlnlribs sdlhprl b hbnm pmrqul ib emnvdvlnedb ln imselntrms lspegraverdtbs jlhbnjb orbnjls jmsds jl pbedlnedb tm-ilrbnedb l dnjuiolnedb [mem b pmem jl tbntm pmnlrnms ibsobabs jl ib hdslrdemrjdb un jegraveb nm nms emstbracirc nbjb emnvdvdremn tbntbs plrsmnbs jdaegraveedilshellip Lstl jegraveb lstbrlhms eurbjmsy ib tlrbpdb flnbihlntl `bfracirc aunedmnbjm Lntlrnledjms rl-emrjbrlhms tmjbs y ebjb unb jl ibs sdtubedmnls ln ibs qulnms pusdhms ibs obabs jl ib hdslrdemrjdb plnsbnjm qul im`beegravebhms pmr ims jlhacircs Nms jbrlhms eulntb jl qul lrbpmr nmsmtrms hdshms qul im `beegravebhms Lrb nulstrm prm-

pdm prmelsm tlrbpaumlutdem Lstl jegraveb nms slntdrlhms dnvbjdjmsjl un orbn y prmaunjm bhmr pmr nulstrms emhpbogravelrms jldjlbi lspegraverdtb Vlsebtls bhbroms qul sotildeim li tdlhpm puljllxpidebr iilobracircn b su fln Nulvb iuz sl prmyletbracirc smfrl tb-rlbs jl hbymr biebnel libfmrbjbs ln ims pibnms lspdrdtubilssuplrdmrls Adnbihlntl vlrlhms b tmjms y b ebjb unm jl imslspegraverdtbs emhm li Hblstrm jli bhmr nms vl jlsjl qul lstlhunjm tmjbvegraveb nm lrb hunjm

Li elntrm lspegraverdtb ls un lspbedm tlrbpaumlutdem pmr lx-elilnedb Bprlnjlhms ln ib eregravetdeb sdilnedbjb b bhbr dnemn-jdedmnbihlntl7 bprlnjlhms ln li rlspltm b ims puntms jlvdstb jdstdntms y ln ib belptbedotilden jl jdalrlntls hbnlrbs jl`belr ibs emsbs b bhbr dnemnjdedmnbihlntl Zbi vlz nm `bybhlcmr hblstrm jli bhmr dnemnjdedmnbi qul li plrjotilden quljbhms pmr bntdedpbjm b ibs abitbs bclnbs im qul sl suliliibhbr dnjuiolnedb Emhm tmjm lstm ls tbn jdaegraveedi jl `belriexclprbetdqulhms pmndaumlnjmnms ibs obabs jl ib hdslrdemrjdb njegraveb nm ibs nlelsdtbrlhms plrm hdlntrbs nms eulstl belptbrbi mtrm tbi y emhm ls fusqulhms `lrrbhdlntbs pbrb ljuebrb nulstrms emrbzmnls Bsegrave ls emhm nms jdspmnlhms b vlr lihunjm trbs ibs ilntls jl ib pbedlnedb ib tmilrbnedb y ib dnjui-olnedb `bstb qul ib ebrdjbj hmrbi nms `byb eurbjm Jl lstb

tlrbpdb tbn lxdolntl surol li slr emnsedlntl qul amrtbiledjmpmr li emnmedhdlntm jl ib jmetrdnb Lspegraverdtb prmorlsb ln liebhdnm jl unb vdjb pilnb sbnb y alidz

Bprlnjlhms ln ib eregravetdeb sdilnedbjb bbhbr dnemnjdedmnbihlntl

Bprlnjlhms ln li rlspltm b ims puntms

jl vdstb jdstdntms y ln ib belptbedotilden jljdalrlntls hbnlrbs jl `belr ibs emsbs b

bhbr dnemnjdedmnbihlntl



62JLUQLIBNJM IM DNQDUDFIL3 prulfbs `dstotilderdebs edlntegraveflebs y flimsotildeflebs bull Noacutehlrm3 22 bull Ljdedotilden Bfrdi 62lt

JLUQLIBNJM IM DNQDUDFIL3[VLFBU DUZOtildeVDEBU EDLNZEgraveADEBU T

ADIMUOtildeADEBU

Hdouli Qlrb ObiilomAdiotildesmam Aunjbjmr jli Elntrm Lspegraverdtb rsquoVledntm jl [bzlsquo (Huredb)Amrhb pbrtl jli Elntrm jl Lstujdms Lspegraverdtbs Udn Armntlrbs y jl ibEmhdsdotilden jl Amrhbedotilden jl ib All

rsquoUotildeim sl vl fdln emn li emrbzotilden7im lslnedbi ls dnvdsdfil pbrb ims mcmslsquo

(Bntmdnl Jl Ubdnt Lxuplry)

frac12Ls pmsdfil jlsvlibr im dnvdsdfil= T ln ebsm bflrhb- tdvm ln quauml emnsdstl Nulstrm pibntlbhdlntm pbsb pmremnmelr quauml ls im rlbihlntl rlbi frac12Ls im rlbi im vdsdfilim pbipbfil im qul emnsdjlrbhms hbtlrdbi m sotildeidjm= Lnemntrbpmsdedotilden frac12jlflhms lntlnjlr lntmnels qul im dn-vdsdfil ls im nm rlbi= frac12Ib vlrjbj ls vdsdfil= Im fliim lifdln frac12smn emsbs tbnodfils hbtlrdbils y pmr tbntm rlbils=frac12Ls im mfvdm im rlbi lntmnels= Bebsm frac12puljl slr vdsdfil imjlsemnmedjm= frac12Zdlnl amrhb im rlbi m hacircs fdln ls djlbi=

Ln li hdtm jl ib ebvlrnb nms rlibtb [ibtotilden (vaumlbsl liIdfrm QD jl Ib rlpoacutefideb) unb `dstmrdb fbstbntl lxtrbograveb

Nms jlserdfl un lspbedm ebvlrnmsm ln li qul sl ln-eulntrbn unms mhfrls prdsdmnlrms jlsjl su nbedhdlntmpmr ebjlnbs qul ils sucltbn li euliim y ibs pdlrnbs jl tbisulrtl qul oacutendebhlntl puljln hdrbr `bedb ib pbrlj jliamnjm jl ib ebvlrnb sdn pmjlr odrbr nuneb ib ebflzb Jl-fdjm b ibs edreunstbnedbs jl su prdsdotilden lstms `mhfrls sl`biibn emnjlnbjms b tmhbr oacutendebhlntl pmr edlrtbs tmjbsy ebjb unb jl ibs smhfrbs prmyletbjbs smfrl ib pbrljyb qul nm puljln emnmelr nbjb jl im qul bemntlel bsus lspbijbs (ls unb rlbidjbj fdjdhlnsdmnbi) Emntdnoacuteb[ibtotilden ib nbrrbedotilden emntbnjm im qul meurrdregraveb sd unm jllstms `mhfrls aulsl idflrbjm y vmivdaumlnjmsl emntlh-pibrb ib rlbidjbj qul sueljl b sus lspbijbs bquliib qulls ebusb jl ib prdhlrb y emhpulstb sotildeim jl bpbrdlnedbsslnsdfils Bsdhdshm nms jlserdfl [ibtotilden ib nlelsdjbj jlbquli `mhfrl idflrbjm jl bselnjlr `bedb li lxtlrdmr jlib eulvb bprledbnjm jl lstl hmjm mtrb rlbidjbj nulvb

bntl sus mcms T nms bslourb [ibtotilden pmstlrdmrhlntl qulsd aumlstl dntlntbrb vmivlr pbrb idflrbr b sus bntdoums emhpb-ogravelrms jl ebutdvlrdm emntacircnjmils qul bn lstbjm vdvdlnjmlnobogravebjms tmjb su vdjb vdlnjm sotildeim dhacircolnls rlstlcbjbssmhfrbs y bpbrdlnedbs y qul li hunjm rlbi ils lsplrbaulrb ln li lxtlrdmr aumlstms im tmhbregravebn pmr imem y sl nl-obregravebn b erllr ln mtrb rlbidjbj qul nm aulrb ib rlbidjbjjl ibs smhfrbs qul sl rlstlcbn ln li amnjm jl ib ebvlrnbT qul slregravebn ebpbels dneiusm jl hbtbrim

my ib aegravesdeb euacircntdeb eulstdmnb ib nbturbilzb jl imqul iibhbhms rlbidjbj emhm im `dedlrb li prmpdm [ibtotildenNms bjvdlrtl qul bquliim b im qul iibhbhms rlbidjbjpuljl slr huy fdln sotildeim smhfrbs y qul ib rlbidjbj oacutei-

tdhb pmjregraveb slr huy jdalrlntl b im qul plnsbhms Ims

acirctmhms pmr lclhpim yb nm smn emsbs7 smn sotildeim tlnjln-edbs pmsdfdidjbjls Jlsjl lstb sdnlrodb lntrl flimsmaegraveb yedlnedb pmjlhms emnsdjlrbr trls hmhlntms m absls aun-jbhlntbils ln ib `dstmrdb jli plnsbhdlntm qul ib aegravesdeb mib flimsmaegraveb nbturbi nms `b prmeurbjm pbrb bprmxdhbrnmsb ib rlbidjbj

Li prdhlr hmhlntm ls ib aegravesdeb hlebndedstb jl Nlw- tmn qul dhpibntbregraveb li orbn bvbnel ln li ebhpm tlenmiotilde-odem rlvmiuedmnbnjm li plnsbhdlntm jl ib ùhbndjbj Ullnebrob jl im dnhljdbtm y plrelptdfil qul plrsmnbidzb liemnsedlntl T tmjm sl pmjegraveb lxpidebr b pbr tdr jli emnelp-

tm jl hlebndshm iiloacircnjmsl b bflrhbr qul li `mhfrl yb

emnmeegraveb tmjm im qul lxdstegraveb ln li undvlrsm iexclLrb ib alidedjbjjl ib donmrbnedb

Li slounjm hmhlntm vdnm emn ib rlibtdvdjbj jl Ldns- tldn Ib rlibtdvdjbj b plsbr jl slr plrelptdfil nm ls tbn



66 Vlvdstb Lspegraverdtb jl ib ALL bull Li Hunjm Dnvdsdfil bull JLUQLIBNJM IM DNQDUDFIL3 prulfbs `dstotilderdebs edlntegraveflebs y flimsotildeflebs

mfvdb Lstb tlmregraveb sl fbsb ln unb aotilderhuib (L8 he6) qul

jdel qul ib hbtlrdb ls lnlroegraveb y lstm nm ls tbn lvdjln- tl Ib rlibtdvdjbj amrhb pbrtl jl un ndvli emnsedlntl jlemnmedhdlntm sufcltdvm [lrm ls un ndvli qul trbl mfcl- tdvdjbj (emnmedhdlntm `luregravestdem) Jl lstb amrhb audhmsebhdnbnjm hacircs racircpdjm tbntm `bedb jlntrm emhm `bedbaulrb lstm ls suhlrodaumlnjmnms ln li acirctmhm y ibs pbrtegrave-euibs sufbtotildehdebs (hdermemshms) emhm pbrtdlnjm `bedbli hbermemshms b ib aegravesdeb qul lxpideb im bfsmiutbhlntlorbnjl Liim rlstlcb li prdnedpdm jl ebusbidjbj bi sustlntbrslln ib tlmregraveb jli tmjm

Ib tlrelrb ltbpb ib jltlrhdnb ib aegravesdeb euacircntdeb qulbunqul tmjm li hunjm `bfil `my jl liib ln vlrjbj yb

tdlnl edln bogravems Uueljl sdhpilhlntl qul ls b`mrb eubnjmlstbhms tlndlnjm ib hbjurlz pbrb emhlnzbr b lntlnjlribs emnsleulnedbs jl im qul sdondfleb T ls b`mrb eubnjm slnms `bel dntlidodfil unb nulvb amrhb jl vlr li hunjm qulnm ls unb amrhb mfcltdvb nd sufcltdvb sdnm prmfbfdiegravestdebLstm qudlrl jledr qul emnamrhl plnsbhms ib rlbidjbj liibsl emnvdlrtl7 im qul plnsbhms plr-vdlrtl ib rlbidjbj [mr tbntm li hunjm ls un hunjm jl pmsdfdidjbjls ln li qulvbhms b tlnlr un bfbndem jl emntdnolnedbs y li mfslrvb-jmr qul ls unb dntlidolnedb unb emnedlnedb vb b lsemolrunb jl lsbs pmsdfdidjbjls pbrb tmrnbrib rlbidjbj Nms bfrlpuls bi dnemnsedlntl b un ndvli hacircs prmaunjm jl ib rlbid-

jbj Ln fln im qul nms jdel ib euacircntdeb ls qul lxdstln ilylsundvlrsbils y qul lstbs ilyls hulstrbn qul ibs emnedlnedbsdnstulnedbn ib rlbidjbj7 tmjms nmsmtrms smhms ebpbels jlebhfdbr ib rlbidjbj y qul ib rlbidjbj nm ls rlbi

Ue`mpln`bulr qul ls un fliotildesmam jl ims orbnjls ybnms `bfiotilde jl lstm hdshm Ln unm jl sus trbfbcms nms prl-slntb li hunjm emhm vmiuntbj y rlprlslntbedotilden T jdelqul ibs plrsmnbs nm emnsdouln plredfdr ib vlrjbj ib rlbid-jbj Ib rlbidjbj sotildeim prlslntb nulstrms jlslms y qul hdrbzotilden ls ib lrrbhdlntb qul usm pbrb trbnsamrhbr hds jl-slms ln rlbidjbj Ls jledr3 nm vlhms im qul ls sdnm im qulqulrlhms qul slb (pbrb unm ls juiel im qul pbrb mtrm ls

bhbrom) nb lxprlsdotilden emimqudbi nms buxdidbr b emhprln-jlr frac12Vleulrjbn bquliim jl laquoRudln bhb b un alm lrhmsmil pbrlelmiddot= Li jlslm m baletm qul slntdhms pmr bioudlnpuljl `belr qul nms pbrlzeb fmndtm su aegravesdem eubnjm ln

rlbidjbj nm im ls Uueljl im hdshm emn ims sbfmrls emn

li oustm ib vdstb emn nulstrms ednem slntdjms qul smn emnims qul plredfdhms li hunjm Lstm hulstrb qul nulstrbvdsdotilden jli hunjm ls unb vdsdotilden pbrtdeuibr laquoLi hunjm ls hdrlprlslntbedotildenmiddot jdracirc Ue`mpln`bulr

Ims ednem slntdjms smn ib fbsl jl tmjbs ibs plrelp-edmnls aegravesdebs Emnmelhms pmr hljdm jl su dntlrprltb-edotilden Udn lhfbrom eubnjm il suhbhms im qul E`brils Vd-e`lt li aunjbjmr jl ib hltbpsegravequdeb jlnmhdnotilde jl rsquoslxtmslntdjmlsquo nm sotildeim lxplrdhlntbrlhms un hbymr orbjm jlemnsedlnedb lxdstlnedbi sdnm qul pbsbhms doubihlntl bjlsvlibr ims slerltms jl ib vdjb dnvdsdfil Ls b trbvaumls jl ibbtlnedotilden b nulstrm hunjm dntlrdmr utdidzbnjm ibs slnsbedm-

nls emhm ouegraveb qul plnltrbrlhms ln ib rlbidjbj jl hb-nlrb hacircs prmaunjb laquoJdms nm pmjregraveb jbril bi `mhfrl unbouegraveb hacircs slourb qul su prmpdb emnedlnedbmiddot nms dnjdebnims Dnstruetmrls suplrdmrls (vaumlbsl ib eulstdotilden 01 jl Liidfrm jl ims lspegraverdtus) Ln rlbidjbj nuneb vbhms b `belr vlrb nbjdl im qul nm qudlrl vlr pmrqul sotildeim vlhms im quljlslbhms vlr Li ebhdnm puls ls ib dneursdotilden ln nulstrmslr li butm-jlseufrdhdlntm jl im qul smhms y jl im qul tlnlhms qul pmnlr ln hbre`b Qlr im qul nm smy y slntdrim qul segrave smy jdregravebhms emn ib flimsmaegraveb

B im ibrom jl ib `dstmrdb `b `bfdjm nuhlrmsms dntln- tms jl hmstrbr im qul sl emnsdjlrb trbnselnjlntl T ibshbymrls jdfleuitbjls pbrb bjhdtdr lstm ib djlb jl im psegravequd-em m jl im lspdrdtubi smn ims abetmrls jl dnvdsdfdidjbj jlipibnm lxtrb aegravesdem y ib jlsdnamrhbedotilden bi rlspletm jli bsun- tm Jlsjl li puntm jl vdstb `dstotilderdem ib djlb jl lspegraverdtusdlhprl `b lstbjm prlslntl ln tmjbs ibs euiturbs Li `le`mrlidodmsm `b sdjm unb lvdjlnedb jlsjl ib aumlpmeb prl`dstotilderdeb3ims hlobiegravetdems lntlrrbfbn b sus hulrtms prmeuracircnjmils tmjb eibsl jl mfcltms dneiusm bidhlntms Lstm prlsupmnlnlelsbrdbhlntl ib dntudedotilden jl unb slounjb lxdstlnedb jlunb lxdstlnedb hacircs biiacirc jl ib vdsdfil y hbtlrdbi

B hljdbjms jli sdoim PDP ib lxplrdlnedb jl ib lxdstlnedb jl unb jdhlnsdotilden jlsemnmedjb plrm bitbhlntljlsvlibjb sl `bel jl tbi hmjm pbtlntl qul jlslhfmeotildeln im qul vdnm b emnsdjlrbrsl un psye`de-fmmh unb lx-pimsdotilden psegravequdeb qul smfrlemodotilde bi hunjm lntlrm




T qul li prmpdm Udr Emnbn Jmyil ib jlflndotilde emhm

tmjb unb laquoDnvbsdotilden jlfdjbhlntl mrobndzbjbmiddot pmr pbrtljli hunjm lspdrdtubi Li brouhlntm qul utdidzbn biounmsedlntegraveflems (nm ib edlnedb) pbrb jlsberljdtbr ibs lvdjlnedbsjli lspegraverdtu ls ib eulstdotilden jl ib raumlpideb jli lxplrdhlntmT bègrave lnemntrbhms ib prulfb jl ib jlsdnamrhbedotilden hacircshbndfllstb rlspletm b ib jdhlnsdotilden lspdrdtubi bi prltln-jlr le`br pmr tdlrrb hacircs jl un sdoim y hljdm jl dnvlstd-obedmnls jl vlrjbjlrm rdomr edlntegraveflem pmr pbrtl jl imshacircs eaumlilfrls plrsmnbcls ln tmjbs ibs acircrlbs jli emnmed-hdlntm qul ib `dstmrdb `b mstlntbjm Nm mfstbntl tmjmslstms lstujdms dnvlstdobedmnls y lxplrdhlntbedmnls qulvdndlrbn b emrrmfmrbr ib rlbidjbj lxtrb-aegravesdeb nm `dedlrmnsdnm sloudr ib lstlib jl ib edlnedb jli lspegraverdtu jl ib jme-

trdnb lspegraverdtb mrobndzbjb pmr li dnsdonl emjdflebjmr dp-pmiytl Ilmn Jlndzbrj Vdvbdi fbcm li pslujotildendhm jl BiibnGbrjle Aumli lstbfiledotilde li haumltmjm bjleubjm y nlelsbrdmbi mfcltm jl lstujdm jl unb rlbidjbj nulvb l dnvdsdfilqul sl hmstrbfb b ims mcms3 li lspegraverdtu T emn rdomr edln-

tegraveflem erlotilde tmjm un [rmorbhb jl dnvlstdobedotilden edlntegraveflebqul sotildeim ln ib betubidjbj sotildeim `my ims fliotildesmams jl ibedlnedb `bn lstbfiledjm emhm ebrbetlregravestdeb jl ibs slrdlsjl `dpotildetlsds qul emnstdtuyln tlmregravebs edlntegraveflebs7 y qulZmhbs Gu`n emnelptuotilde emhm pbrbjdohbs hmjlims jlbprmxdhbedotilden b ib vlrjbj edlntegraveflebhlntl emrrmfmrbjbIb emntdnubedotilden jl lstb mfrb pulstm qul li lspdrdtdshm

emhm edlnedb ls prmorlsdvb y jdnacirchdeb ―y bquegrave tlnlhmsli slounjm rlqudsdtm jl ib edlnedb li jl abisbfdidjbj- vdnmemn ims Ebhdiil Aibhhbrdmn Iaumlmn Jlnds Oustbvm OlilyObfrdli Jlibnnl Bhbidb Jmhdnom Umilr lntrl mtrms hu-e`ms bsegrave emhm pmr ibs mfrbs hljdoacutehndebs qul lxtdlnjlnib Emjdflebedotilden y qul lstacircn bpmrtbnjm vbimr sdondflebtdvmb ib mfrb jli Erdstm

my nm ls pmr abitb jl jbtms pmr abitb jl dnamrhb-edotilden y idtlrbturb qul plrsdstbhms ln ib donmrbnedb rle`b-zbnjm unb jdhlnsdotilden trbnselnjlntl ib rlbidjbj lspdrdtubilstrueturbjb b pbrtdr jl jdstdntms otilderjlnls vdfrbtmrdmsRudlnls bflrhbn qul nm `by lvdjlnedb edlntegravefleb vacircidjb jl

ibs bfdidjbjls psegravequdebs nm sbfln jl im qul lstacircn bfibn-jm Rudlnls hdstdflebn rlspletm b ib rlbidjbj hljdoacutehnd-eb puljln slr emnsdjlrbjms donmrbntls hltbaegravesdems [mr

tbntm im qul ib flimsmaegraveb jl [ibtotilden y jl Ue`mpln`bulr

yb `bfibfbn y im qul ib nlurmedlnedb nms lxpideb `my ls

im hdshm qul lxpideb ib aegravesdeb euacircntdeb ln su bn`lim jlbprmxdhbedotilden b ib vlrjbj3 bi `le`m jl sbflr eotildehm dntlr-prltbhms ims lstegravehuims jli hljdm Ibs lxpidebedmnls jl ibemnedlnedb euacircntdeb rlvlibn emsbs emhm ibs lxplrdlnedbsjl ebsd hulrtl ibs prmyleedmnls bstrbils ib rllnebrnb-edotilden ibs huitdjdhlnsdmnls dneiusm jlsprmvdstbs jl tmjbdjlmimoegraveb Zrbnselnjlhms ib vdjb plrm nulstrb hlntl nmsdhpdjl vlrim Nm smhms ebpbels jl vlr rsquoim qul lslsquo lnvlrjbj pmrqul sotildeim vlhms im qul qulrlhms qul slb ibrlbidjbj Ib lvmiuedotilden qul ls ib ebpbedjbj jl slr ebjbvlz hlcmrls nms vb b jbr ib abeuitbj jl vlr im qul ls lnsegrave Li emnmedhdlntm jl segrave hdshm puls ls im qul nms bfrlims mcms pbrb vlr ib vlrjbj Ud emnsdjlrbhms qul im qulplredfdhms tbn rlbi puljl slr bfsmiutbhlntl abism m qulim ls sotildeim pbrb nmsmtrms li hunjm emhdlnzb b trbns-amrhbrsl bntl nulstrms mcms Lstb djlb lntrmneb emn lislntdjm jl rbjdebidjbj jl ib flimsmaegraveb emnsdjlrbjb bi doubiqul li `mhfrl emhm un fln ln segrave Iulom sotildeim sl emnmelbquliim qul smhms [mrqul nm `by emnmedhdlntm sdnmbutm-emnmedhdlntm emhm lxprlsb li odrm jl ib flimsmaegravebdntliletubidstb prmpulstm pmr Uotildeerbtls `bel hacircs jl 6ltsdoims y rlsebtbjm pmr Boustegraven jl dpmnb ln Li idfrm jl imslspegraverdtus Emn li jlsbrrmiim jl ib plrelpedotilden lxtrb aegravesdebjlcbrlhms jl slr un idhdtbjm prdsdmnlrm pbrb emhlnzbrb prmyletbrnms ln ndvlils jl vdjb pbipdtbntl emnsedln-

tls jl ims rleursms qul Jdms nms emnfllrl pbrb biebnzbrnulstrb pilndtuj emhm slrls ltlrnms qul smhms



6 Vlvdstb Lspegraverdtb jl ib ALL bull Li Hunjm Dnvdsdfil bull N QDBCL HBVBQDIIMUM

N QDBCL HBVBQDIIMUM

Zrbfbcbjmrb jli Elntrm jl Lstujdms Lspegraverdtbs Biibn Gbrjle jlHacircibob Jlsjl `bel jms bogravems btdlnjl ib idfrlregraveb lspegraverdtb BiibnGbrjle jmnjl tbhfdaumln sl marlel btlnedotilden arbtlrnb

Miob Mrtdz Fibnem

Ulourm qul tmjms `lhms le`m biooacuten vdbcl7 unbs vl-els b sdtdms yb emnmedjms y mtrbs nms `lhms bvlnturbjmb emnmelr biounm nulvm Tm `l sbidjm pmem jl Lspbogravebplrm ms puljm bslourbr qul lstl vdbcl qul ms vmy b emntbr`b sdjm pbrb hegrave li hacircs dhpmrtbntl l dnstruetdvm jl lstblxdstlnedb Lstmy slourb jl qul nm `l sdjm ib oacutendeb Hl imprmpusm un bhdom qul hl emnmeegraveb hlcmr aumli b hegrave qul ymb aumli puls aumli sbfegraveb jl tmjbs hds nlelsdjbjls7 ym nm tlnegravebnd djlb jl qul aumli lxdstegraveb Aul hd Lspegraverdtu prmtletmr mAcircnoli jl ib oubrjb

my vmy `bfibr sotildeim jl lsl prdhlr vdbcl puls aul bpbrtdr jl aumli qul hl bfledmnauml y jlsjl lntmnels ims vdbcls slhl beuhuibn Zmjm meurrdotilde unb tbrjl eubnjm hl jdspmnegravebb tdrbr ib fbsurb (segrave lsl betm tbn emtdjdbnm ln ibs vdjbs jlibs plrsmnbs) y biiegrave lstbfb li fdiiltl rsquosdn usbrlsquo Im emoegraveJlstdnm3 rsquon vdbcl hbrbvdiimsmlsquo3 frac12Rudaumln nm qulrregraveb `belrun vdbcl hbrbvdiimsm=

Emhm nm tlrhdnbfb jl erlaumlrhlim ilegrave ib iltrb plqul-ograveb (`by qul illr sdlhprl ib iltrb plqulograveb) pmnegraveb3 slracirc ln

2ordf eibsl nm `bel abitb lqudpbcl sotildeim3rsquonlelsdjbj jl tmhbr nulvms ruhfmslsquoRuauml ebsubidjbj custm im qul ym nlelsdtbfb ln bqul-

iims hmhlntms Tm lstbfb jdspulstb b vlrim tmjm Boacuten hllstmy prlountbnjm qudaumln im tdrbregraveb- rsquo`my ln jegraveb ib olntl tdrb eubiqudlr emsb b ib fbsurblsquo

Iulom hl prlountauml3 frac12euacirci slregraveb li hljdm jl trbnspmr- tl= frac12Ulregraveb ln eme`l ln trln ln em`ltl= (emhm b`mrb lstacircjl hmjb ims vdbcls b Hbrtlhellip) y lseueàuml3 li rlemrrdjm sl`bracirc rsquoilylnjmlsquo iexcl[lrm quauml vdbcl hacircs rbrm frac12eotildehm sl puljldr ilylnjm b biounb pbrtl=

B pbrtdr jl bègrave tmjm sueljdotilde huy racircpdjm y jl rlplntl

sdn sbflr eotildehm hl lnemntrauml vdbcbnjm frac12[mr jotildenjl= Nm imvbds b erllr 3 [mr un idfrm odobntl Nm hl jdm tdlhpm nd bvlr li tegravetuim Umim lseueàuml unb vmz qul hl jdcm3 iexclemhdln-zb li vdbcl

Lstb ls mtrb eulstdotilden3 ym lseue`bfb unb vmz qul hlbemhpbograveotilde tmjm li rlemrrdjm y bunqul nm sbfegraveb b qudaumlnplrtlnleegraveb hl slntegraveb fdln emn liib Li tmnm lrb slrlnm yracircpdjm sl plredfegraveb qul tmjm im qul jleegraveb `bfegraveb sdjm li rl-suitbjm jl hue`ms lstujdms y lxplrdlnedbs plrsmnbils Dfbb slr emhm unb lspledl jl rsquoouegraveblsquo

Hl `dzm bfrdr ib prdhlrb pacircodnb jli idfrm frac12Ubfaumlds imqul pmnegraveb= DNZVMJEEDMN emhpulstb pmr 2 bpbr- tbjms Umn lsbs lxpidebedmnls qul nmrhbihlntl nm qulrl-hms illr puls qulrlhms dr jdrletm bi orbnm

[uls hl `dzm illr ib prdhlrb arbsl3 [brb ibs emsbsnulvbs sl nlelsdtbn pbibfrbs nulvbshellip

Vacircpdjm lntlnjegrave qul nm hl pmjegraveb sbitbr lsb pbrtl pmr-qul sd sl trbtbfb jl emsbs nulvbs qul nlelsdtbfbn pbibfrbsnulvbs ibs tlnjregraveb qul emnmelr Jl lsb dntrmjueedotilden imqul hacircs hl iibhotilde ib btlnedotilden aul3

laquoIbs edlnedbs emhunls sl fbsbn ln ibs prmpdljbjlsjl ib hbtlrdb emn ibs qul sl puljl lxplrdhlntbr y hb-ndpuibr b vmiuntbj ln ebhfdm ims alnotildehlnms qul egravefbhmsb lstujdbr sl fbsbn ln ib beedotilden jl dntlidolnedbs qul tdlnlnvmiuntbj prmpdb y qul nms prulfbn b ebjb dnstbntl qul nmsl `biibn b hlrelj jl nulstrm ebprde`mmiddot

Lsm smnbfb fdln bunqul nm tlnegraveb djlb jl quauml sl trbtbfb frac12Rudaumlnls slregravebn lsbs dntlidolnedbs= Tm emntdnoacutel emn ibileturbhellip

laquoLi lstujdm jl lstb jmetrdnb sotildeim puljl slr iilvbjm bebfm emn aumlxdtm pmr `mhfrls slrdms plrslvlrbntls idfrlsjl prlcudedms y bndhbjms pmr ib flrhl y sdnelrb vmiuntbj jlbiebnzbr un rlsuitbjm Bfstaumlnobnsl puls ims qul emnsdjl-rln qul ims le`ms nm smn jdonms jl liims y jl su btlnedotildennbjdl pdlnsb vdmilntbr su erllnedb plrm ils pljdhms qul tlnobn b fdln rlspltbr ib jl ims jlhacircsmiddotTm hl emnsdjlrbfb qul tlnegraveb lsbs ebrbetlregravestdebs

Zlrhdnm jl illr y jl nulvm pbsauml pacircodnb y bpbrlel un3[VMILOOtildeHLNMU (qul tbhfdaumln nm smilhms illr) bègrave sllxpmnln ims aunjbhlntms olnlrbils jli tlhb b trbtbr emnemnslcms pbrb li butmr Ul nmtb pmr im qul il jdeln qulemnflbfbn ln aumli3

laquobn iilobjm ims tdlhpms slogravebibjms pmr ib prmvd-jlnedb pbrb unb hbndalstbedotilden undvlrsbi jmnjl sl bfrd-racirc unb nulvb lrb jl rlolnlrbedotilden pbrb ib ùhbndjbjmiddot

Tb sauml jl jotildenjl vlnom pbrb quauml vlnom y b jotildenjl vmy Rul smy un slr

huy lspledbi qul Jdms hl bhb y qul hd jlstdnm ls slr alidzhellip



6ltN QDBCL HBVBQDIIMUM bull Noacutehlrm3 22 bull Ljdedotilden Bfrdi 62lt

[brlel unb tbrlb jdaegraveedi plrm im bndhbn jdedaumlnjmil3laquoEmn plrslvlrbnedb iilobracircs b rlemolr li arutm jl tus

trbfbcms Li pibelr qul lxplrdhlntbracircs eubnjm vlbs qulib jmetrdnb sl prmpbob y ls fdln emhprlnjdjb slracirc pbrb td unb rlemhplnsb euym vlrjbjlrm vbimr emnmelracircs hacircsln li pmrvlndr qul ln li prlslntl Nm tl dnqudltls pulspmr ims lspdnms y ibs pdljrbs qul ims dneraumljuims m hbimsslhfrbracircn ln tu ebhdnm Emnslrvb ib emnflbnzb emn liibiilobracircs b ib hltb y slracircs hlrleljmr jl nulstrb emnstbntl

byujbmiddot[brlel qul ib flnbidjbj jl lstl idfrm ls biom orbnjlB lstbs biturbs jli vdbcl lstbfb dhpbedlntl pmr sbflr hacircs

T pmr fln sl bfrdotilde bntl hds mcms3 Li prdhlr idfrm iexclpulsrlsuitb qul smn idfrms ln unm y pmr li prledm jl un fdiiltldfb b vdbcbr pmr idfrms Lrb unb smrprlsb trbs mtrb

Nms hltdhms jl iilnm ln li Idfrm [rdhlrm3 rsquoIbsebusbs prdhlrbslsquo emn ebpegravetuims Ms vmy b emhlntbrim qul ln lsl hmhlntm hacircs hl iibhotilde ib btlnedotilden

Jdms Udlhprl qudsl sbflr qudaumln lrb iexclsl `bfib tbntmjl Aumli frac12vlrjbj= Ud lxdstl jotildenjl lstacirc qudaumln ls eotildehm lsLi ouegraveb hl `dzm un olstm pbrb qul hdrbrb b hd birljljmr

y lhplzbrmn b bpbrlelr dhacircolnls ln hmvdhdlntm emsbshbrbvdiimsbs Hds mcms nm tlnegravebn ebpbedjbj pbrb vlrim tmjmln tmjm sl plredfegraveb sbfdjuregraveb tbntm ln ibs plqulogravebs emhmln ibs orbnjls emsbs Zmjm lstbfb iilnm jl vdjb nm lxdstegraveb livbeegravem y tmjm sl rloegraveb pmr unbs ilyls qul rlvlibfbn custdedby fmnjbj rsquoZmjm im `bfegraveb erlbjm Aumlilsquo Lntlnjegrave frac12quauml lrbJdms= vd pbdsbcls qul hl prmfbfbn su lxdstlnedb y bunqulln lsl vdbcl nm im vd nm hl dzm abitb eubnjm vd su erlbedotildensupl qul lxdstegraveb qul lrb unb Dntlidolnedb Uuprlhb pulsndnooacuten slr ùhbnm qul ym emnmzeb puljl `belr im qulAumli `bel

Ib vmz jli rsquoouegraveblsquo hl jdcm qul sd hl dntlrlsbfb lstlemntlndjm pmjregraveb bhpidbrim vdbcbnjm pmr mtrm idfrm iib-

hbjm Ib oaumlnlsds qul hl `bfibregraveb jl ib amrhbedotilden y pl-rdmjms jl ib tdlrrb jl ilyls y studjms jlsemnmedjms pbrbnmsmtrms y qul utdidzbjms pmr lsbs dntlidolnedbs qul tdlnlnvmiuntbj prmpdb jbn iuobr b tmjbs lstbs hbrbvdiibs

Li vdbcl emntdnubfb y sl bfrdotilde li Idfrm Ulounjm3rsquoHunjm lspegraverdtb m jl ims lspegraverdtuslsquo qul emnstb jl22 ebpegravetuims

Lsl tegravetuim yb hl jdm un pmem jl lsebimaregravem Bi prdned-pdm jujauml nm sbfegraveb sd lntrbr m nm b ib pacircodnb pmrqul tmjmim qul sl hl vlnegraveb b ib ebflzb lrb3 abntbshbs lnebjlnbjmslsquliltms vdvdlntls un culz slvlrm emnjlnbnjm m bfsmi-vdlnjm b ebprde`m ltehellip [lrm ibs pbibfrbs trbnqudidzbjmrbsjli ouegraveb hl `dedlrmn emnflbr T lntrauml Aul tmjm un jlseu-

frdhdlntm puls nbjb jl im qul ym erlegraveb bi prdnedpdm tlnegravebqul vlr emn ib rlbidjbj qul biiegrave sl hl prlslntotilde y bprlnjegrave3

bull Rul jurbntl ib vdjb tlnlhms unb jmfil lxdstlnedb 3 ibemrpmrbi qul nms jb ib vdjb jl rlibedotilden lxtlrdmr y ib

lxdstlnedb lspdrdtubi qul nms jb ib vdjb jl rlibedotildenmeuitb

bull Rul nm hl puljm hmrdr puls smhms dnhmrtbils frac12Imsbfegravebds= im qul `bom ls rsquojlslnebrnbrlsquo jlcbr lstlrsquoeulrpm ―vlstdhlntblsquo qul `my sl iibhb Miob yeubnjm lsm sueljl smy un rsquoLspegraverdtulsquo frac12Lsm quauml qudl-rl jledr= Ud ym tlnom hdljm jl ims lspegraverdtus tlnomhdljm jl hegrave hdshb T Eubnjm hl slb nlelsbrdmvmivlrauml b emolr mtrb vlstdhlntb rsquolnebrnbrlsquo

bull T emn tmjm im qul nms qulcbhms eubnjm vdlnln ibs jdfleuitbjls puls rlsuitb qul ibs `lhms pljdjm nm-smtrms pbrb rletdflebr emsbs qul nm `lhms `le`mfdlnhellip

bull [lrm nm sotildeim lnebrnbhms ln lstl pibnltb sdnm lnmtrms Tb hl lxtrbogravebfb qul ùfdlrb tbntms sdstlhbssmibrls sotildeim pbrb emntlhpibrims frac12vlrjbj= frac12Ms im `b-faumlds prlountbjm= y li mfcltdvm ls qul b trbvaumls jllsbs vdvlnedbs biebnelhms ib plraleedotilden

rsquo[lrm quauml hbrbvdiib eubntm smhmslsquo euacircntbs emsbs `b-frlhms vdvdjm vdstm lxplrdhlntbjm Ms bslourm qul nmhl emnmeegraveb pbrb nbjb

bull Mtrb emsb3 qul ims qul sl vbn bi hacircs biiacirc nm lstacircntbn pbrb biiacirc lstacirc hacircs beacirc puls eubnjm jlslnebr-nbhms sloudhms idobjms pmr li baletm b nulstrmsslrls qulrdjms y tbhfdaumln pmr mjdms y vlnobnzbs bims hlnms qulrdjms ― flnlfledbnjm m plrcujdebnjm ―pmr lsm jlflhms lsamrzbrnms pbrb qul nulstrbsrlibedmnls slbn fulnbs hdlntrbs lstlhms pmr bquegravepuls emn ib hulrtl nm ebhfdb nbjb y eubnjm nmsvbhms sloudhms undjms ims unms b ims mtrms b trb-vaumls jli plnsbhdlntm bunqul nm tlnobhms li eulr-pm aegravesdem

T ym hl prlountm3 Ud li undvlrsm ls tbn orbnjl frac12pmrquauml ims lspegraverdtus hbims nm sl vbn b mtrm sdtdm qul nm nms

plrcujdquln=Vacircpdjm li ouegraveb hl emntlstotilde3 Ud nm ùfdlsl `mhfrlshbims ln ib Zdlrrb nm `bfregraveb Lspegraverdtus hbims birljljmr jlliib (ily jl Bflndjbj) Biiegrave sloudhms hbntlndlnjm ims hds-hms plnsbhdlntms slntdhdlntms y baletms

Lsm ls im oacutendem qul nms pmjlhms iilvbr li rlstm imjlcbhms bquegrave

Lstb djlb ls biom qul nm sulil oustbr (jlcbr ibs pmsl-sdmnls ebsb eme`l ibs cmybs pmsdedotildenhellip puls lstbhms huybplobjms b liibs) plrm erlm qul ls im hlcmr pmrqul emhmnm sbflhms euacircnjm nms vbhms b dr slregraveb huy lnomrrmsm tlnlr qul lstbr sdlhprl emn ibs hbiltbs `le`bs

Arbnedsem jl Bsegraves jleegraveb3 laquoib vlrjbjlrb prmpdljbj lsib qul pmjlhms oubrjbr ln nulstrm emrbzotilden ib iilvbhmsemn nmsmtrms pmr jmnjl vbhms y ims ibjrmnls nm nms ibpuljln rmfbrmiddot Erlm qul ls ib hlcmr prmpulstb pbrb nmlstbr `bedlnjm hbiltbs




bull Rul nm vbhms pbrb jlsebnsbr `by trbfbcm pbrb tm-jms y li qul sl bfurrl ls pmrqul qudlrl puls `bymeupbedmnls m hdsdmnls qul rlbidzbr y ibs tbrlbs qul tlnlhms vbn bemrjls b nulstrbs rsquovlrjbjlrbs ebpb-

edjbjlslsquo tbntm dntliletubils emhm hmrbils Ibs pm-sdedmnls m tegravetuims tlrrlstrls ims abvmrdtdshms lsm biiegravenm vbil

Hl quljauml plnsbnjm ln tmjb lsb nulvb dnamrhbedotildeny hl prlountbfb3 frac12Eotildehm sbflr sd lsm ls vlrjbj= frac12Eotildehm erllrhl lsm=

Li ouegraveb hl jdcm3 nm hl im lstmy dnvlntbnjm puls ibs djlbsnm smn hegravebs liibs smn li rlsuitbjm jl un lstujdm le`m pmrli butmr jl lstl idfrm -jl ibs dnamrhbedmnls trbegravejbs pmr imshaumljduhs qul smn plrsmnbs qul tdlnln unb edlrtb jdspm-sdedotilden mroacircndeb pbrb plredfdr y vlr lsl hunjm dnvdsdfil bnulstrms mcms Rul lsbs dnamrhbedmnls `bn sdjm jbjbs ln

tmjbs ibs pbrtls jli oimfm y `bn sdjm emntrbstbjbs lntrlliibs y jl lsm `b sbidjm un eulrpm jl jmetrdnb qul smnlstbs lnslogravebnzbs

bull Rul `by un alnotildehlnm iibhbjm rsquolhbnedpbedotilden jlibihblsquo

Rul eubnjm sl jb lstl alnotildehlnm sl puljl vlr yvdsdtbr li hunjm lspdrdtubi by unm qul im `belhms tmjmseubnjm jmrhdhms3 jurbntl li sulogravem jli eulrpm ims lspegraverdtus vdbcbn y sl vdsdtbn rleegraveprmebhlntl Bi jlsplrtbr sotildeim rl-eulrjbn emhm unb lspledl jl dntudedotilden jl im qul vdlrmn ybprlnjdlrmn [brb lntlnjlr hlcmr tmjms lstms alnotildehlnmshl bemnslcotilde vdbcbr pmr lstl idfrm3 Idfrm jl ims haumljduhs

[uls ym eubnjm vulivb pbrb biiacirc qudlrm lstbr emn imslspegraverdtus bhdoms y ims hacircs fulnms frac12Lsm eotildehm sl emn-sdoul= Li ouegraveb hl mrdlntotilde3 Ibs hlcmrls erljlnedbils ibsemnsloudrlhms bquegrave lsamrzacircnjmnms ln lidhdnbr nulstrmsvdedms y bjqudrdr ibs vdrtujls [uls hl quljauml boacuten hacircsprlmeupbjb frac12Lsm eotildehm sl emnsdoul=

Vacircpdjm hl jdm ib rlspulstb vbhms b ib sdoudlntlpacircodnb3

T bpbrlel li Idfrm tlrelrm rsquoIlyls hmrbilslsquo emn26 ebpegravetuims bfegraveb unb lspledl jl pbntbiib y lhplzbrmnb bpbrlelr pmr jlibntl jl hds mcms unb b unb plrm tbnracircpdjm qul nm pujl rltlnlribs Li ouegraveb hl beibrotilde3 liibs sllneulntrbn dnserdtbs ln li idfrm jl ib nbturbilzb y eubnjm

li `mhfrl sl prmpmnl fusebribs ibs lneulntrb bn sdjmprmeibhbjbs ln tmjms ims tdlhpms pmr ims `mhfrls jlfdln pmr lsm nm jlflhms jlsprledbr ndnounb flimsmaegraveb bntdoub trbjdedotilden m rlidodotilden puls tmjbs emntdlnln oaumlrhlnls

jl orbnjls vlrjbjls Lsbs Ilyls lstacircn dnserdtbs ln nulstrbprmpdb emnedlnedb

T emhm Aumli plredfdotilde qul boacuten hl quljbfb prlmeupb-jb hl prmpusm mtrm vdbcl b trbvaumls jl3

rsquoLi lvbnolidm slooacuten li lspdrdtdshmlsquoT hl bemnslcm3 Lstl ls un vdbcl qul nm jlfls jlcbr

jl `belr fbcm ndnooacuten emnelptm Ud jlspuaumls jl bjlntrbrtlln ibs lnslogravebnzbs qul bègrave vbs b rledfdr nm ibs prbetdebsnm `bfracirc pbsbpmrtl qul tl iilvl b un hlcmr iuobr laquoln aumlilnemntrbracircs li hlcmr ebhdnm b sloudrmiddot

B`mrb tl vmy b prlslntbr b Lsplrbnzb y Emnsulim [mrfln dfb b emnmelr b bioudln ln lstl vdbcl [lrm nm Lstl lrbli tegravetuim jli3 Idfrm eubrtm3 rsquoLsplrbnzbs y emnsulimslsquoemn 6 ebpegravetuims

frac12Jl quauml trbtbfb= Ibs [lnbs li dnfllrnm suardhdlntm-pmr mtrm ibjm - omzms alidedjbj edlimhellip Mtrm jl ims tlhbs

jli qul sl `bfib hue`m y sl sbfl pmem Im qul ym jljucl3Li dnfllrnm3 ls un jlslm lxeiusdvm jl ims pibelrls y

omels tlrrlnbils y nm pmjlr sbtdsabelrim Li plmr dnfllrnmls li mrouiim y ib vbndjbj Li edlim3 emnmelr y emhprlnjlr tmjbs ibs emsbs y `belr li fdln

[brb hacircs bhpidbedotilden jli tlhb aud bemnslcbjb b vdbcbrpmr3 Li edlim y li dnfllrnm

T emhm tmjm fuln lstujdm li idfrm tlrhdnb emn unbemneiusdotilden jl Ubn Boustegraven jl ib qul nm vmy `belr emhln- tbrdms pbrb dnvdtbrms b qul ib ilacircds vmsmtrmshellip

Nm sl puljl `bfibr jli hunjm dnvdsdfil y nm `bfibrjl3 frac12Ln quauml idfrm `l lstbjm vdbcbnjm= Li idfrm jl ims ls-

pegraverdtusHd Emneiusdotilden3 Tb sauml jl jotildenjl vlnom pbrb quauml

vlnom y b jotildenjl vmy Rul smy un slr huy lspledbi qulJdms hl bhb y qul hd jlstdnm ls slr alidzhellip T nm ms mivd-jaumlds qul tbhfdaumln ls li jl tmjms vmsmtrmshellip

Jurbntl li sulogravem jli eulrpmims lspegraverdtus vdbcbn y sl vdsdtbnrleegraveprmebhlntl



6IB BJRDUDEDOtildeN JL IB [ILNDZJ LU[DVDZBI bull Noacutehlrm3 22 bull Ljdedotilden Bfrdi 62lt

IB BJRDUDEDOtildeN JL IB[ILNDZJ LU[DVDZBI

Haumljduh frbsdilogravem qul b psdemorbflbjm hacircs jl 65 tegravetuims oudbjm pmrnuhlrmsms butmrls lspdrdtubils lspledbihlntl pmr su hlntmrb Cmbnnbjl AElignolids Ln 24lt6 aunjotilde cuntm emn Ndismn jl Umuzb ib Hbnsdotilden jli

Ebhdnm mfrb jl bhmr y ebrdjbj qul b btlnjdjm b hacircs jl 55 ndogravemsy bjmilselntls jlsprmvdstms jli sustlntm nlelsbrdm pbrb su jlsbrrmiimdntlorbi


Jurbntl ib rlvmiuedotilden fmie`lvdqul ln Vusdb jlstbebun lxtrbmrjdnbrdm psdeotildeimom Ourjcdlaa qul `bfegraveb jljdebjmsu vdjb b lntlnjlr quauml ls ib erdbturb ùhbnb y iilootilde bjledr qul ls ib hljdjb jl sus prmpdms prmfilhbs Erlotildeunb psdemimoegraveb fbsbjb ln ib plnltrbedotilden jli dnemnsedlntl

jli slr uhbnm pbrb lnemntrbr ims abetmrls qul prmjuelnib alidedjbj m ib jlsjde`b jl ebjb unm

Ln bquli hmhlntm jl ib rlvmiuedotilden emhm lrb unplrsmnbcl nmfil emnsdoudotilde jli zbr jl Vusdb ib mpmr tundjbjjl sbidr jli pbegraves emn un orupm jl lstujdbntls jl ib nmfilzbpbrb `belr un vdbcl huy lspledbi B ib vlz emnsdoudotilde unsbivmemnjuetm jl ims emhundstbs pbrb pmjlr btrbvlsbr ibsarmntlrbs plnsbnjm ln rltmrnbr pmstlrdmrhlntl Emn unorupm lxtrbmrjdnbrdm jl plrsmnbs dntlrlsbjbs ln lnemntrbr ib pilndtuj jl ib vdjb emhlnzotilde su vdbcl jdrdodaumlnjmsll ib Dnjdb

[mstlrdmrhlntl pufidebregraveb unb mfrb qul slregraveb iilvbjbb ib pbntbiib ednlhbtmoracircfleb tdtuibjb B ib foacutesquljb jl ims`mhfrls nmfils m sborbjms (Lneulntrms emn `mhfrls nmtb-fils) Jlspuaumls jl `bflr lstbjm ln Dnjdb vdsdtotilde E`dnb Cb-potilden rlbidzbnjm dnvlstdobedmnls prmaunjbs b rlspltm jl ibpsdquds y jli slr lspdrdtubi

Lstuvm ln Lodptm plrm b hljdjb qul li vdbcl sl bibrob-fb hue`ms jl bquliims lntusdbshbjms sloudjmrls aulrmnbfbnjmnacircnjmim pmrqul ibs lxdolnedbs jl Ourjcdlaa lrbnhue`bs Nbturbihlntl pbrb qul li slr puljb lnemntrbrslb segrave hdshm ls nlelsbrdm un lsaulrzm huy orbnjl pbrbplnltrbr ln ims bfdshms jl su dnemnsedlntl y idflrtbrsl jlims pbntbnms jli bihb

Jlspuaumls jl ebsd un bogravem ln ib foacutesquljb jl `mhfrlsy huclrls nmtbfils rlsmivdotilde rltmrnbr b Lurmpb `bedlnjmun ibrom vdbcl bstb E`dprl y pmstlrdmrhlntl jdrletbhlntl b [bregraves Jl bquli orupm lxtrbmrjdnbrdm jl plnsbjmrlspsdeotildeimoms brdstotildeerbtbs quljotilde smibhlntl un orupm rlju-edjm [lrm Ourjcdlaa nm lrb `mhfrl qul sl jlsbndhbfborbedbs b unb jdseegravepuib arbnelsb emnsdoudotilde ln [bregraves unb ebsbhbrbvdiimsb jmnjl pujm dnstbibr ib lseulib qul sl iibhbregravebrsquoIb emnedlnedb dntlorbi jli slr ùhbnmlsquo

Biiegrave lntmnels pbrb jdsedpidnbr ib vmiuntbj y ims àcircfdtmsjl ib brdstmerbedb àcircfdtms jl emhmjdjbj jl plrlzb trbfb-

cbfb ln ib tdlrrb `beegraveb `mr tdeuiturb cbrjdnlregraveb y bi hdshm tdlhpm tlbtrm lstujdms prmaunjms jl hljdtbedotilden y pmrlnedhb jl tmjm ib iue`b ln emntrb jl su dnalrdmrdjbj hm-rbi Ib psdemimoegraveb ourjlvdbnb tdlnl emhm fbsl lslnedbi ib

dnhmrtbidjbj jli bihb Ourjcdlaa ls pdmnlrm ln li acircrlb jlib psdemimoegraveb eiacircsdeb pbrb jlhmstrbr qul ib vdjb tdlnl unslntdjm prmaunjm qul ls ib foacutesquljb jl ib pilndtuj

Ln lsl hmhlntm li plnsbhdlntm psdemiotildeodem `bfegravebbfbnjmnbjm ib psdqudbtregraveb jl Arluj Li psdembnacircidsds lstbfbemnstruylnjm sus lseulibs ln Lurmpb plrm Arluj `bfegravebsustdtudjm b Jdms pmr ib idfdjm y jleegraveb qul li slr ùhbnmlrb lslnedbihlntl bndhbi Ib idfdjm slxubi prljmhdnbfbln ib erdbturb ùhbnb pmr slr unm jl ims dnstdntms hacircsbntdoums jli prmelsm jli jlsbrrmiim bntrmpmiotildeodem Lstmpmrqul ib prmerlbedotilden ls un dnstdntm facircsdem jl qul tm-jms ims slrls vdvms nlelsdtbn3 vloltbils bndhbils y slrlsùhbnms Ib prmpulstb jl ib jdvdndjbj jli slr ùhbnmls unb suplre`lregraveb hegravestdeb jl ibs bntdoubs jmetrdnbs jl ibdonmrbnedb

Orbedbs b lstb pmsdedotilden jmohacirctdeb li nmtbfil psd-qudbtrb sudzm Ebri Oustbv Cuno ùfdlrb bjmptbjm li pln-sbhdlntm arlujdbnm pbrb lntlnjlr b ims psdeotildepbtbs jlisbnbtmrdm psdqudacirctrdem jmnjl aumli rlbidzbfb sus lxplrdlnedbsjl lstujdm jli slr prmaunjm Jlselnjdlntl jl rlidodmsmsnm pmjregraveb ùdr jl lstb `lrlnedb jli prmtlstbntdshm jl supbjrl jl su bfulim jl su fdsbfulim [lrm un jegraveb tuvm unsulogravem un sulogravem huy tlrrdfil y b pbrtdr jl lstl hmhlntmsl `dzm hbtlrdbidstb Bfbnjmnotilde b Jdms ibs erllnedbs rlid-odmsbs y emhlnzotilde b plnsbr eotildehm lxpidebr li ndvlrsmeotildehm lxpidebr ib vdjb jdvmredacircnjmsl jl Arluj pmrqul aumlilrb pmrtbjmr jl alnotildehlnms pbrbnmrhbils y unm jl liimsbemntledotilde ln ib fdfidmtleb jl Arluj ln Qdlnb Cuno emhln-zotilde b fusebr unb pbibfrb qul trbjuclrb tmjb lsb rlbidjbj

qul ls li dnemnsedlntl prmaunjm jli slr T aul b lnemntrbrib pbibfrb ln ib jmetrdnb er dstdbnb prdhdtdvb ln Ubn Drlnlmqul ls emnsdjlrbjm unm jl ims pbjrls jl ib Doilsdb Erds- tdbnb prdhdtdvb Ib pbibfrb lstacirc amrhbjb pmr jms pbibfrbsordlobs rsquobrqulslsquo y rsquotdpmylsquo Emn lstbs laquohbrebs bntdoubsmiddotEbri Oustbv Cuno emhlnzotilde b emnstrudr li ljdfledm jl sujmetrdnb prmaunjb fbsbjb ln ims brqultdpms jdedlnjm qulli slr ùhbnm prmvdlnl jl un brqultdpm aunjbhlntbiqul aumli iibhbfb rsquoli brqultdpm prdhmrjdbilsquo li vdlcm li brqultdpm prljmhdnbntl ln li ndvlrsm

Jlsemjdflebnjm ib jmetrdnb jl Cuno iibhbrlhmsb lstl brqultdpm Jdms m Nbturbilzb m ebusb m μἱκνφ

(ldjms)7 nm dhpmrtb li nmhfrl qul sl il bpidqul Jl lstlbrqultdpm aunjbhlntbi `by jlelnbs jl mtrms brqultdpmslslnedbihlntl li Ulia li lom ib smhfrb y mtrms qul aulrmnsdlnjm lstbfiledjms pbrb lxpidebr ib erdbturb ùhbnb



60 Vlvdstb Lspegraverdtb jl ib ALL bull Li Hunjm Dnvdsdfil bull IB BJRDUDEDOtildeN JL IB [ILNDZJ LU[DVDZBI

Eubnjm sl rlfllrl bi Ulia sdondfleb rsquosegrave hdshmlsquo li slrprmaunjm psegravequdem qul nm sl hulrl Ib psdquds jlspuaumlsjl ib hulrtl jli eulrpm plrhbnlel y b vlels ebhfdbjl eulrpms7 b lstm iibhbhms rllnebrnbedotilden T tbhfdaumlnlstbfiledotilde li lom bquliim emn im qul nms prlslntbhmsln ib euiturb ln ib smedljbj Lstms jms brqultdpms slracircn

prljmhdnbntls ln ib nbturbilzb ùhbnbIb jmetrdnb jl ib psdemimoegraveb bnbiegravetdeb m prmaunjb dn-

tlntb lxpidebr ibs `lrlnedbs qul amrhbn pbrtl jl nulstrbsmhfrb Zlnlhms unb smhfrb aulrtl qul smn ims vdedmsibs tlnjlnedbs nlobtdvbs y tlnlhms unb smhfrb jaumlfdi qulls ib donmrbnedb

Ib hdsdotilden jl ib vdjb ln ib Zdlrrb ls bjmrnbr nulstrbsmhfrb prmaunjb jl eibrdjbjls belr qul liib sl `bobiuhdnmsb y bi hdshm tdlhpm `belr qul ib smhfrb jaumlfdisl vulivb iuhdnmsb hljdbntl ib bjqudsdedotilden jli emnmed-hdlntm

Orbedbs b lstb smhfrb tmjms ims psdeotildeimoms dntlntbnemhprlnjlr pmr quauml `by plrsmnbs fulnbs plrsmnbs jdo-nbs mhfrls y huclrls `mnmrbfils qul jl un hmhlntmb mtrm ebhfdbn y prlslntbn unb abz jlolnlrbjb pmr quaumlun fbnqulrm un hdndstrm un `mhfrl poacutefidem qul tdlnlib `mnrb jl slrvdedms nmfils soacutefdtbhlntl sl plrhdtl ibjls`mnlstdjbj unb emnjuetb rlprme`bfil pmr quauml hb-qudiib ibs eulntbs jl ib Fmisb pbrb lnobogravebr sbfdlnjm ln

su dnemnsedlntl qul mpmrtunbhlntl sl jlseufrdracirc lstbbetubedotilden [mr quauml un prmalsmr qul idjdb emn ndogravems jl unhmhlntm b mtrm sl trbnsamrhb ln un pljotildeflim7 pmr quaumlun `dcm soacutefdtbhlntl pbrlel tlnlr un egravehpltu y il qudtb ib

vdjb b su hbjrl b su pbjrl Ib jmetrdnb cunoudbnb lxpid-eb qul ls ib smhfrb qul Biibn Gbrjle iibhbracirc ibs hbibsdneidnbedmnls

Lstbs hbibs dneidnbedmnls smn `lrlnedbs jl nulstrbslxdstlnedbs pbsbjbs y Ebri Oustbv Cuno prmpmnl lntmnels

li lsaulrzm hmrbi unb aumltdeb jl rlspltm pmr ib vdjb pbrbimorbr ib euhfrl jl ib lvmiuedotilden qul sl iibhb rsquoli lstb-jm iuhdnmsmlsquo Ib pbibfrb sl jlrdvb jli ibtegraven rsquoiuhlnlsquo iuzqul nmsmtrms iibhbregravebhms laquoli rldnm jl ims edlimsmiddot pmrqullstl lstbjm iuhdnmsm lstacirc bjlntrm nulstrm

Li Hblstrm Clsoacutes jdcm3 laquoli rldnm jl ims edlims lstacircbjlntrm vulstrmmiddot y bjlhacircs Cuno lstbfilelracirc qul ib vdjb tdlnl un prdnedpdm3 nm smibhlntl slr ùhbndtbrdm slr ù-hbndtbrdm ls un jlflr sdnm trbfbcbr pmr ib ùhbndjbjqul ls unb emnqudstb dntliletm-hmrbi Li dnjdvdjum tdlnlqul biebnzbr li lstbjm hacircs lilvbjm tdlnl qul imorbr unbpmsdedotilden jl rlidlvl Bjlhacircs jli lstbjm iuhdnmsm tdlnl

qul emnsloudr lsl lstbjm jl slr dntlorbi Ims prmfilhbsùhbnms nm im jlfln plrturfbr jmnjl ib smhfrb nm slhbndfllstl pmrqul ln li lcl Lom-Ulia ls nlelsbrdm qul ibsmhfrb jli lom sl diuhdnl y sl unb b ib rlbidjbj jli Ulia

Li slr qul ym pbrlzem tdlnl qul undrsl bi slr qulsmy Tm nm smy Jdvbijm Arbnem ym lstmy Jdvbijm Arbnempmrqul ym smy ib suhb jl tmjbs hds lxplrdlnedbs jli Uliapbrb iilobr b ib dnjdvdjubedotilden [lrm pbrb pmjlr lntlnjlrlsm b ib iuz jl ib edlnedb lspegraverdtb qul ls li hacircs nmtbfil trbtbjm jl psdemimoegraveb ùhbndstb jl psdemimoegraveb prmaunjbpmrqul emnsdoul pmnlr pulntls lntrl ibs tlmregravebs psdemiotilde-odebs y ib rlbidjbj trbnsplrsmnbi jli slr uhbnm nmsmtrms

tlnjrlhms qul rltmrnbr b Ourjcdlaa Aumlstl tuvm un jdseegravepu-im un rusm dnoiaumls iibhbjm [ltlr J Musplnsgy Jlspuaumlsjl unb iue`b pbrb emnstrudr li slr dntlorbi ourjdlvdbnmims jms edlntegraveflems prlslntbrmn biounbs jdfleuitbjls y sl

Li Lspdrdtdshm lstacirc ln ib Zdlrrb pbrbprmpmredmnbrnms sbiuj dntlorbi




slpbrbrmn `bedlnjm jms lseulibs jl plnsbhdlntm Ib ls-eulib jl Ourjcdlaa ln ims bogravems trldntb bntls jl ib UlounjbOulrrb Hunjdbi emhlnzotilde b jlsemhpmnlrsl y Ourjcdlaarltmrnotilde b Vusdb plrhbnledotilde ln li emntdnlntl lurmplmMusplnsgy dnvdtbjm b dr b Nulvb Tmrg tlnjracirc mpmrtund-jbj jl lxpidebr ib jmetrdnb jl Ourjcdlaa y lstbfilelr qul

ib erdbturb ùhbnb ls un jlsbaegravem b segrave hdshm qul nbjdlpuljl smiuedmnbr nulstrms prmfilhbs pmrqul nulstrmsprmfilhbs rlsuitbn jl nulstrm prmelsm rllnebrnbedmnds- tb Umhms lspegraverdtus ln tracircnsdtm ltbpb b ltbpb bre`dvbnjmln nulstrm dnemnsedlntl dnjdvdjubi jl Cuno y ln nulstrmdnemnsedlntl emiletdvm jl Arluj y Cuno ibs lxplrdlnedbsqul un jegraveb sl trbnsamrhbracircn ln lstl lstbjm iuhdnmsm [mrim tbntm ln ib vdsdotilden erdstdbnb laquoli rldnm jl ims edlimsmiddot qulpmjrlhms emnsloudr ln ib Zdlrrb emhm lnslograveb li Lspdrd- tdshm nm ls biom qul lstauml ilcms ls biom qul lstacirc elrebEubnjm tlnlhms pbz tlnlhms Jdms tlnlhms brhmnegraveb tlnlhms laquoli rldnm jl ims edlimsmiddot li hbi nm nms `bel hbi

li limodm nm nms trbnsamrhb ln vbndjmsms ims bpibusms nmnms trbnsamrhbn ln egravejmims pmrqul sbflhms qul smhmsegravejmims emn pdls jl fbrrm qul aacircedihlntl sl rmhpln y liegravejmim ebl y sl jlspljbzbhellip

Bi iilobr b ib emnedlnedb eotildeshdeb biebnzbrlhms ib dn-jdvdjubidjbj Tm smy unb dnjdvdjubidjbj ym smy li lspegraverdtudnhmrtbi hl lneulntrm ln ib Zdlrrb pbrb jlsbrrmiibr unbaunedotilden trbnsplrsmnbi pbrb bhbr pmrqul pmr hljdm jlibhmr li slr iilob b ib pilndtuj Ibs jdfleuitbjls ims jlsbaegravemssmn lxplrdlnedbs qul bre`dvbhms ln li bihb ln nulstrmdnemnsedlntl jdiudjms lntrl li lom y li Ulia y pbsbhms bjledr3 iexclTm smy Jdms Emhm li Hblstrm prlountotilde3 laquofrac12Nm

lstacirc jde`m qul vmsmtrms smds jdmsls=middot [mr im tbntm qul vd-vbhms emhm sd auaumlrbhms jdmsls bhbhms b bquliims qulvdlnln jl mtrb jdhlnsdotilden nms bjhdrbhms jl ib tlrnurbjl ib juizurb jl Clsoacutes y nm qulrlhms dhdtbrim

Li Lspdrdtdshm pmr slr ib psdemimoegraveb prmaunjb jli bihbnms prmpdedb lsb pilndtuj lstl lstbjm jl suplrbedotilden jlibs pbsdmnls `lrlnedbs jl nulstrb lvmiuedotilden bntrmpmiotilde-odeb Tb ls tdlhpm jl emntrmibr li dnstdntm emn ib rbzotildenjl sufidhbr ib rbzotilden emn ib bnolidtuj pmr hljdm jl ibdntudedotilden y vdvdr ln ib Zdlrrb lstl pbrbegravesm plrjdjm bi qul

sl rlfllrl Hditmn li lserdtmr dnoiaumls eubnjm `bfib jl unhunjm hlcmr

Li Lspdrdtdshm puls lstacirc ln ib Zdlrrb pbrb prmpmredm-nbrnms sbiuj dntlorbi Ls dnlvdtbfil qul tlnobhms lnalr-hljbjls plrm hbntlnjrlhms ib sbiuj olnlrbi lstl lstb-jm jl biloregraveb nb biloregraveb dnflndtb sl lnebrob jl jmhdnbrnulstrbs bihbs pbrb pmjlr jledr b Jdms euacircntb biloregraveb lnemnmelr ib jmetrdnb jl su `dcm y vdvdrib b`mrb segrave vdvdrib[mrqul li Lvbnolidm dntlrprltbjm pmr li Lspdrdtdshm bj-qudlrl un sbfmr psdemiotildeodem pbrb tlnlr unb vdjb smedbiunb vdjb ùhbnb ln ims pbrbjdohbs jl ib pilndtuj [ilnd- tuj qul ls ib dntlorbedotilden plraletb jli lom y li Ulia y hd-

rbrnms ims unms b ims mtrms emhm `lrhbnms ls eibrm qulbhbnjm un pmem hacircs b aumlstms bhbnjm hlnms b bquliimsplrm nm tlndlnjm rlnemr nd slntdhdlntms nlobtdvms jlnbjb nd jl nbjdl

Li Lvbnolidm dntlrprltbjm pmr liLspdrdtdshm bjqudlrl un sbfmrpsdemiotildeodem pbrb tlnlr unb vdjb smedbiunb vdjb ùhbnb ln ims pbrbjdohbs

jl ib pilndtuj



5 Vlvdstb Lspegraverdtb jl ib ALL bull Li Hunjm Dnvdsdfil bull Elntrms Lspegraverdtbs jl ib ALL

bull Aljlrbedotilden Lspegraverdtb Lspbogravemib_lf3 wwwlspdrdtdshmlsAbelFmmg3 wwwlspdrdtdshmeeabelfmmgEmrrlm Liletrotildendem3 dnamKlspdrdtdshmeeZlia3 +5 161 522 002

Bidebntl

bull Umedljbj Lspdrdtdstb BidebntdnbJdrleedotilden3 E Fbzacircn lt6-6sup3 52 Bidebntl_lf3 wwwslblspdrdtbemhEmrrlm Liletrotildendem3 dnamKslblspdrdtbemhZlia3 +5 101 46 2

bull Elntrm Lspegraverdtb Ib Iuz jli EbhdnmJdrleedotilden3 Bpbrtbjm jl Emrrlms nsup3 2

55 bull Mrdùlib (BIDEBNZL)_lf3 wwwibiuzjliebhdnmemhEmrrlm Liletrotildendem3 orupmlspdrdtbKibiuzjliebhdnmemh Zlia3 +5 41lt 514 lt2lt ― +5 1lt1 04 10

bull Elntrm Lspegraverdtb Ib Iuz jli [mrvlndr

Jdrleedotilden3 E Haumljdem Iiljotilde 0 Fbcm - Bpbrtbjm lt0555 bull Erlvdiilntl (BIDEBNZL)

_lf3 `ttp3ibiuzjlipmrvlndrerlvdiilntlfimospmtemhlsEmrrlm Liletrotildendem3 cbnbhmsgmhlnsgy2lt4621Kohbdiemh Zlia3 +5 12lt lt11 400

bull Bsmedbedotilden jl Lstujdms LspegraverdtbsFlzlrrb jl Hlnlzls

Jdrleedotilden3 E Arbobtb 520lt bull Zmrrlvdlcb (BIDEBNZL)

Emrrlm Liletrotildendem3 bllflzlrrbjlhlnlzlstmrrlvdlcbKohbdiemhZlia3 +5 14 6 1ltlt - +5 1lt2 064

bull Elntrm jl Lstujdms Lspegraverdtbs jl Flndjmrh

Jdrleedotilden3 E Zmhacircs jl Mrtuogravem 4-6sup3B 5lt2 bull Flndjmrh (BIDEBNZL)Emrrlm Liletrotildendem3 elntrmlspdrdtbflndjmrhKohbdiemhZlia3 +5 14 450 4lt

bull Elntrm Lspegraverdtb rsquoBnb ArbnemlsquoJdrleedotilden3 Bvlndjb jl Eufb Nraquo 5

rfbndzbedotilden Ubn Ulfbstdacircn Zmrrl D [ibntb 22 5lt6 Flndjmrh (Bidebntl)Emrrlm Liletrotildendem3 pbcbrdtm2465KohbdiemhZlia3 +5 411 01 15 - +5 10 0lt0 642

Fbrelimnbbull Bsmedbedotilden jl Lstujdms Lspegraverdtbs jl DoubibjbJdrleedotilden3 E jli Ebrhln N 25- 2sup3- 6ordf

0 bull Doubibjb (FBVELIMNB)_lf3 wwwgbrjlelsdoubibjbEmrrlm Liletrotildendem3 lstujdmslspdrdtbsdoubibjbK`mthbdils Zlia3 5 450 lt5 2 ― +5 14 lt2 61

bull Elntrm Lspegraverdtb Bhbidb Jmhdnom Umilr Jdrleedotilden3 E Qlnturb [ibcb 2lt - fbcms Hltrm Ilt - Fbjbi 060 Fbrelimnb_lf3 wwwelbjsgbrjlels Emrrlm Liletrotildendem3 elbjsKmnmemh Zlia3 +5 11lt 526 10

Eacircjdzbull Elntrm jl Lstujdms Bhbnlelr LspegraverdtbJdrleedotilden3 E [dm PD lt

225 Ims Fbrrdms (Eacircjdz)_lf3 `ttp3bhbnlelrlspdrdtbfimospmtemhlsEmrrlm Liletrotildendem3 dsbflipmrrbs2KohbdiemhZlia3 +5 12lt 641 002

Edujbj Vlbibull Elntrm Lspegraverdtb Bhmr Arbtlrnm Jdrleedotilden3 E Alrrmebrrdi 251 bull Bieacirczbr jl Ubn Cubn (EDJBJ VLBI)_lf3 wwwelbhmrarbtlrnmlsEmrrlm Liletrotildendem3 elntrmlspdrdtbbhmrarbtlrnmKohbdiemh

Zliaumlamnm3 5 461 22 51bull Elntrm Lspegraverdtb Ebhdnm jl Iuz Jdrleedotilden3 Bntdoub Ebrrltlrb jl Hbjrdj 6lt

256 bull Hbnzbnbrls (EDJBJ VLBI)_lf3 wwwgbrjlelselebhdnmjliuz Emrrlm Liletrotildendem3 elebhdnmjliuzK`mthbdilsZlia3 5 461 16 60 ― +5 1lt 14lt 144

bull Elntrm Lspegraverdtb Clsoacutes jl Nbzbrlt Jdrleedotilden3 E Umeuliibhms lt 25 bull Zmhliimsm (EDJBJ VLBI)Emrrlm Liletrotildendem3 hbrdbiudsb461K`mthbdiemhZlia +5 14 1 lt5

bull Bsmedbedotilden Lspegraverdtb jl Ubn Ebrims jli QbiilJdrleedotilden3 E Vbhotilden y Ebcbi 2 256 bull Ubn Ebrims jli Qbiil (EDJBJ VLBI)_lf3 wwwgbrjlelsblsevbEmrrlm Liletrotildendem3 elsvbiilK`mthbdilsZlia3 5 461 15 0

Eotilderjmfbbull Elntrm Lspegraverdtb Bhmr y [rmorlsmJdrleedotilden3 E Cmsauml Mrtlob y Obsslt 4 2ltlt bull Hmntdiib (EOtildeVJMFB)Emrrlm Liletrotildendem3 bhmryprmorlsmKohbdiemh Zlia3 5 4lt 1lt 52 ― +5 121 26 6

bull Arbtlrndjbj Lspegraverdtb Cmsauml OrmssmJdrleedotilden3 EBntmndm Hburb 6 5sup3 J

2lt bull EotilderjmfbEmrrlm Liletrotildendem3 arbtlrndjbjcmslormssmKohbdiemh_lf3 wwwemrjmfblspdrdtbls Zlia3 5 4lt 651 65 ― 5 4lt 06 lt

Dsibs Fbilbrlsbull Elntrm Lspdrdtb LhhbnuliJdrleedotilden3 Zmhacircs Boudiotilde Amrtlzb 56 22bull [bihb jl Hbiimreb (DUIBU FBILBVLU)_lf3 wwwelntrmlspdrdtblhhbnulijdvuiobedmnmroEmrrlm Liletrotildendem3 elntrmlspdrdtblhhbnuliK`mthbdiemhZliaumlamnm3 5 42 601 204 ― +5 154 621 lt

bull Elntrm Lspegraverdtb Dsibs Fbilbrls (ELDF)

Jdrleedotilden3 E Ib Zrmfbjb 0 b-f22bull [bihb jl Hbiimreb (DUIBU FBILBVLU)Emrrlm liletrotildendem3 eldfKeldfls_lf3 wwweldflsZlia3 +5 1 40 lt0

Iaumlrdjbbull Bssmedbedotilde Lspegraverdtb Mtus d Naumlrbh (BLMN)Jdrleedotilden3 E Olrhbnb Hlreagrave Ubntbebnb 25 6lt5 bull Zeumlrrlob (IAumlVDJB)Emrrlm Liletrotildendem3 mtusdnlrbhKohbdiemh_lf3 wwwgbrjlelsmtusdnlrbh Zlia3 5 45 522 64

Elntrms Lspegraverdtbs jl ib ALL



52Elntrms Lspegraverdtbs jl ib ALL bull Noacutehlrm3 22 bull Ljdedotilden Bfrdi 62lt

Hbjrdjbull Bsmedbedotilden jl Lstujdms Lspegraverdtbs jl HbjrdjJdrleedotilden3 E Jl ib Fmisb 2 - 2sup3 je`b 6026 bull Hbjrdj_lf3 wwwlspdrdtbshbjrdjemhEmrrlm Liletrotildendem3 lspdrdtbshbjrdjKtlilamndebnlt

bull Bsmedbedotilden Lspegraverdtb Arbnedsem jl Bsegraves jlib Udlrrb

Jdrleedotilden3 E Ib Ebogravebjb Vlbi 66 2sup3 F60 Emiibjm Qdiibifb (HBJVDJ)

Emrrlm Liletrotildendem3 a rbnedsemjlbsdsjlibsdlrrbKohbdiemhZlia3 +5 10 21lt 442

bull Elntrm Lspegraverdtb Lntrl li Edlim y ib ZdlrrbJdrleedotilden3 Bvjb jl Hbjrdj 64 imebi 6010 bull Ubn Hbrtegraven jl Qbijldoilsdbs (HBJVDJ)_lf3 wwwgbrjlelslntrlliedlimyibtdlrrbEmrrlm Liletrotildendem3 mboidmKbrrbgdsls Zlia3 +5 10 11 625 ― +5 10 11 626

bull Elntrm Lspegraverdtb Hlnsbclrms jl ib Iuz Jdrleedotilden3 E Hbjlrb 2 - Fbcm60 bull Hbjrdj

_lf3 wwwetvlsULVUelhli`mhl`thEmrrlm Liletrotildendem3 elhlihbjrdjK`mthbdiemh Zlia3 5 42 501 6lt 00 ― 5 42 52 0 20

bull Elntrm jl Lstujdms y JdvuiobedotildenLspegraverdtb (ELTJL)

Jdrleedotilden3 E Hmntlrb 6 - 5ordf [ibntb ― Iltrb M 6025 bull Hbjrdj_lf3 wwwelyjlhbjrdjmroEmrrlm Liletrotildendem3 burmrbvbzebfbiilrmK`mthbdiemh

elyjlhbjrdjKyb`mmlsZlia3 5 42 lt60 02 ― +5 10 441 0lt5

bull Elntrm jl Lstujdm Lspegraverdtb Ilotilden JlndsJdrleedotilden3 Fmnltlrm 5 hltrm [egravem PDD 6021 bull HbjrdjEmrrlm Liletrotildendem3 ilmnjlndselKohbdiemh_lf3 wwwilmnjlndsls - wwwfimoilmnjlndsls

bull Elntrm Lspegraverdtb Bifmrbjb NulvbJdrleedotilden3 E dibjms 2 600lt Zmrrlcotilden jl Brjmz (Hbjrdj)Emrrlm Liletrotildendem3 biebsmnKohbdiemhZlia3 + 5 1ltlt 6lt2 00

Hacircibobbull Elntrm jl Lstujdms Lspegraverdtbs Biibn GbrjleJdrleedotilden3 E aumlrmls jl Umstmb 5 L-2sup3 lt

646 bull Hacircibob_lf3 wwwljdtmrblspdrdtbbiibngbrjlelsEmrrlm Liletrotildendem3 bifmrbnljdtmrbKmnmemhZlia3 5 4lt6 650 10 ― +5 1 lt0 6

Huredbbull Elntrm Lspegraverdtb Vledntm jl [bz Jdrleedotilden3 E Jl ib [bz2 2sup3 J ([btdogravem) 526 Huredb_lf3 wwwelrledntmjlpbzlsEmrrlm liletrotildendem3 elrledntmjlpbzKrledntmjlpbzls

hdoulihdvlobKohbdiemhZlia3 +5 114 51 24

[mntlvljrbbull Bsmedbedotilden Lspegraverdtb [bz Brhmnegraveb y

Ebrdjbj Jdrleedotilden3 E Voacuteb [lnds 62 - 2sup3 Je`b 5162lt bull Qdom ([MNZLQLJVB)Emrrlm Liletrotildendem3 elpbzbrhmndbhmryebrdjbjK`mthbdils

Zlia3 +5 1lt2 0 261Ulvdiib

bull Bsmedbedotilden Elntrm jl LstujdmsLspegraverdtbs jl Ulvdiib

Jdrleedotilden3 [rmsplrdjbj 5 Zrdbnb 22 bull Ulvdiib_lf3 wwwlspdrdtbsslvdiiblsEmrrlm Liletrotildendem3 olnmvlvbhbiimKohbdiemh Zlia3 5 4lt 605 0lt ― +5 1lt 02 054

Zbrrbomnb

bull Elntrm Lspegraverdtb Cmbnnb jl Bnolids

Jdrleedotilden3 [ufdii Mrdmi 66562 bull Vaumlus (ZBVVBOMNB)Zliaumlamnm3 5 4 51 21 ― +5 16lt 12 10

bull Elntrm Lspegraverdtb Hbnuli y JdvbijmJdrleedotilden3 E jli Qdlntm 56lt bull Vaumlus (ZBVVBOMNB)_lf3 wwwelhyjemhEmrrlm Liletrotildendem3 bridnooKyb`mmls Zlia3 +5 101 4 1

Qbilnedbbull Bsmedbedotilden Lspegraverdtb jl Qbilnedb mobr ArbtlrnmJdrleedotilden3 E Flndpldxebr 6-6

14 bull Qbilnedb_lf3 wwwbslsvbmroEmrrlm Liletrotildendem3 `mobrarbtlrnmKohbdiemhZlia3 +5 415 64 10lt

ELNZVMU LU[EgraveVDZBU MNIDNLbull Aljlrbedotilden Lspegraverdtb LspbogravemibJdrleedotilden3 ttp3wwwlspdrdtdshmeee`bt (Iunls Hdaumlremils y Culvls 66`5)_lf3 `ttp3wwwlspdrdtdshmeee`btEmrrlm Liletrotildendem3 dnamKlspdrdtdshmeeZlilamnm3 +5 161 522 002

bull Elntrm jl Lstujdms Lspegraverdtbs rsquoUdnArmntlrbslsquo

Jdrleedotilden3`ttp3dndedmrlundmnoimfbiemhemnalrlnelellsa (Jmhdnoms 625 `)_lf3 `ttp3ellsdnarmntlrbslsEmrrlm Liletrotildendem3 ellsdnarmntlrbsKohbdiemh



56 Vlvdstb Lspegraverdtb jl ib ALL bull Li Hunjm Dnvdsdfil bull Idfrlregraveb Lspegraverdtb jl ib ALL

Bolnjb Erdstdbnb - LJDELD ₩

Bifmrbjb Erdstdbnb (Hljdbnm) ₩

Biibn Gbrjle3 Li Ljuebjmr y Li EmjdflebjmrD - LJDELD

1 ₩

Biibn Gbrjle3 Li Ljuebjmr y Li EmjdflebjmrDD - LJDELD

1 ₩

Acircrjub Bselnsdotilden 26 ₩

Btlnedotilden (Fmisdiim) ₩

Ebhdnm Qlrjbj y Qdjb - LJDELD 0 ₩

Ebrtdiib jli Fdln - LJDELD 1 ₩

Eubnjm Vlorlsl ib [rdhbvlrb ₩

Eulntms Lspdrdtdstbs 4 ₩

Jlsjl ib Mtrb Qdjb ₩

Jlspdlrtl y Ulb Alidz - LJDELD 0 ₩

Li Bihb ls Dnhmrtbi 0 ₩

Li Elntrm Lspegraverdtb 4 ₩

Li Edlim y li Dnfllrnm - LJDELD 2 ₩Li Lspegraverdtu jl ib Qlrjbj - LJDELD 0 ₩

Li Lvbnolidm Ulooacuten li Lspdrdtdshm -LJDELD

2 ₩

Li Idfrm jl ims Lspegraverdtus - LJDELD 2 ₩

Li Idfrm jl ims Haumljduhs - LJDELD 2 ₩

Li Ulr Uufemnsedlntl 1 ₩

Ln im Dnvdsdfil 0 ₩

Ln ims Jmhdndms jl ib Hljduhndjbj -LJDELD

4 ₩

Lntrl ib Zdlrrb y li Edlim - LJDELD 4 ₩

Lspdrdtdshm Hmjlrnm GBZDL GDNO - ALL lt ₩

Lspdrdtdshm y Lemimoegraveb - LJDELD 0 ₩

Oimsbrdm Lspegraverdtb (Fmisdiim) 1 ₩

Ouegraveb [racircetdeb jli Lspdrdtdstb - ALL lt ₩

dpnmtdshm y Lspdrdtdshm 0 ₩

Clsoacutes ln li mobr - LJDELD 1 ₩

Custdedb Jdvdnb - LJDELD 0 ₩

Ib Oaumlnlsds - LJDELD 2 ₩Ib Qdjb ln Abhdidb ₩

Idflrbedotilden - LJDELD 4 ₩

Ibs Qdjbs Uuelsdvbs 4 ₩

Ims Hlnsbclrms - LJDELD 0 ₩

Ims Hulrtms Udouln Qdvdlnjm 1 ₩

Hbnms ndjbs (Fmisdiim) ₩

Hljdtbedmnls (Fmisdiim) ₩

Hlhmrdbs jli [bjrl Olrhacircn ₩

Hlnsbcl jl un Bjmilselntl jlsjl liHunjm Lspdrdtubi - LJDELD lt ₩

Hdsdmnlrms jl ib Iuz - LJDELD 4 ₩

Hulrtl ls Qdjb 1 ₩

Nulstrm mobr - LJDELD 4 ₩

Mfrlrms jl ib Qdjb Ltlrnb - LJDELD 4 ₩

[bn Nulstrm - LJDELD 4 ₩

[lnsbhdlntm y Qdjb - LJDELD 1 ₩

frac12Ruauml ls li Lspdrdtdshm= ALL lt ₩

frac12Ruauml ls li Lspdrdtdshm= ALL (plqulogravem) 2lt ₩

Vlidodotilden jl ims Lspegraverdtus - LJDELD 4 ₩

Vlvdstb Lspegraverdtb Bogravem 20lt0 - LJDELD 0 ₩


Ulogravebi Qlrjl ₩

Ulxm y Jlstdnm - LJDELD 4 ₩

Udlhfrb jl ims Haumljduhs - LJDELD 4 ₩

Uufidhl Lxpdbedotilden - LJDELD 0 ₩

Qdjb Alidz - LJDELD ₩

Hmijlbnjm li Zlrelr Hdilndm - Qdjb yMfrb jl Jdvbijm [ Arbnem 2 ₩

Qdjb y Ulxm - LJDELD 1 ₩

T ib Qdjb Emntdnoacutebhellip LJDELD 0 ₩

Idfrlregraveb Lspegraverdtb jl ib ALL

Otilderobnm ljdtmrdbi jl ib Aljlrbedotilden Lspegraverdtb Lspbogravemib sdn acircndhm jl iuerm qul rldnvdlrtl ln li prmpdm

idfrm lspegraverdtb Ul `beln lnvegravems emntrb rllhfmism bob su pljdjm prlalrdfilhlntl pmr emrrlm liletrotildendem bdnamKlspdrdtdshmee m pmr tliaumlamnm3 161 522 002



[uljl smidedtbr bquliims noacutehlrms bntlrdmrls qul nlelsdtl m il abitln ln su emileedotilden lnvdbnjmun l-hbdi b3 pljdjmsrlvdstballKohbdiemh

N 2 ― 2lt Bogravems jli rsquoIdfrm jlims Haumljduhslsquo

N 6 ― Qdjb bntls jl ib Qdjb

N 5 ― Zrbnsdedotilden [ibnltbrdb

N ― Ib Qdjb ln li hunjmlspdrdtubi

N lt ― dstmrdb jli Lspdrdtdshm

N 1 ― dstmrdb jli Lspdrdtdshm ln Lspbograveb

N ― Li Elntrm Lspegraverdtb

N 0 ― Li Lspdrdtdshm emhmflimsmaegraveb jl vdjb

N 4 ― frac12Zdlnln Bihb imsbndhbils=

N 2 ― 2lt Bogravems jl rsquoLiLvbnolidm slooacuten liLspdrdtdshmlsquo

VLNLQL IB UUEVD[EDOtildeNVledfb ib Vlvdstb Lspegraverdtb ln ebsb sdn obstms jl lnvegravem

Amrhbidel b`mrb ib suserdpedotilden m rlnmvbedotilden

pmr 2 bogravem y rledfdracirc ln ebsbsdn obstms jl lnvegravem

5 noacutehlrms bi bogravem pmr tbn sotildeim 4 ₩

[brb amrhbidzbr ib suserdpedotilden m rlnmvbedotilden b ib Vlvdstb Lspegraverdtb lnvegravel un L-hbdi b3 pljdjmsrlvdstballKohbdiemh

m iibhl bi tliaumlamnm +5 14 165 04 dnjdebnjm3 nmhfrl jmhdedidm tliaumlamnm y emrrlm liletrotildendem Jlflracirc doubihlntl

dnjdebr ib hmjbidjbj jl suserdpedotilden Dnhljdbtbhlntl tlnjracirc rlspulstb emn li noacutehlrm jl eulntb jmnjl rlbidzbr ib

trbnsalrlnedb nb vlz rledfdjb yb tlnjracirc amrhbidzbjb ib suserdpedotilden



() Li `mhfrl slracirc im qul `bob jl su dnabnedb

Li ndogravem ls ib sdhdlntl qul boubrjb li cmvln ls ib tdlrrb

aleunjbjb li bjuitm ls li ebhpm ln prmjueedotildenEmnamrhl ib ebidjbj jl ib sdhdlntl tlnjrlhms ib emsle`b()

Lspegraverdtu Bhlidb Vmjrdouls

Bnm jb Dnaaelignedb cuvlntujl l Abhegraveidb62ltBogravem jl ib Dnabnedb cuvlntuj y Abhdidb

() M `mhlh slracirc m qul jl sub dnaaelignedb sl abiumlb

B erdbniumlb auml b slhlntldrb qul boubrjb m cmvlh auml ebhpm

aleunjbjm m bjuitm b slbrb lh prmjuiumlaringm

Emnamrhl b qubidjbjl jb slhlntl tlrlhms b emi`ldtb ()

Lspegraverdtm Bhaumlidb Vmjrdouls



Udr _diidbh Ermmgls aul unm jl ims hacircs dhpmrtbntls edlntegraveflems jlisdoim PDP tbntm ln aegravesdeb emhm ln quegravehdeb y lntrl sus nuhlrmsbs emnqudstbsjlseufrdotilde li eubr tm lstbjm jl ib hbtlrdb Bjlhacircs dnvlstdootilde y emhprmfotilde ibrlbidjbj jl ims alnotildehlnms lspegraverdtbs B pbrtdr jl bègrave hue`ms mtrms `mhfrlsjl edlnedb nm hlnms dhpmrtbntls emhm Biarlj Vusslii _biibel tbhfdaumlndnvlstdobrmn y lvdjlnedbrmn lstb rlbidjbj

Lstl idfrm puljl iilvbr b ib emnvdeedotilden b tmjms bquliims qul nm lstaumlnsucltms bi prlcudedm Ln sus rlibtms sl vlracirc qul ib bpbrdedotilden jl Gbtdl Gdno jurbntl trls bogravems b sdjm unb jl ibs hlcmr mfslrvbjbs pmr li noacutehlrm y prledsdotilden jl ibsdnvlstdobedmnls jl qul `b sdjm mfcltm

Ln liib nm `by iuobr b jujb Ib haumljduh ls unb ndograveb jl 2lt bogravems qul slregravebdnebpbz jl mrobndzbr y iilvbr b fuln taumlrhdnm tbn emimsbi suplre`lregraveb fbcm ibhltdeuimsb mfslrvbedotilden jl plrdmjdstbs lserdtmrls y sbfdms jl prdhlr mrjln Ul

tmhbrmn tmjbs ibs hljdjbs jl tlnmr edlntegraveflem btbjurbs emrrlbs obivbnotildehltrmsEmn liib Ermmgls jlhmstrotilde jl un hmjm drrleusbfil ib lxdstlnedb jli bihbjlspuaumls jl ib hulrtl

[uljl bjqudrdrim dhprlsm jdrletbhlntl b trbvaumls jl ib aljlrbedotilden m ln wwwbhbzmnls Jdspmndfil tbhfdaumln ln amrhbtm jdodtbi ln ibs sdoudlntls pibtbamrhbs3Dfmmgs Bhbzmn (gdnjil) Ommoil [iby y Ommoil Fmmgs

Hdouli Qdvls (206-241) lstacirc emnsdjlrbjm unm jl ims hbymrlslxpmnlntls jli Lspdrdtdshm ln Lspbograveb cuntm b Bhbidb Jmhdnom Umilr Cmsauml HbregravebAlrnacircnjlz Emibvdjb y li Qdzemnjl Zmrrls-Umibnmt

Ouegraveb [racircetdeb jli Lspdrdtdstb ls su oacutendem idfrm ln li qul sl butmjlflnl jlsjl

ibs prdhlrbs iegravenlbs emhm haumljduh y rle`bzb eubiqudlr vbimr emhm lserdtmrbtrdfuylnjm b ims lspegraverdtus eubiqudlr haumlrdtm ln rlalrlnedb b lstb mfrbMfcltdvbhlntl lstbhms bntl unb ouegraveb rlpiltb jl emnslcms y sufidhls

ileedmnls pbrb ims lspdrdtdstbs qul bunqul tdlnln ln ibs mfrbs aunjbhlntbilsjl Biibn Gbrjle tmjm im nlelsbrdm vbn b rljlseufrdr ib vlrjbjlrb lslnedbjli Lspdrdtdshm ln un ilnoubcl slnediim jdrletm y bi hdshm tdlhpm iilnm jlprmaunjdjbj Eibrdjbj y lilvbedotilden smn eubidjbjls qul ebrbetlrdzbn b ibs bihbshbonbs y nmfils qul sdlhprl bemhpbogravebn su bjhdrbfil vlrfm emn ibs fulnbsbeedmnls y li bhmr bi protildecdhm tbilntms qul Hdouli Qdvls euitdvotilde y lclhpidfleotildejurbntl su oacuteitdhb lxdstlnedb




Ljdedotilden jl ib ALL hlcmrbjb y rlvdsbjb jli idfrm frac12Ruauml ls li Lspdrdtdshm= jl Biibn Gbrjle ln amrhbtm nmrhbi (lt lurms) y plqulogravem (2lt lurms) [brb li rsquoplqulogravemlsquo idolrbhlntl hacircs orbnjlqul un amrhbtm usubi jl fmisdiim sl `b rljuedjm li tbhbogravem b 2 x 22 eh y sl `b ljdtbjm un orbnnoacutehlrm jl lclhpibrls emn li mfcltdvm jl qul ims lspegraverdtbs tlnobn pmr pmem jdnlrm un idfrm jlebidjbj pbrb rlobibr b abhdidbrls y bhdoms dntlrlsbjms ln emnmelr li Lspdrdtdshm

Emhm rlzb ln ib jlserdpedotilden jl su emntrbpmrtbjb ls li qul rlemhlnjotilde Biibn Gbrjleemhm prdhlr idfrm pbrb bquliims qul sl qudlrbn dndedbr ln li emnmedhdlntm lspegraverdtb

[ljdjms b dnamKlspdrdtdshmls



6 Vlvdstb Lspegraverdtb jl ib ALL bull Li Hunjm Dnvdsdfil bull

`ttp3wwwlspdrdtdshmls

Hacircs jl 6 idfrms jdodtbils

B un rsquoeideglsquo jli emnmedhdlntm

Jlsebroul idfrmsorbtudtbhlntl jlsjl

[rotildexdhm noacutehlrm3Udoulnms ln3

`ttp3wwwlspdrdtdshmeeabelfmmg

`ttp3wwwlspdrdtdshmeetwdtlr

`ttp3wwwlspdrdtdshmeeymutufl









EgraveNJDEL




LJDZMVDBI












































LI HNJM DNQDUDFIL






































































































































ib lspdrdtubi


















































tdlhpm















































tl djlb3











































































IB ZLVB[DBJLI BHMV








tlrbpaumlutdem

















ADIMUOtildeADEBU
















































N QDBCL HBVBQDIIMUM


Miob Mrtdz Fibnem






























































































































jl ib pilndtuj





Bidebntl
























































Zbrrbomnb















1 ₩


1 ₩













2 ₩






4 ₩


































































































EgraveNJDEL




LJDZMVDBI












































LI HNJM DNQDUDFIL






































































































































ib lspdrdtubi


















































tdlhpm















































tl djlb3











































































IB ZLVB[DBJLI BHMV








tlrbpaumlutdem

















ADIMUOtildeADEBU
















































N QDBCL HBVBQDIIMUM


Miob Mrtdz Fibnem






























































































































jl ib pilndtuj





Bidebntl
























































Zbrrbomnb















1 ₩


1 ₩













2 ₩






4 ₩





























































































LJDZMVDBI












































LI HNJM DNQDUDFIL






































































































































ib lspdrdtubi


















































tdlhpm















































tl djlb3











































































IB ZLVB[DBJLI BHMV








tlrbpaumlutdem

















ADIMUOtildeADEBU
















































N QDBCL HBVBQDIIMUM


Miob Mrtdz Fibnem






























































































































jl ib pilndtuj





Bidebntl
























































Zbrrbomnb















1 ₩


1 ₩













2 ₩






4 ₩



















































































































LI HNJM DNQDUDFIL






































































































































ib lspdrdtubi


















































tdlhpm















































tl djlb3











































































IB ZLVB[DBJLI BHMV








tlrbpaumlutdem

















ADIMUOtildeADEBU
















































N QDBCL HBVBQDIIMUM


Miob Mrtdz Fibnem






























































































































jl ib pilndtuj





Bidebntl
























































Zbrrbomnb















1 ₩


1 ₩













2 ₩






4 ₩











































































































































































































ib lspdrdtubi


















































tdlhpm















































tl djlb3











































































IB ZLVB[DBJLI BHMV








tlrbpaumlutdem

















ADIMUOtildeADEBU
















































N QDBCL HBVBQDIIMUM


Miob Mrtdz Fibnem






























































































































jl ib pilndtuj





Bidebntl
























































Zbrrbomnb















1 ₩


1 ₩













2 ₩






4 ₩








































































































































tdlhpm















































tl djlb3











































































IB ZLVB[DBJLI BHMV








tlrbpaumlutdem

















ADIMUOtildeADEBU
















































N QDBCL HBVBQDIIMUM


Miob Mrtdz Fibnem






























































































































jl ib pilndtuj





Bidebntl
























































Zbrrbomnb















1 ₩


1 ₩













2 ₩






4 ₩



















































































































tl djlb3











































































IB ZLVB[DBJLI BHMV








tlrbpaumlutdem

















ADIMUOtildeADEBU
















































N QDBCL HBVBQDIIMUM


Miob Mrtdz Fibnem






























































































































jl ib pilndtuj





Bidebntl
























































Zbrrbomnb















1 ₩


1 ₩













2 ₩






4 ₩































































































































































IB ZLVB[DBJLI BHMV








tlrbpaumlutdem

















ADIMUOtildeADEBU
















































N QDBCL HBVBQDIIMUM


Miob Mrtdz Fibnem






























































































































jl ib pilndtuj





Bidebntl
























































Zbrrbomnb















1 ₩


1 ₩













2 ₩






4 ₩






























































































ADIMUOtildeADEBU
















































N QDBCL HBVBQDIIMUM


Miob Mrtdz Fibnem






























































































































jl ib pilndtuj





Bidebntl
























































Zbrrbomnb















1 ₩


1 ₩













2 ₩






4 ₩



























































































































N QDBCL HBVBQDIIMUM


Miob Mrtdz Fibnem






























































































































jl ib pilndtuj





Bidebntl
























































Zbrrbomnb















1 ₩


1 ₩













2 ₩






4 ₩




































































































































































































jl ib pilndtuj





Bidebntl
























































Zbrrbomnb















1 ₩


1 ₩













2 ₩






4 ₩






























































































Bidebntl
























































Zbrrbomnb















1 ₩


1 ₩













2 ₩






4 ₩


















































































































Zbrrbomnb















1 ₩


1 ₩













2 ₩






4 ₩
































































































1 ₩


1 ₩













2 ₩






4 ₩


























































































revista de la fee - numero 11 - abril 2015

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